火災(zāi)動(dòng)力學(xué)FD07e-錐形量熱儀

提綱本節(jié)討論錐形量熱器的工作原理研發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)工作原理計(jì)算方法測(cè)試數(shù)據(jù)分類原則錐形量熱器1/2錐形量熱器2/2錐形量熱器目的測(cè)量在一定熱輻射通量加熱條件下的材料響應(yīng)特征。通常是小規(guī)模Bench-scale主要參數(shù)放熱率（基于耗氧的放熱原理OxygenConsumptionCalorimetry）質(zhì)量損失率點(diǎn)火時(shí)間煙氣特征等可以模擬真實(shí)的火場(chǎng)條件5使用目的評(píng)估材料或產(chǎn)品的阻燃特征Evaluationofmaterialsorproducts提供火災(zāi)?；枰臄?shù)據(jù)Providedataneededforstate-of-theartfiremodels設(shè)計(jì)新材料或產(chǎn)品Designofnewmaterialsorproducts研究和開發(fā)用途Researchanddevelopment給產(chǎn)品的安全性能加以分級(jí)Rankorderproductsaccordingtotheirperformance根據(jù)某一原則來(lái)通過(guò)或淘汰產(chǎn)品Passorfailaproductaccordingtoacriterionlevel6開發(fā)歷史Thornton(1917)最早提出單位耗氧會(huì)產(chǎn)生固定量的熱量Parker(early1970’s)展示了基于氧量的量熱計(jì)的可行性；Hugget(1980)提出E=13.1kJ/gO2(Dhc/r0)證明概念可行合理；

Vytenis“Vyto”Babrauskas(early1980’s)在

NIST(formerlyNBS)開發(fā)了錐形量熱器開發(fā)歷史FirstcommercialconecalorimeterwasproducedintheU.S.(1986)NISTDevelopmentofsystemsformeasuringsmokeopticallyandsootyieldgravimetrically(1987)"R&D100Award"(1988)mostprestigiousAmericanawardfortechnologyinnovation測(cè)試標(biāo)準(zhǔn)更新歷史U.S.NationalstandardsASTME1354(1990)NFPA271,originallyNFPA264(1992)Internationalstandard(1993)ISO5660AdditionalstandardsProposedASTMstandards(2002)商業(yè)化的錐形量熱器·CommercialConeCalorimeters錐形量熱器標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)計(jì)可以測(cè)量的結(jié)果IgnitiontimeHeatReleaseRateMasslosshistoryEffectiveheatofcombustionTotalheatreleaseSmokeobscurationSootToxicGases操作原理Oxygenconsumptioncalorimetry

Oxygenconcentration10-21%ParamagneticanalyzerPartialpressureofO2AdditionalaccuracywithadditionalmeasurementsCO,CO2,H2O13錐形加熱器ExposureconditionsRadiantsourceSmallconvectivecomponentRangeofradiantfluxes0-100kW/m2UniformirradianceRealisticexposureElectricheaterTemperaturesupto950°CGreybodye=0.9114點(diǎn)火源（電子打火器）Auto-ignitionIgnitionfromheateralonePilotedignitionElectricsparkigniter(sparkplug)10kVNoimposedheatflux25mmabovecenterofspecimenWithinpyrolizedgasplumeIdealmixturefraction排煙管道ExhaustDuct·24LiterspersecondFLOW16激光照度計(jì)

laserphotometerHe-Nelaser&quasi-dual-beammeasurementI0I17樣本制備Area:100x100mmThickness:upto50mmAluminumfoilwrappedInsulatedHorizontal&vertical樣品安裝方式HorizontalStandardThermoplasticsLiquidsVerticalNon-standardExploratoryR&DDripping19校訂內(nèi)容HeatfluxSchmidt-BoeltertotalheatfluxgaugeAnalyzersSpangasesHeatreleaserateHigh-puritymethaneDetermineCLoadcellStandardweightsSmokemeterNeutraldensityfilters20測(cè)試過(guò)程CalibrateapparatusSetexhaustflowSetexposurefluxBegindataacquisitionInserttestspecimenRemoveradiationshieldRecordtimetoignitionRemoveigniterRecorddatauntil2minutesafterflameout21測(cè)試關(guān)注內(nèi)容Edgeeffects1-DheattransferReducedwithfoilRetainerFrameBackfaceconditionsAdiabatic/IsothermalInsulationlayerSamplethicknessThermallythickThermallythin則是過(guò)程關(guān)注內(nèi)容SampleareaIgnitionHeatReleaseIntumescingmaterialsDelaminatingWarping測(cè)試結(jié)果HeatreleaseMasslossHeatofcombustionSmokeOnaperunitareabasis?

24HeatreleasedataTimetoignitiontime,tig[s]25HeatreleasedataTimetoignitiontime,tig[s]PeakHRR,[kW/m2]26HeatreleasedataTimetoignitiontime,tig[s]PeakHRR,[kW/m2]Totalheatreleased[kJ/m2]27HeatreleasedataTimetoignitiontime,tig[s]PeakHRR,[kW/m2]Totalheatreleased[kJ/m2]AverageHRRHeatreleasedataTimetoignitiontime,tig[s]PeakHRR,[kW/m2]Totalheatreleased[kJ/m2]AverageHRRBurningduration,tbTotalheatreleaseAreaunderthecurveTrapezoidalruleTime(sec)Q”=A=A1+A2+A3…+An30MasslossMassloss(Dm)MasslossMassloss(Dm)Masslossrate()

dmdtMasslossMassloss(Dm)Masslossrate()

Averageloss10%to90%Dm10-90Dt10-90Masslossrate,SmoothesdataDifferentequationsfor:firsttwopointslasttwopoints34HeatofcombustionEffectiveheatofcombustion(EHC)

35SmokeSmokeextinctioncoefficientSmokeproductionrateSpecificextinctionarea36SootGravimetricsootyieldSamplepassedthroughafilterMassdifferenceYield:SampleConedata38SampleConedata39AdditionaldataDerivedthermo-physicalpropertiesASTME1321proceduresThermalinertia,krcIgnitiontemperature,TigCriticalfluxforignition,AdditionaldataDerivedthermo-physicalpropertiesHeatofgasification,LAdditionalgasmeasurementsCO,CO2,H2OReal-timegasanalyzersIncreaseaccuracyTotalunburnedhydrocarbonsReal-timegasanalyzersHCN,HCl,HBr,SO2,NOx,etc.Batchsampled&analyzedbyionchromatographyReal-timeanalysisofnumerousgasspeciesbyFourierTransformInfraRed(FTIR)spectrometry42AdditionaltestmethodsVitiatedatmospheresLowoxygenconcentrationsPost-flashoverfiresConecorrosimeterCorrosivityofelectricalcomponentsCableinsulationmaterialsUpholsteredFurniture

NewASTMtestmethodsBuildingProductsInteriorFinishMaterialsProposedASTMStandardforBuildingProducts

15mintestdurationDegreesofCombustibilityMaximum60-secslidingaverageTotalheatreleasedProposedASTMStandardforInteriorFinishProductsInteriorliningmaterials

Radiativeheatfluxfromablackbodysourceat700°C20mintestdurationTestresultsHeatreleaseratePeakheatreleaserateTotalheatreleased5,10,and20minutesObservationofcracking46ClassificationSystems–InteriorFinishMaterialsJapanese