中英雙語版常見光源結(jié)構(gòu)、原理以及特性.doc

常見光源結(jié)構(gòu)、原理以及特性Common source structure, principle and characteristics在照明工程中常用的光源有白熾發(fā)光的白熾燈和鹵鎢燈，低壓氣體放電的各種熒光燈和高強(qiáng)氣體放電的熒光高壓汞燈，金屬鹵化物燈和高壓鈉燈等。In the lighting project commonly used light source have the incandescent light incandescent and halogen tungsten lamp, low-pressure gas discharge of all various kinds of fluorescent lamp and high pressure gas discharge fluorescent high pressure mercury lamp, high pressure sodium lamp, metal halide lamp and.常用光源分類如下表：表1 常用光源分類表注：以上各類光源原則上都可以做成無極燈Note: the above types of light source in principle can be made to the electrodeless lamp1 白熾燈The 1 incandescent lamp凡是根據(jù)熱輻射原理工作的光源都可稱為白熾燈。目前常用的白熾燈分兩類，即普通白熾燈和鹵鎢燈。According to the principle of thermal radiation in work can be called the incandescent lamp light source. At present the common incandescent lamp is divided into two categories, namely, ordinary incandescent and halogen tungsten lamp.白熾燈靠電能將燈絲加熱到白熾而發(fā)光。在燈絲發(fā)光的同時(shí)還產(chǎn)生大量的紅外輻射和小量的紫外輻射，它們最終以熱能的形式而損失掉。顯然，要想提高白熾燈的光效，應(yīng)選用高熔點(diǎn)材料做燈絲，并使之在盡可能高的溫度下工作。Incandescent lamp by electricity filament heated to incandescence light. In the filament light also produces a large amount of infrared radiation and the amount of UV radiation, they eventually in the form of heat losses. Obviously, if we want to improve the incandescent lamp light effect, selection of high melting point materials do filament, and the possible high temperature operation.1.1 白熾燈的結(jié)構(gòu)1.1incandescent lamp structure普通白熾燈泡由鎢絲、玻璃泡、燈頭、支架、引線等幾部分組成，內(nèi)充氬、氮、或氬氮混合氣體，通常的工作壓力約為1.013x105Pa，而氬氮的比例由額定電壓和燈絲溫度而定，通常白熾燈使用氬氣在86%98%之間。Ordinary incandescent bulb composed of a tungsten filament, glass bulb, lamp, bracket, lead etc., in argon, nitrogen or argon, nitrogen mixed gas, usually working pressure of about 1.013x105Pa, and argon nitrogen proportion by the rated voltage and the temperature dependent, usually the use of incandescent lamps in 86% 98% between argon.燈絲是白熾燈發(fā)光的主要部件，常用的燈絲形狀有直線燈絲、單螺燈絲、雙螺旋燈絲等。燈絲的形狀和尺寸大小對于白熾燈的壽命、發(fā)光效率都有直接的影響，同樣長短粗細(xì)的鎢絲繞成單螺旋型的光效高。燈絲結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，發(fā)光點(diǎn)小，利用率就高。The filament is incandescent bulbs of the main components, common filament shape straight filament, filament single screw, double helix filament. The shape and size of the filament for incandescent lamp life, luminous efficiency has a direct impact on the same length, thickness of single filament wound into a spiral of high light efficiency. The filament has the advantages of compact structure, light small, utilization rate is high.白熾燈類型：白熾燈泡有普泡、蘑菇泡、圓球泡、燭形泡、反射泡、節(jié)日泡和花生米燈泡等系列產(chǎn)品。Incandescent type: incandescent light bulbs with Cape bubble, bubble, bubble, the ball mushroom candle-shaped foam, foam reflection, bubble and peanuts holiday bulbs and other products.1.2 白熾燈的色溫、顯色指數(shù)The 1.2 incandescent lamp s color temperature, color rendering index白熾燈的光效較低（約為1217lm/W），色溫較低一般為24002900K，但顯色性較高，顯色指數(shù)Ra高達(dá)99100。到目前為止，它是應(yīng)用最廣泛的一種光源。Incandescent lamp light effect is low ( about 12 17lm / W ), color temperature low is 2400 2900K, but the color of high color rendering index, Ra high amounts to 99 100. So far, it is the most widely used light source.2 鹵鎢燈鹵鎢燈屬于熱輻射光源，工作原理基本上與普通白熾燈一樣，在結(jié)構(gòu)上有較大的的差別。最突出的差別就是鹵鎢燈泡內(nèi)所填充的氣體含有部分鹵族元素或鹵化物。Halogen tungsten lamp which belongs to the heat radiation source, principle of work basically and ordinary incandescent lamp, the structure has bigger difference. The most prominent is the difference between a tungsten halogen bulb filled in a gas containing halogen and halide part.鹵鎢燈的光效較高（約為1821lm/W），色溫較低一般為27003300K，顯色性較高，顯色指數(shù)Ra高達(dá)99100。Tungsten halogen lamps have the higher light efficiency ( about 18 21lm / W ), color temperature low is 2700 3300K, color and high color rendering index, Ra high amounts to 99 100.2.1 鹵鎢燈的結(jié)構(gòu)2.1halogen tungsten lamp structure鹵鎢燈是由鎢絲、充入鹵素的玻璃泡和燈頭等構(gòu)成。鹵鎢燈有雙端、單端和雙泡殼之分；Tungsten halogen lamp is composed of a tungsten filament, filled with halogen glass bulb and lamp holder. Halogen tungsten lamp with two end, single side and double blister division;雙端管狀鹵鎢燈結(jié)構(gòu)：燈呈現(xiàn)管狀，功率為1002000W，燈管的直徑為810mm，長80330mm。兩端采用磁接頭，需要時(shí)在磁管內(nèi)還裝有保險(xiǎn)絲。這種燈主要用于室內(nèi)外泛光照明；Two ends of the tubular halogen tungsten lamp structure: the lamp presents tubular, power of 100 2000W, tube diameter is 8 10mm,80 330mm. Two ends of magnetic couplings, required in a magnetic tube is also provided with a fuse. The lamp is mainly used for indoor and outdoor floodlights;為了使管壁處生成的鹵化物處于氣態(tài)，管壁溫度要比普通白熾燈高得多，相應(yīng)地鹵鎢燈的玻殼尺寸就要小得多，溫度也就高得多，因而必須使用耐高溫的石英玻璃或高硅氧玻璃。In order to make the pipe wall is generated halide in the gaseous state, tube wall temperature is much higher than ordinary incandescent lamp, tungsten halogen lamp shell corresponding size is much smaller, the temperature is much higher, so we must use high temperature resistant quartz glass or borosilicate glass.2.2 鹵鎢燈的分類2.2halogen tungsten lamp classification（1）鹵鎢燈按充入燈泡內(nèi)的不同鹵素可為碘鎢燈和溴鎢燈；(1) halogen tungsten lamp bulb by filling different for iodine-tungsten lamp and halogen tungsten lamp;（2）鹵鎢燈按燈泡外殼材料的不同可分為硬質(zhì)玻璃鹵鎢燈、石英玻璃鹵鎢燈；(2) halogen tungsten lamp bulb shell by different materials can be divided into hard glass halogen tungsten lamp, quartz halogen tungsten lamp;（3）鹵鎢燈按工作電壓的高低不同可分為市電鹵鎢燈（220V）和低電壓型鹵鎢燈（6V、12V、24V）；(3) tungsten halogen lamp according to the working voltage can be divided into different electric tungsten halogen lamp (220V ) and low voltage tungsten halogen lamps (6V,12V,24V );（4）鹵鎢燈按燈頭結(jié)構(gòu)的不同可分為雙端、單端鹵鎢燈；(4) tungsten halogen lamp in the lamp holder structure can be divided into two terminal, single end halogen tungsten lamp;2.3 鹵鎢燈的工作原理The working principle of2.3halogen tungsten lamp當(dāng)充入鹵素物質(zhì)的燈泡通電工作時(shí)，從燈絲蒸發(fā)出來的鎢，在燈泡壁區(qū)域內(nèi)與鹵素化合，形成一種揮發(fā)性的鹵鎢化合物。鹵鎢化合物在燈泡中擴(kuò)散運(yùn)動，當(dāng)擴(kuò)散到較熱的燈絲周圍區(qū)域時(shí)，鹵鎢化合物分解成鹵素和鎢，釋放出來的鎢沉積在燈絲上，而鹵素再繼續(xù)擴(kuò)散到其溫度較低的燈泡壁區(qū)域與鎢化合，形成鹵鎢循環(huán)。When filled with halogen bulb is energized when the material, from the tungsten filament evaporation, the bulb wall area and halogen compounds, form a kind of volatile halogen compounds. Tungsten halogen compounds in light diffusive motion, when the diffusion to a hot filament around the area, tungsten halogen compounds are decomposed into halogen and tungsten, released from the tungsten is deposited in the filament, and halogen continue to spread to the lower the temperature bulb wall area and tungsten compounds, forming a tungsten halogen cycle.鹵鎢循環(huán)有效地抑制了鎢的蒸發(fā)，所以可以延長鹵鎢燈的使用壽命，同時(shí)可以進(jìn)一步提高燈絲溫度，獲得較高的光效，并減少了使用過程中的光通量的衰減。Tungsten halogen cycle effectively suppressed the tungsten evaporation, so it can prolong the service life of the tungsten halogen lamp, and can further improve the filament temperature, high light efficiency, and reducing the use of the process of luminous flux attenuation.2.4 鹵鎢燈的工作特性2.4halogen tungsten lamp operating characteristics2.4.1 色表和顯色性2.4.1color map and color鹵鎢燈屬低色溫光源，其色溫一般在28003200K之間，與普通白熾燈相比，光色度的一些，色調(diào)更冷一些，但顯色性較好，顯色指數(shù)Ra=100；Halogen tungsten lamp belongs to low color temperature light source color temperature, general2800 3200K, compared with ordinary incandescent lamp, light color, hue is more cold, but the color is good, the color rendering index Ra = 100;2.4.2 鹵鎢燈的應(yīng)用The application of2.4.2halogen tungsten lamp鹵鎢燈在使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下問題：為了使在燈泡壁生成的鹵化物處于氣態(tài)，鹵鎢燈不適用于低溫場合。雙端鹵鎢燈工作時(shí)，燈管應(yīng)水平安裝，其傾斜角度不得超過40，否則會縮短其使用壽命。Tungsten halogen lamps in use should note the following problem: in order to make the bulb wall generated halide in the gaseous state, tungsten halogen lamp is not suitable for low temperature applications. Double-end halogen tungsten lamp when working, lamp should be installed horizontally, and the inclined angle of not more than 40, otherwise it will shorten the service life.由于鹵鎢燈工作時(shí)產(chǎn)生高溫（管壁溫度600），因此，鹵鎢燈附近不準(zhǔn)放易燃物質(zhì)，且燈腳引入線應(yīng)用耐高溫的導(dǎo)線。另外，由于鹵鎢燈燈絲細(xì)長又脆，鹵鎢燈使用時(shí)，要避免震動和撞擊，也不宜作為移動照明燈具。As a result of halogen tungsten lamp work produces high temperature ( temperature of the tube wall of 600 DEG C ), therefore, tungsten halogen lamps are placed near flammable substances, and the lamp foot into the application of high temperature resistant wire line. In addition, the halogen tungsten lamp filament thin and crisp, tungsten halogen lamp is used, to avoid vibration and impact, is not as mobile lighting.3 熒光燈The 3 fluorescent lamp熒光燈與白熾燈的發(fā)光原理完全不同，熒光燈是一種低壓氣體放電燈。所謂氣體放電就是指電流通過氣體媒介時(shí)的放電現(xiàn)象。氣體放電現(xiàn)象是非常普遍的，例如廈日雷雨時(shí)的閃電，使用電焊機(jī)時(shí)產(chǎn)生很強(qiáng)的光等都是氣體放電現(xiàn)象。Fluorescent lamp and incandescent lamp light principle is completely different, the fluorescent lamp is a gas discharge lamp. The so-called gas discharge refers to the current through the gas medium in the discharge phenomenon. Gas discharge phenomenon is very common, for example, during a thunderstorm and lightning, when using electric welding machine to produce strong light is a gas discharge phenomenon.最先把氣體放電用于照明的是使用炭精棒通電產(chǎn)生的碳弧燈，這種放電不易控制，后來人們對氣體放電從本質(zhì)上有了深入認(rèn)識。于1936年成功地實(shí)現(xiàn)了在密閉管內(nèi)的放電，從而產(chǎn)生熒光燈。到目前為止，熒光燈工業(yè)已經(jīng)形成一項(xiàng)龐大的工業(yè)體系，產(chǎn)品種類很多，仍在不斷的發(fā)展之中，熒光燈已成為主要的照明光源。The first gas discharge used for lighting is the use of carbon rod is energized to produce carbon arc lamp, the discharge is not easy to control, and later people of gas discharge from a deeper understanding of nature. In 1936 successfully realized in confined inside the discharge tube, thereby producing a fluorescent lamp. So far, the fluorescent lamp industry has formed a huge industry system, product type are many, is still in constant development, the fluorescent lamp has become the main source of illumination.3.1 熒光燈的發(fā)光原理The 3.1 fluorescent lamp light-emitting principle熒光燈的常用熒光粉是鹵磷酸鈣；一種低壓汞蒸氣體放電燈。燈管內(nèi)水銀蒸氣的原子在放電時(shí)激發(fā)出253.7 nm紫外線。紫外輻射被管壁上的熒光粉吸收，轉(zhuǎn)變成可見光。轉(zhuǎn)換效率和燈的顏色主要取決于熒光粉的種類和性質(zhì)。Fluorescent light fluorescent powder is commonly used halogen calcium phosphate; a low pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp. Inside the lamp mercury vapor atom at the time of discharge excitation of253.7 nm ultraviolet. Ultraviolet radiation is the phosphor on the tube wall absorption, converted into visible light. The conversion efficiency and light color depends on the kinds and properties of fluorescent powder.3.2 熒光燈的光電特征3.2photoelectric characteristics of fluorescent lamp3.2.1 電壓特性3.2.1voltage characteristics電源電壓的變化，會引起各種特性的變化。無論電壓過高或過低，都會縮短燈的壽命，因?yàn)殡娫措妷涸龈?，使燈電流增大，燈管會黑化，壽命縮短；而電源電壓降低，電極溫度降低，燈不易啟動，促使電極物質(zhì)濺散，也使壽命縮短，所以要求電源電壓的波動范圍必須為額定值的6以內(nèi)，同時(shí)燈用鎮(zhèn)流器的選擇和匹配也非常重要。The variation of the supply voltage, will cause the various characteristics of the changes. Regardless of the voltage too high or too low, will shorten the service life of the lamp, because the power supply voltage is increased, so that the lamp current increases, the lamp will be black, shortened life expectancy; and reduced supply voltage, electrode temperature decreases, the lamp is not easy to start, prompted the electrode material is sprayed, also make a shortened life span, so the requirements of power supply voltage fluctuation range must be rated value +6, at the same time, lamp ballasts, selection and matching is very important.3.2.2 熒光燈的工作特性The 3.2.2fluorescent lamp operating characteristics隨著點(diǎn)燈時(shí)間的延長，熒光粉會老化，同時(shí)由于管內(nèi)殘留不純氣體的作用，也會使熒光粉黑化，并且由于電極物質(zhì)的發(fā)濺，會造成管端黑化，玻璃的析鈉黑化等都使熒光燈的光通量下降。一般在最初100h下降很快，以后就比較緩慢，總光通量下降到初始光通量的70%以下（高顯色性的熒光燈下降到60%以下）的點(diǎn)燈時(shí)間定義為燈的壽命。As the lighting time prolonging, the fluorescence powder can aging, at the same time as the tube residue of impure gas effect, also can make the fluorescent powder blackening, and because the electrode material of splash, will cause the pipe ends blackening, glass and so on sodium type fluorescent lamp luminous flux decline. Generally in the initial100h decreased very fast, then slow, the total luminous flux decreased to below 70% of the initial flux ( high color fluorescent lamp dropped to below 60% ) lighting time is defined as the lamp life.熒光燈的電壓升高時(shí)，工作電流增大，電極溫度升高，會引起電極和燈管過熱，從而使陰仍物質(zhì)蒸發(fā)加快、管子迅速變黑，導(dǎo)致壽命降低。如果電壓過低，熒光燈啟支困難，啟輝器工作次數(shù)增加，會加劇陰極物質(zhì)的濺射，也會使壽命縮短。Fluorescent lamp voltage rises, the increase of the operating current, electrode temperature, can cause overheating and tube electrode, thereby enabling the Yin material evaporation speed, pipe still rapidly darkening, leads to the decrease of life. If the voltage is too low, the fluorescent lamp to start a difficult, the starter working times increase, will increase the sputtering cathode material, also can make the life shortening.3.2.3 環(huán)境溫度對熒光燈的影響3.2.3ambient temperature on the effects of fluorescent light燈的工作特性，還取決于管內(nèi)汞的蒸汽壓，因此也受環(huán)境溫度影響，當(dāng)溫度過低時(shí)，汞蒸汽壓力下降，汞原子電離率下降，啟動困難，同時(shí)紫外線的輻射減少。當(dāng)環(huán)境溫度過高，管內(nèi)汞蒸氣壓力增高，紫外線反而減少，其他譜線增加。因此，環(huán)境溫度過低和過高都會影響熒光燈的發(fā)光效率。熒光燈不宜用在戶外。Lamp operating characteristics, but also depends on the tube mercury vapor pressure, therefore also affected by environment temperature, when the temperature is too low, mercury vapor pressure drop, mercury atomic ionization rate, difficult starting, and ultraviolet radiation reduction. When the ambient temperature is too high, tube mercury vapor pressure, ultraviolet decrease instead, other spectral line increase. Therefore, the environment temperature is too high and too low will affect the fluorescent lamp luminous efficiency. Fluorescent lamp should not be used in outdoor.3.2.4 開關(guān)次數(shù)對壽命的影響3.2.4switching frequency effect on life熒光燈頻繁啟動會大大消耗陰極物質(zhì)，從而使壽命降低。通常，熒光燈壽命是指每開一次點(diǎn)燃3h的總使用時(shí)間。連續(xù)工作時(shí)間越長，壽命越長，因此，在頻繁開關(guān)燈具的場所不宜使用熒光燈。Fluorescent lamp started will greatly consumed cathode material, so that the decrease of life. Usually, the life of the fluorescent lamp is that each hold a Kindle 3H total usage time. Continuous working time is longer, longer life expectancy, therefore, the frequent switch lighting places is the use of fluorescent lamp.3.2.5 各種熒光燈的光度和色度特性3.2.5all various kinds of fluorescent lamp and colorimetric characteristics在一般照明光源中，根據(jù)熒光燈的光色特性分類，可分為日光色、高顯色性、三基色、冷白色和暖白色等；In the general lighting source, according to the fluorescent lamp color characteristics classification, can be divided into daylight color, high color, three color, cool white and warm white;分享到 翻譯結(jié)果重試抱歉，系統(tǒng)響應(yīng)超時(shí)，請稍后再試 支持中英、中日在線互譯 支持網(wǎng)頁翻譯，在輸入框輸入網(wǎng)頁地址即可 提供一鍵清空、復(fù)制功能、支持雙語對照查看，使您體驗(yàn)更加流暢目前生產(chǎn)的照明用各種熒光燈的特性如下表：表1 各種熒光燈的特性熒光燈名稱功率（w）色溫（k）顯色指數(shù)(Ra)初始光通（lm）長度（mm）額定壽命（h）T8三基色182705295034004000630085135060015000362700295034006300853350120015000582700290034006300855200150015000T5三基色182700300040005000650095981000604362700300040005000650095989598959895989598230012136582700300040005000650095989598959895989598370015142環(huán)形223227006400270064008010501750500070003.3 熒光燈的發(fā)展前景The 3.3 fluorescent lamp development prospect熒光燈的發(fā)展前景相當(dāng)迅速，燈管和控制電路的改進(jìn)使燈管的光效從1940年的35lm/W發(fā)展到現(xiàn)在的100Lm/W左右，燈管壽命從2000h到現(xiàn)在的15000h。三基色熒光粉的出現(xiàn)增加了燈管的交效，改善了燈管的流明維持特性，并大大提高了熒光燈的顯色性。涂敷多光譜帶熒光粉的熒光燈有極高的顯色性（Ra達(dá)到90以上）和高光效，它已經(jīng)取代了較老式的燈管。Fluorescent lamp tube and the prospects for development is quite rapid, improvement of control circuit of the lamp light effect from the 194035lm / W now to the development of the100Lm / W left and right sides, the service life of the lamp from 2000h to15000h now. Three color phosphor increases lamp effect pay, improve the lamp lumen maintenance characteristics, and greatly improve the color rendering properties of fluorescent lamp. Applying multi band phosphor fluorescent lamp with high color rendering ( Ra 90) and high Guangxiao, it has replaced the older tube.現(xiàn)在有的熒光燈有涂敷熒光粉之前，先在燈管內(nèi)壁涂一層保護(hù)膜，這層保護(hù)膜可以阻止玻璃管內(nèi)的鈉元素?cái)U(kuò)散到熒光粉中，從而顯著地改善了燈的流明維持特性，同時(shí)保護(hù)膜還能反射紫外線，從而有利于減少熒光粉用量。保護(hù)膜還可以很顯著地減少每根熒光燈內(nèi)需要的汞量，像T5直管熒光燈的汞注入量僅為3mg。Now some fluorescent lamp is coated with fluorescent powder before, first in the inner wall of the lamp tube is coated with a layer of protective film, the protective film can prevent the glass tube sodium diffusion into the fluorescent powder, thereby remarkably improving the lamp lumen maintenance characteristics, while protecting the membrane can reflect ultraviolet light, which is conducive to reducing the fluorescent powder. The protective film can also significantly reduce each fluorescent lamp inside need the amount of mercury, like the T5 straight tube fluorescent lamp mercury injection amount is only 3mg.4 高強(qiáng)度氣體放電燈4 high intensity gas discharge lamp4.1 熒光高壓汞燈的光電特征4.1 fluorescent high pressure mercury lamp photoelectric characteristics熒光燈以外的氣體放電燈都屬于第三代光源。熒光燈中汞蒸氣壓力極小，不足1托，因此是一種低壓汞燈。目前討論的光源其汞蒸氣的壓力將是熒光燈汞蒸氣壓力的數(shù)千倍，甚至更高，因此稱為高壓汞燈。Fluorescent lamp outside the gas discharge lamp belongs to the third generation light source. Fluorescent lamp mercury vapor pressure is small, less than 1support, there is a low pressure mercury lamp. At present, discusses the source of its vapor pressure of Mercury will be fluorescent lamp mercury vapor pressure of several thousands of times, or even higher, so called high pressure mercury lamp.光效可達(dá)3253Lm/w，壽命也較長，一般5000h以上。Light efficiency can reach 32 53Lm / W, life is relatively long, generally more than 5000h.4.1.1 結(jié)構(gòu)及發(fā)光原理：The 4.1.1structure and the luminescent principle:結(jié)構(gòu)：高壓汞燈的核心部件是放電管。放電管由耐高溫的石英玻璃制成，管內(nèi)抽真空后充入氬和汞，兩端裝有鎢絲主電極，電極上涂上鋇、鍶、鈣的金屬氧化物作為電子發(fā)射物質(zhì)，在放電管的一端還裝有輔助電極，與同端的電極非常接近。Structure: the high pressure mercury lamp is the core component of the discharge tube. Discharge tube made of high temperature resistant quartz glass tube, vacuum filling argon and mercury, whose two ends are provided with a tungsten electrode, electrode coated with barium, strontium, calcium metal oxide as an electron emission material, in one end of the discharge tube is also fitted with an auxiliary electrode, and the electrode is very close to the same end.發(fā)光原理：利用汞放電時(shí)產(chǎn)生的高氣壓，而獲得高的可見光發(fā)光效率；Luminous principle: the use of mercury discharge generated when the high pressure, and high visible light emitting efficiency;接通電源，兩端電極發(fā)生放電，產(chǎn)生電子和離子，從而引發(fā)兩個(gè)主電極的放電。但開始的放電只是在氬氣中進(jìn)行，產(chǎn)生的是白色的光。隨著放電時(shí)間增長，放電管內(nèi)溫度不斷提高，汞蒸氣的壓力也逐漸上升，于是放電也逐漸轉(zhuǎn)移到在汞蒸氣中進(jìn)行，發(fā)出的光也漸漸由白色變?yōu)楦恋乃{(lán)綠色。The power supply is switched on, the two electrodes discharge occurs, producing electrons and ions, causing a two main electrode discharge. But the starting discharge only in argon gas, produced by the white light. As the discharge time of growth, a discharge tube temperature rising, the mercury vapor pressure is increasing gradually, so the discharge also graduall