四級(jí)閱讀各類題型解析.doc

推斷題：題型科普：推斷題并非每年必考題型。具體數(shù)據(jù)：08年未考。09年未考。10年6月1道題，10年12月1道題。11年未考。題型形式：推斷題從提問(wèn)方式上看，有三個(gè)詞提示：What can be inferred from the last paragraph?What can be concluded from the passage?What do we learn from the last paragraph?(切記，what do we learn about global warming?這種learn+細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容的題目，屬于細(xì)節(jié)題)解題思路：推斷題近些年題目大多出現(xiàn)在文章最后一題，對(duì)應(yīng)文章最后一段。同學(xué)做推斷題切忌自行進(jìn)行推理分析，正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)是原文信息的同意表達(dá)。以2010年12月的推斷題為例：A life partner, children and good friends are all recommended if you aim to live to 100. The ultimate social network is still being mapped out, but Christakis says: “People are interconnected, so their health is interconnected.”66. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A Its important that we develop a social network when young.B To stay healthy, one should have a proper social network.C Getting a divorce means risking a reduced life span.D We should share our social networks with each other.這道題很多同學(xué)誤選D選項(xiàng)。該選項(xiàng)就是典型的過(guò)度推理。原文確實(shí)提到了各種社會(huì)關(guān)系，同學(xué)閱讀之后也感覺得社會(huì)關(guān)系在文章中是以積極正面形象出現(xiàn)的。于是，D，我們應(yīng)該分享我們的社會(huì)關(guān)系。這句話沒(méi)錯(cuò)，但它就不是正確選項(xiàng)。因?yàn)樵臎](méi)有提到分享社會(huì)關(guān)系，這是同學(xué)閱讀“感覺”“推理”出來(lái)個(gè)一個(gè)不對(duì)應(yīng)原文的信息。正確選項(xiàng)B。因?yàn)槲恼率窍胪ǖ模欢涡畔⒕捅磉_(dá)一個(gè)核心含義。所以無(wú)論同學(xué)讀哪一句都能得到相同的答案。比如A life partner, children and good friends are all recommended if you aim to live to 100。其中A life partner, children and good friends這些即對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)的social network，其中if you aim to live to 100對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)的to stay healthy.或者讀第二句，but Christakis says: “People are interconnected, so their health is interconnected.”其中People are interconnected對(duì)應(yīng)social network，其中so their health is interconnected對(duì)應(yīng)to stay healthy。重申一下重點(diǎn)，推斷題一定不要去推理，一定要立足原文，選擇原文信息的同意表達(dá)。細(xì)節(jié)題：題型科普：細(xì)節(jié)題是閱讀考試中所占比重最大的題型，接近總題量的90%。具體數(shù)字，09年兩次考試，20道仔細(xì)閱讀題中，19道細(xì)節(jié)題。10年20道題目中，14道細(xì)節(jié)題。11年20道題目中，19道細(xì)節(jié)題。預(yù)計(jì)本次四級(jí)考試中，兩篇仔細(xì)閱讀將有9道細(xì)節(jié)題。題型形式：細(xì)節(jié)題的提問(wèn)方式比較多樣，較難總結(jié)。但簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō)，只要不是前幾篇博文講的主旨題，推斷題，語(yǔ)義題，那么剩下的題全都是細(xì)節(jié)題。試舉例讓同學(xué)對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)題的常見提問(wèn)方式有更直觀的認(rèn)識(shí)：1.對(duì)事物進(jìn)行提問(wèn)。Whats said about global warming in the first paragraph?Whats does the author say about vacationing?2.對(duì)作者或?qū)＜业挠^點(diǎn)提問(wèn)。What does Tony Little say about the British education system?What does the author intend to convey?3.對(duì)題干信息進(jìn)行補(bǔ)完。The author believes that, since the signing of the Kyoto Protocol,_解題思路：其實(shí)無(wú)論以怎么樣的方式提問(wèn)，同學(xué)記住考官出題的一個(gè)原則，四級(jí)閱讀的正確答案不用讀文章很多信息去歸納總結(jié)分析推理，正確答案就對(duì)應(yīng)原文的一句信息。所以想做對(duì)一道題，就分兩步。第一步，定位到考官出題的一句信息;第二步，將原文出題的一句信息和選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行比較。解題方法歸納成文字性的語(yǔ)言：1.定位詞定位信息區(qū)間，區(qū)間內(nèi)重點(diǎn)閱讀考點(diǎn)句。2.將原文信息和選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行一一對(duì)應(yīng)的比較。以2011年6月四級(jí)考試中passage 2 的第一題為例，幫助同學(xué)理解應(yīng)用做題方法：原文：Global warming is causing more than 300,000 deaths and about $125 billion in economic losses each year, according to a report by the Global Humanitarian Forum, an organization led by Annan, the former United Nations secretary general.The report, to be released Friday, analyzed data and existing studies of health, disaster, population and economic trends. It found that human-influenced climate change was raising the global death rates from illnesses including malnutrition (營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良) and heat-related health problems.問(wèn)題：What is the finding of the Global Humanitarian Forum?A)Global temperatures affect the rate of economic development.B)Rates of death from illnesses have risen due to global warming.C)Malnutrition has caused serious health problems in poor countries.D)Economic trends have to do with population and natural disasters.首先，定位詞定位信息區(qū)間。該題定位詞明顯為Global Humanitarian Forum和finding.用定位詞可以定位到第一和第二自然段。接下來(lái)，兩段信息可以都讀，但是閱讀中我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)重要表達(dá)在第二段，it found(結(jié)論型語(yǔ)言，該考點(diǎn)下文會(huì)做總結(jié))。重點(diǎn)閱讀it found這一句信息。最后，拿信息句，It found that human-influenced climate change was raising the global death rates from illnesses including malnutrition and heat-related health problems和選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行一一對(duì)應(yīng)的比較。易得出，B選項(xiàng)正確。因?yàn)椋x項(xiàng)中的Rates of death對(duì)應(yīng)文章中的death rates，選項(xiàng)中的from illnesses對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的from illnesses，選項(xiàng)中的risen對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的raising，選項(xiàng)中的global warming對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的climate change。一一對(duì)應(yīng)，所以正確。語(yǔ)義題：題型科普：四級(jí)閱讀必考題型。08年5道語(yǔ)義題。09年2道語(yǔ)義題。10年4道語(yǔ)義題。11年1道語(yǔ)義題。平均來(lái)講每次四級(jí)考試中會(huì)有1-2道語(yǔ)義題。題型形式：語(yǔ)義題一般就原文中一個(gè)有特殊含義的單詞，詞組或句子進(jìn)行提問(wèn)，題目形式非常有特點(diǎn)。如：By “a one-way street” (Line 1, Para. 1), the author means _.A university researchers know little about the commercial worldB there is little exchange between industry and academiaC few industrial scientists would quit to work in a universityD few university professors are willing to do industrial research解題思路：整體來(lái)講，語(yǔ)義題屬于四級(jí)閱讀中偏難的題目。因?yàn)榧热粏?wèn)到一個(gè)單詞詞組或句子的意思，那正確答案就必然不能從原文本身來(lái)找尋。個(gè)別語(yǔ)義題需要進(jìn)行語(yǔ)義理解甚至一步簡(jiǎn)單推斷。但還是有一些語(yǔ)義題是能夠有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的做題思路的，即：結(jié)合上下句，重點(diǎn)關(guān)注并列轉(zhuǎn)折和解釋說(shuō)明部分。這個(gè)思路包含三方面內(nèi)容，分別展開講解。1.結(jié)合上下句。語(yǔ)義題所提問(wèn)的單詞詞組或句子一般同學(xué)都不認(rèn)識(shí)，即使認(rèn)識(shí)，正確答案也未必是同學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)的含義。這種題的目的就是希望同學(xué)能結(jié)合上下句，來(lái)理解不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞詞組或句子。很多情況下，正確答案直接對(duì)應(yīng)語(yǔ)義考查詞句的上下句。如2011年12月的語(yǔ)義題：63. What does the author mean by saying money is known . to bring a relationship to its knees(Line 1, Para. 2)?A) Money is considered to be the root of all evils.B) Some people sacrifice their dignity for money.C) Few people can resist the temptation of money.D) Disputes over money may ruin a relationship.Since money is known to be one of the things most likely to bring a relationship to its knees, we should be grateful. For many families the recession means more than not booking a holiday A YouGov poll of 2, 000 people found 22% said they were arguing more with their partners because of concerns about money.解析：同學(xué)做這道題完全不需要理解money is known . to bring a relationship to its knees這句話本身。就從上下句來(lái)看。同學(xué)記住，所謂上下句，并不是上下句都一定要看，而是去看上下和該句有關(guān)系的句子。從文章結(jié)構(gòu)上看，很明顯，語(yǔ)義考點(diǎn)在該段第一句，后面的句子肯定要支撐前面的信息。所以重點(diǎn)看后面信息即可。For many families the recession means more than not booking a holiday A YouGov poll of 2, 000 people found 22% said they were arguing more with their partners because of concerns about money.簡(jiǎn)單閱讀后文，易得正確答案D選項(xiàng)，Disputes over money may ruin a relationship.答案中Disputes over money對(duì)應(yīng)原文concerns about money，答案中ruin a relationship對(duì)應(yīng)22% said they were arguing more with their partners.2.重點(diǎn)關(guān)注并列轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。這是也是做語(yǔ)義猜詞的一大利器。因?yàn)橛刹⒘修D(zhuǎn)折連接的兩部分會(huì)存在語(yǔ)義含義和成分的對(duì)應(yīng)。所以如果有一個(gè)單詞不認(rèn)識(shí)，就可以去看其并列或轉(zhuǎn)折部分的信息中找對(duì)應(yīng)信息。試舉一例：Foreign students earn 30% of doctoral degree awarded in the United States and 38% of those in the United Kingdom.該句中and后面的those應(yīng)該如何理解。同學(xué)從并列關(guān)系連接的兩部分中易得出，百分比對(duì)應(yīng)百分比，in the United States對(duì)應(yīng)in the United Kingdom，所以those指的就是doctoral degree.3.解釋說(shuō)明部分其實(shí)考官在出一些語(yǔ)義題的時(shí)候也是動(dòng)了惻隱之心的。會(huì)在晦澀難懂信息的附近存在一個(gè)解釋說(shuō)明部分。解釋說(shuō)明部分的標(biāo)志是逗號(hào)，冒號(hào)，破折號(hào)，雙引號(hào)。舉例08年12月的真題：原文：Then theres the ostrich approach. “Some men are scared of what might be there and would rather not know,” says Dr. Ross Cartmill.What does Dr. Ross Carmill mean by “the ostrich approach”?A.A casual attitude towards ones health conditions.B.A new therapy for certain psychological problem.C.Refusal to get medical treatment for fear of the pain involved.D.unwillingness to find out about ones disease because of fear解析：原文中的the ostrich approach同學(xué)不理解完全不影響解題。后面的雙引號(hào)是非常明顯的解釋說(shuō)明，直接通過(guò)該句比較選項(xiàng)即可。正確答案D, unwillingness to find out about ones disease because of fear。選項(xiàng)中的unwillingness to find out對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的would rather not know，選項(xiàng)中的fear對(duì)應(yīng)文章中的scared。另外，語(yǔ)義題排除選項(xiàng)還有兩個(gè)技巧。1.排除字面解釋。2.排除跨度選項(xiàng)。分別解釋：排除字面解釋。語(yǔ)義題考的就是同學(xué)能不能結(jié)合文章其他信息來(lái)理解不認(rèn)識(shí)的詞句，所以正確答案絕對(duì)不能是語(yǔ)義考查詞句的字面解釋。以2010年6月的語(yǔ)義題為例：64. What does the author mean by youre just underlining his faults (Line 4, Para. 3)?A) You are not taking his mistakes seriously enough.B) You are pointing out the errors he has committed.C) You are emphasizing the fact that he is not intelligent.D) You are trying to make him feel better about his faults.原文：research showing that when people get feedback which they believe is overly positive, they actually feel worse, not better. If you tell your dim friend that he has the potential of an Einstein, youre just underlining his faults.解析：這道題即使同學(xué)讀不懂原文，也應(yīng)知道，這題youre just underlining his faults，肯定和字面解釋，“錯(cuò)誤”無(wú)關(guān)。所以A選項(xiàng)的mistake，B選項(xiàng)的error和D選項(xiàng)的fault都揭示了此三個(gè)選項(xiàng)出局的命運(yùn)。正確答案C，絕對(duì)不是字面本身的意思，要有一個(gè)引申含義。排除跨度選項(xiàng)。以2006年12月題目為例：59.The “fancier brands” (Line 3 Para. 5) refers to _.A) tap water from the Thames RiverB) famous wines not sold in ordinary storesC) PepsiCos Aquafina and Coca-Colas DasaniD) expensive bottled water with impressive names(D)該題涉及原文信息：But is plain tap water all that bad? Not at all. In fact, New Yorks municipal water for more than a century was called the champagne of tap water and until recently considered among the best in the world in terms of both taste and purity. Similarly, a magazine in England found that tap water from the Thames River tasted better than several leading brands of bottled water that were 400 times more expensive.Nevertheless, soft-drink companies view bottled water as the next battle-ground for market sharethis despite the fact that over 25 percent of bottled water comes from tap water: PepsiCos Aquafina and Coca-Colas Dasani are both purified tap water rather than spring water.As diners thirst for leading brands, bottlers and restaurateurs salivate (垂涎) over the profits. A restaurants typical mark-up on wine is 100 to 150 percent, whereas on bottled water its often 300 to 500 percent. But since water is much cheaper than wine, and many of the fancier brands arent available in stores, most diners dont notice or care.此題A,C兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)可以排除。因?yàn)锳選項(xiàng)中的thames river和C選項(xiàng)的PepsiCos Aquafina and Coca-Colas Dasani分別是上上段和上段中的例子內(nèi)容，很難和本題考點(diǎn)詞產(chǎn)生任何邏輯和語(yǔ)義關(guān)系。所以這種的跨段選項(xiàng)，排除。兩大基本考點(diǎn)skimming和scanning其實(shí)“快速四級(jí)閱讀”這個(gè)稱謂是對(duì)這部分題型名稱的一種誤解，甚或說(shuō)是一種誤譯。實(shí)際上試題冊(cè)上所給的題型英文名稱是Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)四級(jí)閱讀理解(略讀與跳讀)。不少考生正是由于受到所謂“快速”兩字的誤導(dǎo)，以為單純求快就可以萬(wàn)事大吉，殊不知這其中是另有“隱情”。Skimming略讀略讀，顧名思義就是要求考生在較短時(shí)間內(nèi)把握住文章某個(gè)段落的主題思想。我們首先來(lái)看一下2010年6月份快速四級(jí)閱讀第一題：1. What eventually made Carla Toebe realize she was spending too much time on the Internet?A) Her daughters repeated complaints.B) Fatigue resulting from lack of sleep.C) The poorly managed state of her house.D) The high financial costs adding up.一般來(lái)說(shuō)快速四級(jí)閱讀的第一題往往是針對(duì)文章的開頭部分。以該題為例，基本上所有考生都能夠定位到第一段?？墒堑谝欢蔚降讘?yīng)該怎么讀就成了個(gè)大問(wèn)題。A few months ago, it wasnt unusual for 47-year-old Carla Toebe to spend 15 hours per day online. Shed wake up early, turn on her laptop and chat on Internet dating sites and instant-messaging programs leaving her bed for only brief intervals. Her household bills piled up, along with the dishes and dirty laundry, but it took near-constant complaints from her four daughters before she realized she had a problem.誠(chéng)然，從頭到尾“快速”讀完確實(shí)是個(gè)辦法而且也是絕大多數(shù)考生使用的辦法，但這樣做完全失去了skimming的意義。換個(gè)角度來(lái)說(shuō)，如果每個(gè)題目都像這樣把段落讀完，那么十道題加在一起所積累的四級(jí)閱讀量勢(shì)必將超過(guò)15分鐘的大限。其實(shí)大部分文章的段落重點(diǎn)或者說(shuō)中心都集中在首末句上。略讀所要考察的就是考生是否敢于大膽抓住首末句，拋去段落中間的無(wú)效部分，從而迅速找到答案。以本題而言，該段最后一句，尤其是but之后的“it took near-constant complaints from her four daughters before she realized she had a problem”(直到她的四個(gè)女兒開始不斷發(fā)出抱怨的時(shí)候她在開始意識(shí)到自己出問(wèn)題了)就是答案所在位置。故而選擇A選項(xiàng)。再看2009年6月的快速英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀第六題：6. What did Dale think of Mindsets LLCs workshop?A) It was well-intentioned but poorly conducted.B) It tapped into the executives full potential.C) It helped him make fair decisions.D) It met participants diverse needs.這道題在當(dāng)年得分率非常低。原因就在于這道題對(duì)應(yīng)的可能段落有兩段而不是一段(省略號(hào)表示段落略去部分，下文同此例)：“I had a management position open in my department ;and the two finalists were a man and a woman . Had I not attended this workshop , I would have automatically assumed the man was the best candidate because the position required quite a bit of extensive travel . ”Dales assumptions are another example of the well-intentioned but incorrect thinking that limits an organizations ability to tap into the full potential of a diverse workforce .“I learned from the class that instead of imposing my gender biases into the situation , I needed to present the full range of duties, responsibilities and expectations to all candidates and allow them to make an informed decision .” Dale credits the workshop , “because it helped me make decisions based on fairness .”這道題目的要求更高。考生不僅要知道重點(diǎn)在兩個(gè)段落的首末句上，還需要結(jié)合題目所問(wèn)，對(duì)這四個(gè)句子孰輕孰重作出預(yù)先判斷，然后再進(jìn)行四級(jí)閱讀。題目問(wèn)的是Dale對(duì)這個(gè)研討班的看法。據(jù)此看來(lái)一段第一句無(wú)效，因其起始部分講到的是Dale在公司的position(職位)。同樣該段末句也無(wú)效，Dales assumptions講的是Dale原先的一些錯(cuò)誤想法和做法。很可惜的是當(dāng)年不少考生都在這兩個(gè)句子上耗費(fèi)了大量時(shí)間，甚至還有個(gè)別考生通讀該段，這樣自然是得不償失。再來(lái)看下一段的第一句，I learned from the class that instead of imposing my gender biases into the situation(我通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)知道不能把自己的性別比、偏見帶到工作中去)。這句話有用嗎?顯然也不行。因?yàn)樗v到的是Dale在學(xué)習(xí)班里的收獲。最后一句說(shuō)道“because it helped me make decisions based on fairness”(因?yàn)檫@個(gè)研討班讓我能做出公平的選擇)。讀到這里第六題的答案也就順理成章的選擇C了。2010年6月第七題：7. Andrew Heidrich now visits websites that discuss online gaming addiction to _.A) improve his online gamin