GCT非常好的語(yǔ)法部分講義胡英歌最新版.doc

GCT系統(tǒng)班補(bǔ)充講義（語(yǔ)法部分）胡英歌 編講第一講：定語(yǔ)從句一、概述1.在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞，用作定語(yǔ)的從句叫做定語(yǔ)從句(attributive clause)。被定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的詞叫做先行詞(antecedent)。定語(yǔ)從句必須放在先行詞之后。引導(dǎo)詞如下： 1 3 52. 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的功用能關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞用來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，在先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句之間起紐帶作用，使二者聯(lián)系起來(lái)。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞可作定語(yǔ)從句的一個(gè)成分。關(guān)系代詞可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)；關(guān)系副詞可作狀語(yǔ)。3. 限定和非限定的區(qū)別：二：as主要用法1. as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句as作關(guān)系代詞，還可用來(lái)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，可以用來(lái)代替一個(gè)句子或單詞，as引導(dǎo)的句子可放在句首、句末或句中。The moon, as is known to everybody, travels round the earth once every month.As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.The moon travels round the earth once every month, as is known to everybody.眾所周知，月球一月繞地球一周。2.1） as引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句通常構(gòu)成such.as或the same.as固定搭配，as在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。I should like to use the same tool as you used yesterday.我想用你昨天使用的那種工具。(作賓語(yǔ))（2）suchthat與suchas“suchthat”表示“如此以致”的意思，用來(lái)引導(dǎo)一個(gè)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句；而“suchas”表“像這樣的”的意思，用來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，as在從句中充當(dāng)主、賓或表語(yǔ)等。He is such an honest man that we respect him.他是一個(gè)如此誠(chéng)實(shí)的人以至于我們都尊敬他。He is such an honest man as we respect.他像我們所尊敬的這種誠(chéng)實(shí)的人。三：關(guān)系副詞when, where, why用法。關(guān)系副詞在從句中可作狀語(yǔ)。1、when指時(shí)間，修飾表時(shí)間的先行詞，在定語(yǔ)從何中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。July and August are the months when the weather is hot. 七八月是天氣很熱的月份2、where指地點(diǎn)，修飾表地點(diǎn)的先行詞，在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child.在巴黎住了五十年后，他回到他童年時(shí)生活的小城鎮(zhèn)。注意：先行詞為表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)的名詞時(shí)，關(guān)系詞不一定都用when或where。如果關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，就要用關(guān)系代詞whch或that。This is the factory that/which we visited last year.這是我們?nèi)ツ陞⒂^的那家工廠。I wont forget the time that we spent in the countryside.我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我在農(nóng)村度過(guò)的那段時(shí)光。3、why指原因，修飾名詞reason，在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)。Do you know the reason why he left early?你知道他為什么早走嗎？Can you offer the reason why you are late again? 你能說(shuō)一下你再次遲到的原因么？四關(guān)系代詞的用法。關(guān)系代詞在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)1、who，whom的用法who和whom指人，who在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)；whom在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)，在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中可省略。在口語(yǔ)中可用who代替whom。In the beginning, people who bought the tomato often got angry. 起初，買到西紅柿的人常常會(huì)生氣。(作主語(yǔ))The person (whom) you should write to is Mr. Ball. 你應(yīng)該給他寫(xiě)信的人是波爾先生。(whom作賓語(yǔ)能省略)His mother, whom he loved dearly, died in 1818. 他很愛(ài)你的母親，她于1818年去世了。（whom引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，作賓語(yǔ)但不能省略）2、whose的用法whose 指人或物，在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)，指物時(shí)?？捎胦f which取代。I have a friend whose father is a mayor. 我有個(gè)朋友，他父親是市長(zhǎng)。We lived in a house whose window faces south. 我們住在窗口朝南的房子里。3、which 的用法which指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中可省略。Today, fruit trees which once grew only in China can now be found in many parts of the world. 今天，那些曾經(jīng)只在中國(guó)生長(zhǎng)的果樹(shù)能夠在世界上許多地方看到了。（作主語(yǔ)，不能省略）It is used to record the tickets (which) passengers buy.它用來(lái)記錄乘客所購(gòu)買的車票。(作賓語(yǔ)，可以省略)He came late, which we all know. 我們都知道，他來(lái)晚了。（作賓語(yǔ)，在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中不省略）4、that 的用法that 多指物，有時(shí)也指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)（可省略），指物時(shí)其用法和which大致相同，但也有區(qū)別。All the people that come from the country work much harder.所有來(lái)自農(nóng)村的人工作都更努力。This is the best play that was written by Jack. 這是杰克寫(xiě)的最好的一個(gè)劇本。5、關(guān)系代詞that和which的區(qū)別（1)相同點(diǎn)：都可以指物；在從句中都可作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)；作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)都可省略。The train that /which has just left is for Shanghai.剛開(kāi)的那列火車是去上海的。(作主語(yǔ),不可省略)The film (that/which) we saw last night is wonderful.我們昨天晚上看的電影好極了。(作賓語(yǔ)，可省略)（2）用that，不用which的情況當(dāng)先行詞是不定代詞或被它們修飾時(shí)。all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little等不定代詞時(shí)To get the job started, all that I need is your permission.要開(kāi)始工作，我所需要的是你的許可。Is there anything that I can do for you?有什么要我做的事嗎?He answered few questions that the teacher asked.他幾乎沒(méi)有回答老師的那些問(wèn)題。當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。This was one of the most interesting books that were sold in this book store.這是這家書(shū)店售出的最有趣的書(shū)之一。The first thing that should be done is to get some food.該做的第一件事是弄點(diǎn)吃的。當(dāng)先行詞有the very，the only，the same等修飾時(shí)。Thats the only thing that we can do now.目前我們只能這樣了。Those are the very words that he used.那就是他的原話。當(dāng)先行詞是一個(gè)既指人又指物的并列詞組時(shí)。They were talking about the persons and things that they saw in the factory.他們?cè)谡務(wù)撛诠S里看到的人和事。（3）用which，不用that的情況引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。Football, which is an interesting game, is played all over the world.全世界都踢足球，它是一項(xiàng)有趣的運(yùn)動(dòng)。Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which ,of course, made the others unhappy. 桃樂(lè)茜總是吹噓她在戲劇中的角色，這當(dāng)然使別人不高興。直接放在介詞后作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)。Language is the most important tool without which people cant communicate with each other.語(yǔ)言是最重要的工具，沒(méi)有它，人們便無(wú)法交流。巧記that和which的區(qū)別：that，which可互換，下列請(qǐng)況勿照辦；that情況比較多，不妨對(duì)你說(shuō)一說(shuō)；不定代詞這路貨，全用that準(zhǔn)沒(méi)錯(cuò)；先行詞前被限制，千萬(wàn)不要用which；要用which別著急，介詞提前逗隔離。巧記定語(yǔ)從句的用法主句型，從句型，兩種句子要完整。從句緊靠先行詞，系詞引導(dǎo)要弄清。定人用who或whom，定物which當(dāng)先用。關(guān)系代詞有that，定人定物有本領(lǐng)。定時(shí)間要用when，定地點(diǎn)where行，定原因必用why。關(guān)系代(副)詞作成分，唯作賓語(yǔ)可以省。第二講：名詞性從句。一：概述引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類： 連接詞：that, whether, if。that無(wú)詞義，在句中不擔(dān)句子成分，有時(shí)可以省略。連接代詞：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. 有詞義，在句中充當(dāng)成分。連接副詞：when, where, how, why 有詞義，在句中作狀語(yǔ)。二主語(yǔ)從句。從句在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)。1. 主語(yǔ)從句中的that不充當(dāng)句子的成分，只是單純的連接詞，通常不省略。分句置于句首時(shí)，that絕對(duì)不可以省略。句子結(jié)構(gòu)：That/wh-clause + v +主語(yǔ)從句That the drunk driver could not control his car was obvious.It was obvious that the driver could not control his car.2. It 作形式主語(yǔ)代替主語(yǔ)從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞沒(méi)有變化。例如：It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film.It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not.三. 表語(yǔ)從句：表語(yǔ)從句出現(xiàn)在系動(dòng)詞后，充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)。be, look, remain, seem, the reason is that和It is because 句子結(jié)構(gòu)：S +be/link.v + that/wh-clause表語(yǔ)從句The trouble is that we are short of money.Go and get your coat. Its _ you left it.The question is _ we can make good preparation in such a short time.This is _ we cant get the support of the people.But the fact remains _ we are behind the other classes四賓語(yǔ)從句：S + vt + that/wh-clause賓語(yǔ)從句S + vi + prep + wh-clause賓語(yǔ)從句I heard that he joined the army.I wonder whether you can change this note for me.Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate(合作）with one another.五同位語(yǔ)從句。S + vt/be +n+ that同位語(yǔ)從句The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.第三講：倒裝（只講考試?？键c(diǎn)）作用：在英語(yǔ)中為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)或者強(qiáng)調(diào)某部分。主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)是句子的核心，它們之間有兩種語(yǔ)序：一是主語(yǔ)在謂語(yǔ)之前稱為自然語(yǔ)序（Natural Order）；二是主語(yǔ)在謂語(yǔ)之后則稱為倒裝語(yǔ)序（Inverted Order）。完全倒裝（Full Inversion）:又稱全部倒裝,是只將句子中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞全部置于主語(yǔ)之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)。部分倒裝（Partial Inversion）:指將謂語(yǔ)的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)移至主語(yǔ)之前。如果句中的謂語(yǔ)沒(méi)有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，則需添加助動(dòng)詞do, does或did，并將其置于主語(yǔ)之前。一 so, neither ,nor 引起的倒裝1. 當(dāng)前面的情況也適用于后面的人或物時(shí)用so, 注意后面的動(dòng)詞。翻譯：也一樣。Nancy is an innocent girl, so is her sister.I have great passion for English, so does m