普通心理學(xué)重點(diǎn)

1、普通心理學(xué)重點(diǎn)Chapter 11、Gen eral psychology（普通心理學(xué)）:a branch of psychology which study the most com mon and principles and rules of humans ，normal behaviors and thinking.2、 Intorspection （內(nèi)省法）:a method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feeli ngs.3、Longitudinal study（ 縱向研究法

2、）:research method in which data is collected about a group of participa nts over a nu mber of years to assess how certa in characteristics cha nge or rema in the same duri ng developme nt.ups ofcesion or4、Cross-sectional study（橫向研究法）:research method in which data is collected from gro participa nts

3、of differe nt ages and compared so that con clusi ons can be draw n about differen due to age.5、 Five steps of the scientific（研究心理學(xué)科學(xué)方法的五個(gè)步驟）:Ask a quest©Draw con clusi ons.collect）©Caseidentify（鑒定）a problem. gFrom a hypothesis （假設(shè)）.©Test the hypothesis anddata.（experiments）（©Ana

4、lyze the results of your test.6、Methods of research（心理學(xué)的研究方法 ）:（© Naturalistic observation（自然觀察法Study（個(gè)案研究法）© survey（調(diào)查法）© Longitudinal study（縱向 研究法）© Cross-sectional實(shí)驗(yàn)法）study（橫向研究法Correlations and explanations（相關(guān)研究和實(shí)驗(yàn)研究Experiment（Chapter 3 Sen sati on1、Sensation（感覺）:an unelabora

5、ted elementary awareness of stimulation.人腦對(duì)直接作用于感 覺器官的客觀事物的個(gè)別屬性的反映。2、What is our vestibular sense?SenseStimulus（刺激）Sense Orga n（感覺器官）Receptor（感受器）Sen satio n（感覺）SightLight wavesEyeRodsandcones of ret inaColors,patter n s,textures moti on, depth in spaceHeari ngSound waveEarHaircellslocatedininner ea

6、rNoises,t onesSki nsen satio nsExternal （夕卜 部）con tact（接觸）Ski nNerve endings（神經(jīng)末梢）in ski nTouch,pa in, warmth,coldSmellVolatile substa nces（易揮發(fā)物 質(zhì)）NoseHair cells of olfactory（嗅覺） membra ne（膜）Odors（musky, flowery,bur nt, min ty）TasteSolubleTongueTaste buds ofFlavors（sweet,substa nces（可溶解的物質(zhì)）ton gueso

7、ur,salty,bitte rVestibular（前庭）senseMecha ni cal （機(jī)械的）and gravitati onal（重力） forcesInner earHair cells of semicircular can alsandvestibuleSpatial moveme nt, （空間位置） gravitati onal pullKin esthesis（運(yùn)動(dòng)覺）Body moveme ntMuscles,te ndo ns and jointsNerve fibers in muscles, tendons and joi ntsMoveme nt andpo

8、siti onof body parts3、Absolute threshold（絕對(duì)感覺閾限）:the weakest amount of a stimulus required to produce a sen satio n.4、 Differenee threshold（差別感覺閾限）:the minimum amount of differenee a person can detect betwee n two stimuli.5、 Fovea（中央凹）:area eonsisting of a small depression in the retina containing c

9、ones and where visi on is most acute.6、舉例說明什么是差別感覺閾限、絕對(duì)感覺閾限。 絕對(duì)感覺閾限：例如用某一極輕微的刺激物刺激被試者的皮膚，被試不會(huì)有感覺，但如果逐 漸增加這個(gè)刺激量就會(huì)引起被試的感覺反應(yīng)。絕對(duì)感覺閾限就是指剛剛能夠引起感覺的最小刺 激強(qiáng)度。 相對(duì)感覺閾限：例如100g的重量，再加上1g,人并不感覺到重量有所增加，但增加3g以上是，就能感覺到重量的變化，即為差別感覺閾限，剛剛能夠引起差別感覺的兩個(gè)同類性質(zhì)刺激物之間的最小差異量。7、The trichromatic theory（三原色理論）The trichromatic theory h

10、ypothesizes that we have three kinds of cones.These are differentially sensitive to three wavelengths of light:75Onanometers, 500nanometers and 400nanometers.The first wavelength,75Onanometers,induces the sensation we call red.The sec on d,500nano meters in duces the sen sati on we call gree n,And 4

11、00 nano meters in duces the sen sati on we call violet.The trichromatic theory also acco unts for the sen sati on of colors other tha n the three primary on es.The sen sati on of oran ge,for example,takes place because a wave-le ngth of light such as 650 nano meters will cause the simulta neous firi

12、ng of some neurons that usually fire at 750 nano meters and some that fire at 500nano metersWhite light is sensed when all of the wavelengths arrive at the retina in a random or scrambled fashi on.8 （了解）顏色的3個(gè)指標(biāo)hue色調(diào)brightness亮度、明度（3）saturation飽和度Chapter 4 Percepti on1、perception（知口覺）:the represesent

13、ation of what is perceived;basic component in the formation of a con cept.人腦對(duì)直接作用于感覺器官的客觀事物各種屬性的整體反映。2、 Characteristics of Perception（知覺的特性）:® perception integration 整體性 figure-ground perception 選擇性perceptual inference 理解性（learning to perceive 學(xué)習(xí)性 ©perceptualconstancy恒常性3、 知覺整體性的組織化原則： pro

14、ximity接近性©continuity連續(xù)性©similarity相似性simplicity簡潔性（§）closure圭寸閉性4、 The binocular vision of depth perception（ 深度知覺的雙眼線索 ）1, 雙眼線索：OB in ocular parallar雙眼視察C?眼睛的調(diào)節(jié)2, Physiologyical cues 生理線索 Cadjustment 調(diào)節(jié) Cconvergenee 輻合5、The mon ocular visio n（單眼線索）:©lin ear perspective 線條透視 ©

15、;in terpositio n 對(duì)象的重迭（遮擋）©Light and Shadow明亮和陰影（明暗）©texture gradient紋理梯度（結(jié)構(gòu)級(jí)差）©motionparallax運(yùn)動(dòng)視差Chapter 5 Memory1、memory（記憶）:the storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experieneed.3, Implicit memory（ 內(nèi)隱記憶）:refers to memories of which people are not consciously aware,but w

16、hich can affect subseque nt performa nee and behavior. 個(gè)體無意識(shí)的或者不自覺的 回憶信息的記憶形式，無意識(shí)記憶影響個(gè)體后繼的表現(xiàn)和行為。4, Memory is the process by which we encode（編碼）,store（存儲(chǔ)）and retrieve（提取）in formati on.,5, Three stages of memory（記憶的三個(gè)階段）:sensory memory 感覺記憶、Short-Term Memory短時(shí)記憶STM、Long-Term Memory 長時(shí)記憶LTM6, 艾賓浩斯遺忘曲線

17、ebb in ghaus,s forgetti ng curve 的特點(diǎn)：（1） 大多數(shù)遺忘出現(xiàn)在學(xué)習(xí)后一小時(shí)之內(nèi)；（2）遺忘的速度不是恒定的，而是先快后慢，最后 逐漸穩(wěn)定下來；（3）重新學(xué)習(xí)要比第一次學(xué)習(xí)容易。Chapter 6 thought and Ian guage1、Thinking（丿思維）:changing and reorganizing the information stored in memory to create newinformation.思維是人腦對(duì)客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)間接和概括的反映，借助于言語、表象、動(dòng)作來實(shí)現(xiàn)，能揭 示事物本質(zhì)特征及內(nèi)部規(guī)律的理性認(rèn)識(shí)階段。2、Imag

18、e（表象）:a visual,me ntal represe ntati on of an eve nt or object.3、Concept（概念）:a label for a class of objects or events that have at least one attribute in com mon.4、 What strategies do we need in problem solving?問題解決可以使用的策略：©MechanicalSolutions to try one by one （算法式）©Heuristics（啟發(fā)法）means-e

19、nd analysis 手段目標(biāo)分析、Backward search 逆向搜索、climbing method 爬山法5、 影響問題解決的因素：©Function Fixation功能固著©mental set心理定勢(shì)©motivation動(dòng)機(jī)©condition知覺情境（問題條件）6、Characteristics of creative thinking 創(chuàng)造性思維的特點(diǎn)：Flexibility 變通性、靈活性 Recomb in ation重組（3）I nsight頓悟帶有突發(fā)性，如靈感、直覺等等Chapter 7 Motivati on and

20、Emoti on1、Motivation（動(dòng)機(jī)）:an internal state that activates behavior and directs it toward a goal. 由目標(biāo) 引導(dǎo)的、激發(fā)和維持有機(jī)體活動(dòng)的一種內(nèi)在心理過程。2、Need（需要 ）:biological or psychological requirement of an organism.3、Incentive approaches （刺激或誘因理論）:an external stimulus, reinforcer, or reward that motivates behavior.4、 Emot

21、io ns（情緒）:are feeli ngs that gen erally have both physiological and cog nitive eleme nts and that in flue nee behavior.是人們對(duì)客觀事物的態(tài)度體驗(yàn)及相應(yīng)的行為反應(yīng)。5、（簡單 T） Theories of Motivation 動(dòng)機(jī)的理論Instinct Approaches （本能論）：Born to BeMotivated gDrive-Reduction Approaches （驅(qū)力降低理論）©Incentive Approaches （誘因理論）O）Cogni

22、tive Approaches （認(rèn)知理論）：The thoughrs behind motivation.6、（簡單 T） Three types of social motivation （三種社會(huì)型動(dòng)機(jī)）：®Need for achievement （成就動(dòng)機(jī)）gNeed for affiliation （親和動(dòng)機(jī)）（3）Need for power （權(quán)力動(dòng)機(jī)）7、（簡單T） Maslow 'Hierarchy of Needs馬斯洛的需要層次理論從下往上依次是：physiological needs （是個(gè)體維持生存的需要）、safety needs （是個(gè)體對(duì)組織

23、、秩序、安全感和可預(yù)見性的需要）、love and belongingness （是個(gè)體渴望與人建立一種良好關(guān)系， 并在其群體和家庭中擁有地位的需要）、esteem （個(gè)體基于自我評(píng)價(jià)產(chǎn)生的自重自愛和期望收到 他人、群體和社會(huì)認(rèn)可需要）、self-actualization （個(gè)體各種潛能得到充分發(fā)揮的需要8（簡單 T） Three elements of emotion 情緒的三種成分：gThe Cognitive Component 認(rèn)知成分The Physiological Component 生理喚醒 gThe Behavioral Component 外顯行為（表情：Facial e

24、xpression 面部表情、Emotional Tone 語調(diào)表情、Body Ianguage 肢體語言9、 （簡單 T） The Functions of Emotions （情緒的功能）：（1） Preparing us for action 動(dòng)機(jī)功 能（2） Shap ing our future behavior 認(rèn)知功能（3 ） Help ing us in teract more effectively with others 社交功能，又稱信號(hào)功能10、 （簡單 T ） Physiological Theories 情緒的生理理論:（1） The James-Lange The

25、ory 詹姆斯 -蘭格情緒理論（2 ） The Cannon-Bard Theory 坎農(nóng)-巴德情緒理論（3） Cognitive Theories （情 緒的認(rèn)知理論） The scjacjter-singer Exoerriment 沙赫特-辛格 情緒狀態(tài)實(shí)際是認(rèn)知過程、生理狀態(tài)、環(huán)境因素共同作用的結(jié)果（4） Opponent-Process Theory （情緒的相對(duì)歷程論Chapter 8 Con scious ness1、Consciousness意識(shí)）:a state of awareness,including a person ' feelings sensations

26、,ideas and perceptio ns.2、睡眠的階段及其特點(diǎn) 3 Why do wei sleep ?Cycli ng through the stage of sleepNREM（Non-Rapid Eye Movment sleep）非快速眼動(dòng)睡眠 REM 快速眼動(dòng)睡眠階段：1, theta waves入睡期2, sleep spindles睡眠錠 淺睡期，有睡眠錠產(chǎn)生約 20MIN 3,delta waves中度睡眠，約40MIN 4，高振幅的delta波，約30分鐘，深度睡眠3、The function of dream: （ 1）diagnose illness 診斷疾病（

27、2）psychotherapy 心理治療（3）an excuse借口4、 Attention（注意）:is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the en vir onment while ignoring other thin gs. 注意是心理活動(dòng)或意識(shí)對(duì)一定對(duì)象的指向與集中。4、 The types of attention: （1） involuntary attention（不隨意注意 /無意注意）（2）voluntaryattention（隨意注意/有意注意）（3）post vol

28、untary attention（隨意后注意 /有意后注意）5、 注意的品質(zhì)：注意的廣度（范圍）、注意的穩(wěn)定性、注意的分配、注意的轉(zhuǎn)移使注意順利地 進(jìn)行分配的條件是：人對(duì)活動(dòng)的熟練程度同時(shí)進(jìn)行的幾種活動(dòng)之間的關(guān)系分配注意的技巧。Chapter 9 Pers on ality1、 Pers on ality（人格）:is the characteristic patter ns of behavior, thought, and emoti on that determine a person ' s adjustment to the environment. 人格是個(gè)體行為、思想和情

29、感的特征模式， 決定了個(gè)體對(duì)環(huán)境的適應(yīng)能力。2、 Personality structures （人格結(jié)構(gòu)）：ld（本我）、Ego（自我）、Superego（超我）3、 本我遵循快樂原則 Pleasure principle ;自我遵循現(xiàn)實(shí)原則 Reality principle ;超我遵循道德 原貝U Moral principleStructuresDistributio nPrin cipleFunctionCon te ntsIdAll uncon scious（無意識(shí)的）Pleasure prin ciplePsyche source（精神起源）In st in ctual and biological urges（本能的生理沖 動(dòng)）EgoMostly conscious（大部分有意識(shí) 的）Reality prin cipleMediation （調(diào)節(jié)）Rati on al, thoughtful process （理性的 思想邏輯）Superego2 layers （2 層次）Moral prin cipleSupervisi on（監(jiān)督）Con scie nee, social rules （道德 規(guī)則社會(huì)規(guī)范）4、 Trait（特質(zhì)）:a tendency to react