防火安全矩陣中英文對照

本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文文獻及譯文文獻、資料題目：Thefiresafetydesignofapartmentbuildings文獻、資料來源：著作文獻、資料出版日期：2001院（部）：市政與環(huán)境工程學(xué)院專業(yè)：給水排水工程班級：姓名：學(xué)號：指導(dǎo)教師：翻譯日期：2008.6外文文獻：THEFIRESAFETYDESIGNOFAPARTMENTBUILDINGS13FIRESAFETYMATRIXTheobjectiveofthisfiresafetymatrixistoprovideaguideforthefireengineeringdesignofapartmentbuildings.Thematrixisonlyintendedforguidanceandanappropriatelyqualifiedfiresafetyengineershouldverifythefinaldesign.Thethreemainfirescenariosthatshouldbeconsideredinthedesignofapartmentbuildingsare:asmoulderingfireinanapartment,aflamingfireinanapartmentandafireincommonspaces(iestairsandcorridors).Irrespectiveofthebuildingandoccupantcharacteristics,someminimalfiresafetymeasuresshouldbeimplementedinallapartments.Thefollowingisalistofessentialfiresafetymeasuresthatshouldbeprovidedinallapartmentbuildings:SmokedetectorsHeating,ventilationandairconditioning(HVAC)systemtoshutdownonfirealarmA30-minuteminimumfireresistancebetweenapartments,verticalshaftsandfloors.13.1EmergencystrategyBriefdescriptionsoftheemergencystrategy,oremergencyplansusedinthematrixareprovidedbelow.Evacuation–onalarmalloccupantsevacuatethebuilding.Nonevacuation–occupantsintheroomoffireoriginevacuatethebuilding.Otheroccupantsremainintheirrooms,waitingforfirebrigadeassistanceandadvice,andcarryoutprotect-in-placeactivities.Stagedevacuation–occupantsintheroomoffireoriginandonthefirefloorevacuatefirst.Theremainingoccupantsaredirectedtoevacuateautomaticallyinthefollowingsequenceuntilthefirebrigadeintervenes.Occupantsimmediatelyabovethefirefloorevacuateafterthoseonthefirefloor,followedbythefloorsabove.Occupantsonlevelsbelowthefirefloorareevacuatedlast.Firebrigadeinterventioncanalterthesequenceofevacuation,orhalttheevacuationinresponsetocurrentconditionsoranychanges.13.2OccupantsatriskForthethreefirescenariosandthethreeemergencystrategies,thefollowingmatrixoutlinestheoccupantsthataremostatrisk.13.3MatrixvariablesThefiresafetydesignofapartmentbuildingsconsistsofnumerousvariablesandinterdependencies.Thesevariableshavetobeconsideredconcurrentlytoprovidethemosteffectivedesign.Theselectionoffiresafetymeasuresinmanycasesresultsinatrade-offbetweenvariousalternatives.Forexample,sprinklerprotectioncanpermitareductioninfireresistanceratingrequiredforbuildingsandmayallowextendedtraveldistances.Thesetrade-offsandinterrelationshipsbetweenfiresafetymeasuresneedtobeconsideredtoobtainthemostefficientandeffectivefiresafetydesign.Table14listssomeofthefiresafetymeasuresthatshouldbeconsideredforapartmentbuildings.Thevariablespresentedarenotacomprehensivelist,andotherfiresafetymeasuresmaybemoreappropriateformorecomplexdesigns.Table14–Matrixvariables13.4Buildingsgreaterthan25mThefiresafetymatrixforbuildingsgreaterthan25mhighispresentedinTable15.Thematrixprovidestherecommendedfiresafetymeasuresforapartmentbuildingswithrespecttosprinklerprotectionandtheemergencystrategy.Thematrixprovidesasimplemethodofdeterminingsomeoftheminimumfiresafetyrequirementsofanapartmentbuilding.Itcanalsobeusedtoevaluatewhichtypeofemergencystrategywouldbemosteffective,orwhensprinklerswouldbebeneficialgivencertainbuildingconditions.ThejustificationoftherecommendedfiresafetymeasuresispvidedinSection14.1.Table15–Firesafetymatrix:buildingsgreaterthan25mtheabovematrixaredesignedtoprovideatleasttwolevelsofprotectionfortheoccupants.Asthebuildingheightincreases,thenumberoffireprotectionmeasuresalsoincreasestoprovideadditionallevelsofprotectionandmaintainthelevelofsafetyfortheoccupants.Table16summarisestheoccupantswhoaremostatriskandthelevelsoffiresafetyprovidedbytheabovefiresafetymatrix.Table17providesthecellkeyforidentifyingthedesignatedcellsinTable16.Thiskeyremainsthesameforallcasespresented.Table16–Levelsoffiresafety(buildingsgreaterthan25m)Table17–Cellkey13.5Buildingsgreaterthanthreestoreysandlessthan25mThefiresafetymatrixforbuildingsgreaterthanthreestoriesandlessthan25mhighispresentedinTable18.ThejustificationoftherecommendedfiresafetymeasuresisprovidedinSection14.2.Table18–Firesafetymatrix:buildingsgreaterthanthreestoreysandlessthan25mTable19–Levelsoffiresafety(buildingsgreaterthanthreestoreysandlessthan25m)13.6BuildingslessthanthreestoreysThefiresafetymatrixforbuildingslessthanthreestoriesispresentedinTable20.ThejustificationoftherecommendedfiresafetymeasuresisprovidedinSection14.3.Table20–Firesafetymatrix:buildingslessthanthreestoreysTable21–Levelsoffiresafety(buildingslessthanthreestoreys)14DISCUSSIONOFFIRESAFETYMATRIXThefiresafetymatrixconsidersthebuildingheight,sprinklerprotectionandtheemergencystrategyastheprimaryvariables.Thisisduetothehighinfluencethattheinteractionsofthesevariableshaveonotherfiresafetymeasures.Inadditiontothis,thefireengineercanspecifytheemergencystrategyandsprinklerprotectionforthebuildingthatwillprovideflexibilitytothematrix.Thereforeoncetheextentofthesethreevariableshasbeendeterminedtheremainingfiresafetysystemscanbeselectedtosuitthebuilding.Theobjectiveofthefiresafetyrecommendationsistoaddresskeyissuesthatresultfromagivensetofbuildingcharacteristics,whileprovidingmultiplelevelsofprotectionforoccupantsintheeventofafire.Thisprovidesabackuporredundancyinthedesignintheeventofonepartofthesystemfailing.Forexample,ifthesprinklersystemfailstheoccupantswillbeprotectedwithpassiveprotectionandsmokecontrolsystems.Thefollowingsectionsdiscussthethreebuildingheightlimitswithrespecttothefiresafetymeasuresthathavebeenrecommended.Thestagedevacuationstrategyhasnotbeendiscussedseparatelyasitisacombinationoftheothertwostrategiesandthesamefundamentalprinciplesapply.14.1Buildingsgreaterthan25minheight.Oncebuildingsexceed25minheight,theabilityofthefirebrigadetorescueoccupantsexternallybecomeslimited.Therefore,ahigherleveloffiresafetyneedstobeprovidedtothestairsandescapepaths.Emergencyliftsarealsoconsideredanoptiontoproviderapidaccessforthefirebrigadeandegressfordisabledoccupants.Asbuildingsbecometallertheleveloffireprotectionneedstoincrease.Thisisdueto:Furthertraveldistances,resultinginahigherchanceofexposuretofireandfireproducts,andlongerexposuretime.ThereducedabilityofthefirebrigadetorescuepeopleexternallyTheincreasedtimeforthefirebrigadetoreachupperlevelsMoreoccupants,resultinginahigherriskofinjuryanddeathsThereisagreatervariabilityinoccupantabilitiesandhumanbehaviour,duetothegreaternumberofoccupantsTherearemoresourcesofignitionandfireEvacuationinbuildingsgreaterthan25mAnevacuationstrategyreliesontheprotectionofegresspaths,aswellastheprotectionofoccupantsintheirapartmentsbeforeevacuation.Theprotectionofegresspathsiscriticaltoensureoccupantsarenotevacuatingthroughuntenableconditions.Inbuildingsgreaterthan25mhigh,egressdistancescanbeconsiderableandtherefore,thetimeoccupantsspendinescapepathscanbesignificant.Inasprinklerprotectedbuilding,protectionisprovidedby:1.Thesprinklersystem.Thesprinklerswillactivateandextinguishorcontrolthefire,reducingthethreattooccupants.2.Compartmentationandmechanicalsystems.Rooms,corridorsandstairshaftsarerecommendedtohaveaFRRofatleast30minutes.Thiswillcontainthefireintheroomoforiginandprotectoccupantsbeforeandduringegress.Self-closersprovidedondoorsaretoensurethefiredoesnotspreadtothecorridor.Thestairsaretobepressurisedtolimitsmokespread,provideapartialsafeegresspathsandprovideasmokefreeareaforthefirebrigade.3.Thefinallevelofprotectionisthefirebrigade.Thefirebrigade’srolewouldbetoassistanyremainingoccupantsandextinguishthefire.Aconnectionntothefirebrigadewillbeprovidedtoachieveafasterresponse.Inanon-sprinklerprotectedbuildingthesystemsofprotectionare2and3,aslistedabove,howeverthefollowingotherfiresafetymeasureswillbeintroducedtoincreasethelevelofprotection:1.AnincreasedFRRto60minutesminimum.Thisistoprovideadditionaltimeforoccupantevacuationandfirebrigadeintervention.IfoccupantschoosetostayintheirapartmentstheincreasedFRRwillprovideahigherlevelofprotection.2.Connectiontothefirebrigade.Toensureafasterresponsebythebrigadetoafire.3.Emergencyliftstoaidegressandfirebrigadeaccess4.Zonedsmokecontrolsystem.Thisistoensuresmokespreadthroughthebuildingisminimised.Thisshouldincludestairandcorridorpressurisationtoreducethechanceofsmokespreadintotheescapepaths.5.Liftandstairlobbiestoprovideanadditionalbarrieragainstsmokeandanareawhereoccupantscanwaitforliftsorfurtherinstructions.Theseareascanbeusedasrefugeareasorotherpressurisedrefugeareasshouldbeprovided.6.Emergencywarningandintercommunicationsystem.Thiswillallowoccupantstocommunicatewiththefirebrigadeandinformthemifassistanceisrequired.7.Additionalprotectedstairsorreducedtraveldistances,asatrade-offforthelimitedabilityofthefirebrigadetoexternallyrescueoccupants.Non-evacuationinbuildingsgreaterthan25mAnon-evacuationstrategyreliesontheprotectionoftheoccupantsintheirapartments.Thereisagreaterrelianceonthefirebrigadetoextinguishthefireandassistoccupants,ifevacuationisnecessary,duringandafterthefireisextinguished.Inasprinklerprotectedbuilding,protectionisprovidedby:1.Thesprinklersystem.2.Compartmentationandmechanicalsystems.TheroomsarerecommendedtohaveaFRRofatleast60minutesandtoprotecttheoccupants.Thefireresistanceratingshouldbedesignedsocompleteburnoutoftheapartmentwillnotresultinfurtherfirespread.Self-closersandsmokesealsshouldbeprovidedonalldoorsopeningintocorridors.Thisistocontainthefireintheapartmentoforiginandreducesmokespreadtootherapartments.Intheory,therewillbeatleasttwodoorswithsmokesealsbetweenthefireandoccupants.3.Thefinallevelofprotectionisthefirebrigade.Thebuildingalarmshouldbeconnectedtothefirebrigadetoreducetheresponsetime.Inanon-sprinklerprotectedbuildingthesystemsofprotectionare2and3,aslistedabove,howeverthefollowingotherfiresafetymeasureswillbeintroducedtoincreasethelevelofprotection:1.IncreaseFRRto90minutes(minimum).Thisistoensurecompleteburnoutoccursbeforefurtherfirespread.2.Emergencyliftstoaidegressandfirebrigadeaccess3.Liftandstairlobbiestoprovideprotectionforthefirebrigade,orareasofrefugeifoccupantschoosetoescape.4.Stairpressurisationtoprovideasmokefreepathforthefirebrigade5.Emergencywarningandintercommunicationsystem.Thiswillallowoccupantstocommunicatewiththefirebrigadeandinformthemofanyassistancethatisrequired.Itwillalsoprovideameansforthefirebrigadetoinstructtheoccupants.14.2Buildingsgreaterthanthreestoreysandlessthan25mBuildingsthataregreaterthanthreestoreysandlessthan25m,havedifferentfiresafetyissuesthanbuildingsgreaterthan25m.Themostnotableoftheseisthefirebrigadeisabletorescueoccupantsandfightthefireexternally,providedadequateaccessisprovidedandawindowexists.Thetraveldistancesarealsoreduced,decreasingthetimeforoccupantstoevacuateandthefirebrigadetoreachthefire.Thetransferofinformationmayalsoincrease,asoccupantsarerelativelyclosertogether.Thisincreasestheirabilitytocommunicatewithotheroccupantsandtoperceivevisualandaudiblecues.Evacuationinbuildingsgreaterthanthreestoreysandlessthan25mThisemergencystrategyreliesontheprotectionoftheegresspathsaswellastheprotectionoftheoccupantsintheircompartmentsbeforetheyevacuate.Theprotectionoftheegresspathsiscriticaltoensureoccupantsarenotevacuatingthroughuntenableconditions.Egresstraveldistancesarelessandtherefore,thedurationofoccupantexposuretosmokeisreduced.Inasprinklerprotectedbuilding,protectionisprovidedby:1.Thesprinklersystem.2.Compartmentationandmechanicalsystems.Theapartments,corridorsandstairshaftsarerecommendedtohaveaFRRofatleast30minutes.Thiswillprotectoccupantsbeforeandduringegress.Self-closersandsmokesealsshouldbeprovidedonallescapepathdoors.3.Thefinallevelofprotectionisthefirebrigade.Inanon-sprinklerprotectedbuildingthelevelsofprotectionare2and3,howeverthefollowingotherfiresafetymeasureswillbeintroducedtoincreasethelevelofprotection:1.IncreaseFRRtoatleast60minutestoallowthecompleteburnoutoftheapartmentwithoutfirespreadintothecorridorsoradjacentrooms.2.Self-closersondoorstocontainthefireandsmokespread.3.Refugeareasinstairsfordisabledoccupants.4.Stairlobbiestoprovidetwosmokeandfirebarriersforoccupantsinthestairrefugeareas.Nonevacuationinbuildingsgreaterthanthreestoreysandlessthan25mAnon-evacuationstrategyreliesonprotectionofoccupantsintheirapartments.Thereisagreaterrelianceonthefirebrigadetoextinguishthefireandassistintheevacuationafterthefireisextinguished.Thefirebrigadecanrescueoccupantsexternallyvialaddersandfightthefireexternally.Inasprinklerprotectedbuildingthelevelsofprotectionare:1.Thesprinklersystem.2.Compartmentationandmechanicalsystems.TheroomswillhavearecommendedFRRofatleast60minutestoprotecttheoccupants.Thefireresistanceratingshouldbedesignedsothatthecompleteburnoutoftheapartmentwillnotresultinfurtherfirespread.Self-closersandsmokesealsshouldbeprovidedonalldoors.Thisistocontainthefireintheapartmentoforiginandreducesmokespreadintootherapartments.3.Thefinallevelofprotectionisthefirebrigade.Thebuildingalarmwillbeconnectedtothefirebrigadetoreducethefirebrigaderesponsetime.Inanon-sprinklerprotectedbuildingthelevelsofprotectionare2and3,aslistedabove,howeverthefollowingotherfiresafetymeasureswillbeintroducedtoincreasethelevelofprotection:1.Thefireresistanceratingwillbeincreasedtoatleast90minutes.Thiswillensurethecompleteburnoutoftheapartmentcanoccurwithoutfurtherfirespread.14.3BuildingslessthanthreestoreysBuildingslessthanthreestoreysaregenerallythemaximumsizeofabuildingwithoutlifts.Theegressdistancesinthesebuildingswouldtypicallybewithinthebuildingcode’smaximumallowabletraveldistances,andmaynotrequirefireratedstairshafts.Therelativelyshorttraveldistancesresultinshortmovementtimes,andafastresponsefromthefirebrigadeonthearrival.Ifnecessary,occupantscouldalsouseunconventionalescaperoutes,forexamplegardenladdersorclimbingdownbalconies.Thefirebrigadecanalsorescueoccupantsexternallyvialadderandfightthefireexternally.Thelackofliftsinbuildingsofthissizemaylimitthenumberofmobilityimpairedoccupantsthatwouldbepresent.Ingeneral,mobilityimpairedoccupantswouldbelocatedonthegroundfloor,wheretheywouldbeabletoescapedirectlytosafety.IfdisabledTheFireSafetyDesignofApartmentBuildingsDepartmentofCivilEngineeringpage92UniversityofCanterburyoccupantsarepresent,itisrecommendedthattheyremainintheirapartmentsandwaitforrescue.Therefore,theywoulduseanon-evacuationstrategy.EvacuationinbuildingslessthanthreestoreysThisemergencystrategyreliesonoccupantsescapingquickly.Withoutfireratedstairshaftstheoccupantshavetotravelarelativelyshortunprotecteddistancetomakefinalescape.Occupantsalsoneedtobeprotectedintheirapartmentsbeforetheyattempttoescape.Inasprinklerprotectedbuildingthelevelsofprotectionare:1.Thesprinklersystem.2.Compartmentationandmechanicalsystems.TheapartmentsarerecommendedtohaveaFRRofatleast30minutestoprotecttheoccupantsbeforeandduringtheiregress.ThereshouldalsobeaFRRof30minutesinthecorridorsandstairs,ifegressdistanceisinexcessofthebuildingcode’sprescriptiverequirements.3.Thefinallevelofprotectionisthefirebrigade.Inanon-sprinklerprotectedbuildingthelevelsofprotectionare2and3,aslistedabove,howeverthefollowingotherfiresafetymeasureswillbeintroducedtoincreasethelevelofprotection:1.TheFRRwillbeincreasedtoatleast60minutes.Thiswillensurethefiredoesnotspreadfurtherthantheapartmentoforigin.2.Self-closersandsmokesealswillbeprovidedonalldoors.Thisistocontainthefireintheapartmentoforiginandreducesmokespreadintootherapartments.3.Aconnectiontothefirebrigadewillbeprovidedtoachieveafasterresponse.Non-evacuationinbuildingslessthanthreestoreysAnon-evacuationstrategyreliesontheprotectionofoccupantsintheirapartments.Forbuildingslessthan3storeysthefirebrigadecanrescueoccupantsexternallyvialaddersandfightthefireexternally.Inasprinklerprotectedbuildingthelevelsofprotectionare:1.Thesprinklersystem.2.Compartmentationandmechanicalsystems.TheroomsarerecommendedtohaveaFRRofatleast60minutesandtoprotecttheoccupants.Thefireresistanceratingwillbedesignedsothatthecompleteburnoutoftheapartmentwillnotresultinfurtherfirespread.Self-closersandsmokesealswillbeprovidedonalldoors.Thisistocontainthefireintheapartmentoforiginandreducesmokespreadintootherapartments.3.Thefinallevelofprotectionisthefirebrigade.Thebuildingwillbeconnectedtothefirebrigadetoreducethetimeforfirebrigadearrival.Inanon-sprinklerprotectedbuildingthelevelsofprotectionare2and3,howeverthefollowingotherfiresafetymeasureswillbeintroducedtoincreasethelevelofprotection:1.Thefireresistanceratingwillbeincreasedtoaminimumof90minutestoensurethefiredoesnotspreadfurtherthantheapartmentoforigin.14.4RiskandReliabilityTheassessmentoftheabsoluterisktolifesafetytoapartmentbuildingoccupantsisanextremelydifficulttask.Thenumerousscenarios,variables,limiteddataandchangesintherisktolifesafetyduringafireincident,makesanassessmentofoccupantriskverydifficult.EachoftheeightelementsinFigure1willhaveanimpactontherisktolifesafetyandthislevelofriskwillchangeduringafireincident.Forexampleoccupantsonleveloffireoriginwillhavearelativelyhighrisk,butiftheymovebelowtheleveloffireorigintheirrisktolifesafetywilldecrease.Anassessmentoftherelativerisktolifesafetyisamorefeasibleoption,butagainthenumerousvariablesandlimiteddatamakesthisdifficult.PreviousresearchbyBeckandYung(1990)usedariskassessmentmodeltoassesstheexpectedrisktolifeandfirecostexpectationsofapartmentbuildingsrelativetothebuildingcode.Anassessmentoftherelativelifesafetyissimpler,andinsomecasesintuitive.Inmanyinstances,aqualitativerelativeriskassessmentcanbemade.Forexample,giventhesamebuilding,sprinklerprotectionwouldbesaferthannosprinklerprotection.However,arelativeassessmentoflifesafetybecomesmorecomplexifdifferentfiresafetysystemsareassessedagainsteachother.Forexample,isabuildingwithaFRR60saferthanabuildingwithaFRR30andpressurisation?Theabsoluterisktolifesafetyinthematrixcellsisexpectedtodifferentandtheyhavenotbeendesignedtoprovideanequivalentlevelofsafetyforalloccupants.Intuitively,itcanbeenseenthatoccupantsinathreestoreysprinklerprotectedbuildingwouldhavearelativelyhigherleveloflifesafetythanoccupantsinathirtystoreysprinklerprotectedbuildingirrespectiveoftheotherfiresafetymeasures.Bothbuildingscanbedesignedtobesafe,buttheymaynothaveanequivalentlevelofrisktolifesafety.Thereliabilityoffiresafetymeasuresisanotherimportantaspectthatneedstobeconsideredinaquantitativeriskassessment.Previoussectionsinthisreport,containreliabilityvaluesforsomeofthefiresafetymeasures.Thisdatahasbeenincludedtoprovideanindicationofthereliabilityofthefiresafetymeasuresandtheirfailuremodes.Reliabillityddatafforsoomesyystemssisaavailaable,buttthisiispreettyllimiteedanddtherreisnocorrrelattionsbetweeenthherissktolifesafettyanddthereliaabilittyofasysstem.Foreexamplleasstairppressuurisattionssystemmmayworkasdeesigneed,buutfattalitiiescoouldsstilloccurr.Sommeothherdiffficulltprooblemssarequesttionssuchas,ddoesaa60mminuteeFRRproviideahigheerlevveloffsafettythaana330minnuteFFRRanndisa30minuttefirrerattedwaallmoorereeliabllethaana660minuutewaall?Informattionoontheereliiabiliityoffafiiresaafetymeasuureissnotenougghtodeterrminetherriskttolifeesafeetyofftheoccuppants..Thereliaabilittydattaneeedstoobeaassesssedinnconjjunctiionwiiththheabillityooftheefireesafeetymeeasureestoproteectocccupanntstooprovvidessomessortoofmeaasureofefffectivvenesss.TheeffeectiveenessofspprinkllersaandsmmokeddetecttorshhasbeeenesstimattedinnasttudybbyNISST.Theestuddyfouundthhatinnhomeefirees:Theintrroducttionoofsmookedeetectoorswiillreeducedeathhrateesby52%.Ifspprinkllerprootectiionwaasinttroduccedafftertthesmmokeddetecttors,theddeathratewoulddbereeduceddbyaafurtther330%,rresulttingaatotaalredductioonintheddeathrateof822%(Halll,19993).Ifsprinnklersswereeintrroduceedfirrstthhedeaathraatewoouldbberedducedby699%.Adddingssmokedetecctorswoulddreduucethhedeaathraatebyyafuurtherr13%,,resuultinggatottalreeductiioninnthedeathhrateeof882%(HHall,1993)).Sprinkleersdoonotoperaateprroperlly8%ofthhetimmeanddsmokkedettectorrsdonotopperateepropperly15%ooftheetimee(Halll,19993).Detectorrsareenon--operaationaal32%%oftthetiimewhhenafireoccurrs(Haall,11993)..Thisinfformattionoofthiistyppewouuldbeeveryyuseffulinnaquuantittativeeriskkasseessmennt,hooweverrforootherfiresafettymeaasuressitiisnottreaddilyaavailaable.Inaddditioontothis,,itiisdiffficullttoaassesssthecontrributiionoffaniindiviidualfiresafettymeaasuretothhesaffetyoofocccupantts.Thhesafeetyoffoccuupantssisuusualllyproovideddthrooughtthecoombinaationandiinteraactionnofddifferrentfiiresaafetymeasuures.Thereeforetheaassesssmentofthheconntribuutiontoliifesaafetyfromiindiviidualsafettymeaasuressisddifficcultwwithouuttheeconssideraationofthheseiinterddependdenciees.Anotherprobllemissthattsomeefireesafeetymeeasureesproovideproteectionnindiirectlly.Foorexaamplessprinkklerpprotecctionwoulddprovvideddirecttprottectioon,buutsmookedeetectoorswiillprrovideeindirrectpprotecction..Direectprrotecttionccanbeedefiinedaastheefireesafeetymeeasureesthaatcanndirecctlyaaffecttthefireorprroducttsofcombuustionn.Thelimiitediinformmationnanddataavaillablemakessitddifficcultttoasssesstthemaatrixqquantiitativvely.Arellativeeriskkasseessmenntofthemmatrixxwithhresppectttotheebuilldingcodewwouldbethhenexxtloggicalstagee,buttthestatiisticssonttheefffectiivenesssoftheffiressafetyysysteemsisslimiited.Reliaabilittydattaisrelattivelyyeasyytoddetermmine,butddataoontheeabillityoofafiiresaafetymeasuureorracoombinaationofmeeasureestoincreeasellifessafetyyisddifficcultttodeteerminee.Someofthepprobleemswiithaquanttitatiiveriiskasssessmmentaare:LimiteddataAssessmeentoffmatrrixvaariablles-Firessafetyysysttems.Assesssmenttofrreliabbilityyandeffecctivennessooffirresafeetysyystemss.-Fire.Assesssmenttofffireggrowthh,sprread,produuctionnofttoxicproduucts.-Buildiingchharactteristtics.Levellofssafetyyprovvidedbyarrchiteecturaalcharracterristiccs,nuumberofsttairs,,egreesspaathwiidths,,travveldiistancces.-Occupaantchharactteristtics.Assesssmenttofooccupaantchharactteristtics,humannbehavviour,,physsicalandmmentallabillitiess.-TrainiinganndEduucatioon.Deecisioonmakkingaabilittyofoccuppants..-Mainteenanceeandinspeectionns.Asssesstheffrequeencyaandefffectiivenesssofmmainteenanceeproggram.-Firebbrigaddeinttervenntion..Asseessmenntofrespoonsettimeooffirrebriigadeandtiimetooextiinguisshorcontrrolthhefirre.Assessmeentoffinteerdepeendencciesaandinnterreelatioonshippsbettweenmatriixvariiabless.Forrexammple,theffiressizeiisrellatedtothheabiilityofspprinkllersttoconttroltthefiire.Changestothherissktolifesafettydurringaafiree.Occcupanttbehaaviourr,occcupanttlocattion,occuppantccharaccterisstics,,fireecharracterristiccs,fiiresaafetymeasuuresaandfirrebriigadeinterrventiioncaanalllchanngeassthesituaationevolvves.TTherefforetthelevveloffriskkfaceedbyoccuppantsalsochangges.Toavoiddtheinherrentddifficcultieesinquanttitatiiveriiskasssessmment,theffiressafetyydesiignmaatrixiisbassedonnprovvidinggmulttiplelevellsofproteectionnfortheooccupaants.Thereefore,,ifooneofftheffiressafetyymeassuresfailss,theereissatlleastoneoothermechaanismtoprrovideeprottectioon.Innaddittionttothiis,fiiresaafetytrainningiisesssentiaaltoeducaateocccupanntsonnwhatttoddointheevventoofaffire,andhhowtoomaxiimisetheirrchanncesoofsurrvivall.中文譯文：第十三章防火安全矩矩陣防火安全矩陣以為為公寓防火工程設(shè)計計提供指南為為宗旨。矩陣陣僅僅作為能指導(dǎo)和適當(dāng)?shù)睾藢嵑虾细穹阑鸢踩こ痰淖詈蠛笤O(shè)計。在公寓設(shè)計中應(yīng)該該被考慮的三三中情況是:在公寓悶燃燃的火,在公寓的的明火和公共空間的的火(即臺階和走廊)。不考慮建筑物和居住住者特征,一些最小的的防火安全措措施應(yīng)該被實施在在所有公寓。下下列是應(yīng)該被被提供在所有有公寓防火安安全名單的方方案:1煙檢測器2熱化、透氣和空調(diào)調(diào)(HVACC)系統(tǒng)在火警警報時關(guān)閉