考研考博-英語(yǔ)-山西水利職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解2

書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-山西水利職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買(mǎi)！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Definitionsof“culture”aremultiple,broad,andnotablyambiguous.Whilethereisnoagreed-upondefinitionofculture,theclassicdefinitionbyE.B.Tylorin1871iswidelycited:“culture...isthatcomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,morals,law,customandanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”Mostdefinitionsofcultureemphasizethatitiscomplexanddynamic,comprisedofthesharedsolutionstoproblemsfacedbythegroup.Thesesolutionsincludetechnologies,beliefs,andbehaviors.

Culturedoesnotdeterminebehavior,butaffordsgroupmembersarepertoireofideasandpossibleactions,providingtheframeworkthroughwhichtheyunderstandthemselves,theirenvironment,andtheirexperiences.Cultureisacomplexsetofrelationships,responses,andinterpretationsthatmustbeunderstood,notasabodyofdiscretetraits,butasanintegratedsystemoforientationsandpracticesgeneratedwithinaspecificsocioeconomiccontext.Cultureiseverchangingandalwaysbeingrevisedwithinthedynamiccontextofitsenactment.

Cultureisneitherablueprintnoranidentity;individualschoosebetweenvariousculturaloptions,andinourmulticulturalsociety,manytimeschoosewidelybetweentheoptionsofferedbyavarietyofculturaltraditions.Itisnotpossibletopredictthebeliefsandbehaviorsofindividualsbasedontheirrace,ethnicity,ornationalorigin.Individuals’groupmembershipcannotbeassumedtoindicatetheirculturebecausethosewhoshareagrouplabelmayvariouslyenactculture.

Initszealtoencouragerespectforculturaldifferences,theculturalcompetencymovementhassometimeslostsightoftheseimportantfeaturesoftheconceptofculture.Insteadithastoooftenrepresentedcultureasadecontextualizedsetoftraitsprovidingatemplatefortheperceptionsandbehaviorsofgroupmembers.Aburgeoningliteratureonculturaldiversitypresentsthereaderwithveritablelaundrylistsoftraditionalbeliefsandpracticesostensiblycharacteristicofparticularethnicgroups.Thisapproachencouragesthequestionablenotionthatimmigrantsandcertainethnicandracialminoritiesareparticularlydrivenbytraditionalism.Theemphasisinthisgenreisondifference,pittingtheexoticandesotericagainstmainstreamorconventionalbeliefsthatremainunnamedandunexplored.

Themisconception,commoninclinicalsettings,thatculturecanbeunderstoodasasetofdiscretetraits,hasledsomemistakenlytotreatcultureasanexplanatoryvariable,subjecttopredictionandcontrol.Insuchapplications,specificethnicculturesarerepresentedasacodifiedbodyofcharacteristicsthatcanbeidentifiedandtheneithermodifiedormanipulatedtofacilitateclinicalgoals.

Paradoxically,insuchapproaches,whatoriginatedinadesiretopromoterespectforindividualdifferencesmayinsteadpromotestereotypingandessentializing.Thisprocessofreifyingpresumeddifferencemayhavetheunintendedconsequenceofbolsteringasenseofgroupboundaries.Itmayalsoreinforcethebeliefthatculturecanbediagnosedandtreated,thatexoticorunfamiliarbeliefsandbehaviorsofmembersofalreadydisempoweredsubgroupsshouldbecontrolledandadjustedtoresemblenormsofthedominantgroup.

1.WhichstatementisNOTtrueaccordingtothispassage?

2.Cultureisnotanidentitybecauseculture（）.

3.Emphasizingculturaldifferencestoomuchwould（）.

4.Whichofthefollowingistheauthor’sviewpoint?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Definitionsofcultureareusuallydifficult,variedandambiguous.

B.Thereisnoagreed-upondefinitionofculturesofar.

C.Thereisnocommongroundindifferentdefinitionsofculture.

D.Mostdefinitionsofcultureemphasizethatitiscomplexanddynamic.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.doesdeterminebehavior

B.doesnotprovidepossibleactions

C.canpredictthebeliefsandbehaviorsofindividuals

D.isoptionalandeverchangingwithinthedynamiccontext

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.helpgraspthemostimportantfeaturesoftheconceptofculture

B.treatcultureasacontextualizedsetoftraits

C.respectthetraditionsofimmigrantsandcertainethnicandracialminorities

D.leadtoregardingtheexoticandesotericagainstmainstreamorconventionalbeliefs

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Culturecanbeunderstoodnotasasetofdiscretetraitsbutasanintegratedsystemoforientationsandpracticesgeneratedwithinaspecificsocioeconomiccontext.

B.Culturecanbetreatedasanexplanatoryvariable,subjecttopredictionandcontrol.

C.Culturecanberepresentedasacodifiedbodyofcharacteristicsthatcanbeidentifiedandtheneithermodifiedormanipulated.

D.Culturecanbediagnosedandtreatedandtheexoticorunfamiliarbeliefsandbehaviorsshouldbecontrolledandadjustedtoresemblenormsofthedominantgroup.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:A

【解析】第1題:1.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

1.WhichstatementisNOTtrueaccordingtothispassage?1.根據(jù)這篇文章，哪個(gè)陳述是不正確的？

A.Definitionsofcultureareusuallydifficult,variedandambiguous.A.對(duì)文化的定義通常是困難的、多樣的和模棱兩可的。

B.Thereisnoagreed-upondefinitionofculturesofar.B.到目前為止，對(duì)文化還沒(méi)有統(tǒng)一的定義。

C.Thereisnocommongroundindifferentdefinitionsofculture.C.文化的不同定義是沒(méi)有共同點(diǎn)的。

D.Mostdefinitionsofcultureemphasizethatitiscomplexanddynamic.D.大多數(shù)對(duì)文化的定義都強(qiáng)調(diào)文化是復(fù)雜和動(dòng)態(tài)的。

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)原文第一段第三句“大多數(shù)對(duì)文化的定義都強(qiáng)調(diào)……（Mostdefinitionsofcultureemphasizethat...）”，可知，大多數(shù)文化的定義是有共同點(diǎn)的，C項(xiàng)“文化的不同定義是沒(méi)有共同點(diǎn)的”與原文相反。故該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)“對(duì)文化的定義通常是困難的、多樣的和模棱兩可的”，原文第一段第一句提到“文化的定義是多種多樣的、廣泛的，而且明顯含糊不清的”，可知該項(xiàng)正確，屬于反向干擾；

B項(xiàng)“到目前為止，對(duì)文化還沒(méi)有統(tǒng)一的定義”，原文第一段第二句提到“雖然對(duì)文化沒(méi)有公認(rèn)的定義……”，可知該項(xiàng)正確，屬于反向干擾；

D項(xiàng)“大多數(shù)對(duì)文化的定義都強(qiáng)調(diào)文化是復(fù)雜和動(dòng)態(tài)的”，原文第一段倒數(shù)第二句提到“大多數(shù)對(duì)文化的定義都強(qiáng)調(diào)文化是復(fù)雜的、動(dòng)態(tài)的……”，可知該項(xiàng)正確，屬于反向干擾。

第2題:2.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

2.Cultureisnotanidentitybecauseculture______.2.文化不是一種身份因?yàn)槲幕痏_____。

A.doesdeterminebehaviorA.決定行為

B.doesnotprovidepossibleactionsB.不提供可能的行動(dòng)

C.canpredictthebeliefsandbehaviorsofindividualsC.能預(yù)測(cè)個(gè)人的信念和行為

D.isoptionalandeverchangingwithinthedynamiccontextD.是可選的并且在動(dòng)態(tài)環(huán)境中不斷變化

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第二段最后一句“文化是不斷變化的，而且在不斷變化的實(shí)施環(huán)境中修訂”，可知文化不是一種身份是因?yàn)樗粩嘧兓?，且在?dòng)態(tài)環(huán)境中不斷改變，D項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)“決定行為”，原文第二段第一句提到“文化并不決定行為，但為群體成員提供了一系列想法和可能的行動(dòng)……”，該項(xiàng)與原文相反，屬于反向干擾；

B項(xiàng)“不提供可能的行動(dòng)”，原文第二段第一句提到“文化并不決定行為，但為群體成員提供了一系列想法和可能的行動(dòng)……”，該項(xiàng)與原文相反，屬于反向干擾；

C項(xiàng)“能預(yù)測(cè)個(gè)人的信念和行為”，原文第三段第二句提到“根據(jù)個(gè)人的種族、民族或國(guó)籍來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)他們的信仰和行為是不可能的”，該項(xiàng)與原文相反，屬于反向干擾。

第3題:3.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

3.Emphasizingculturaldifferencestoomuchwould______.3.過(guò)分強(qiáng)調(diào)文化差異會(huì)______。

A.helpgraspthemostimportantfeaturesoftheconceptofcultureA.幫助掌握文化概念的最重要特征

B.treatcultureasacontextualizedsetoftraitsB.將文化視為一組背景化的特征

C.respectthetraditionsofimmigrantsandcertainethnicandracialminoritiesC.尊重移民和某些少數(shù)民族的傳統(tǒng)

D.leadtoregardingtheexoticandesotericagainstmainstreamorconventionalbeliefsD.導(dǎo)致將異域的和深?yuàn)W的與主流或傳統(tǒng)信仰對(duì)立起來(lái)

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第四段最后一句“這一流派的重點(diǎn)在于差異，將外來(lái)的深?yuàn)W的東西與主流的或傳統(tǒng)的信仰對(duì)立起來(lái)，而這些信仰仍然是無(wú)名的和未被探索的”，可知過(guò)分強(qiáng)調(diào)文化差異會(huì)導(dǎo)致外來(lái)的深?yuàn)W的東西與主流的或傳統(tǒng)的信仰對(duì)立起來(lái)，D項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)“幫助掌握文化概念的最重要特征”，根據(jù)第四段第一句“在積極鼓勵(lì)尊重文化差異的過(guò)程中，文化能力運(yùn)動(dòng)有時(shí)忽視了文化概念的這些重要特征”，可知該項(xiàng)與原文相反，反向干擾；

B項(xiàng)“將文化視為一組背景化的特征”，根據(jù)第四段第二句“文化素質(zhì)運(yùn)動(dòng)將文化視為脫離語(yǔ)境的一系列特征”，可知該項(xiàng)與原文不符合，曲解原文；

C項(xiàng)“尊重移民和某些少數(shù)民族的傳統(tǒng)”在原文并未提及，無(wú)中生有。

第4題:4.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

4.Whichofthefollowingistheauthor’sviewpoint?4.以下哪項(xiàng)是作者的觀點(diǎn)？

A.Culturecanbeunderstoodnotasasetofdiscretetraitsbutasanintegratedsystemoforientationsandpracticesgeneratedwithinaspecificsocioeconomiccontext.A.文化不能被理解為一組離散的特征，而是在特定的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)背景下產(chǎn)生的方向和實(shí)踐的綜合系統(tǒng)。

B.Culturecanbetreatedasanexplanatoryvariable,subjecttopredictionandcontrol.B.文化可以作為一個(gè)解釋變量，受預(yù)測(cè)和控制。

C.Culturecanberepresentedasacodifiedbodyofcharacteristicsthatcanbeidentifiedandtheneithermodifiedormanipulated.C.文化可以表現(xiàn)為一種可識(shí)別、可修改或可操縱的特征的編纂體。

D.Culturecanbediagnosedandtreatedandtheexoticorunfamiliarbeliefsandbehaviorsshouldbecontrolledandadjustedtoresemblenormsofthedominantgroup.D.文化可以被診斷和治療，外來(lái)的或不熟悉的信仰和行為應(yīng)該被控制和調(diào)整，以符合占主導(dǎo)地位群體的規(guī)范。

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第二段第二句“文化是一組復(fù)雜的關(guān)系、反應(yīng)和解讀，它必須被理解，不是作為一系列互不關(guān)聯(lián)的特征，而是作為一個(gè)在特定社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境中產(chǎn)生的具有導(dǎo)向性和實(shí)踐性的綜合系統(tǒng)”，可知，文化是在特定的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境中產(chǎn)生的具有導(dǎo)向性和實(shí)踐性的綜合系統(tǒng)，要被理解為是一組復(fù)雜的關(guān)系反應(yīng)和解讀，A項(xiàng)“文化不能被理解為一組離散的特征，而是在特定的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)背景下產(chǎn)生的方向和實(shí)踐的綜合系統(tǒng)”符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B項(xiàng)“文化可以作為一個(gè)解釋變量，受預(yù)測(cè)和控制”，第五段第一句提到“在臨床環(huán)境中常見(jiàn)的誤解是，文化可以被理解為一組離散的特征，這導(dǎo)致一些人錯(cuò)誤地將文化視為一個(gè)解釋性變量，受預(yù)測(cè)和控制”，從中可知，認(rèn)為文化可以作為一個(gè)解釋變量，受預(yù)測(cè)和控制是錯(cuò)誤的，該項(xiàng)反向干擾；

C項(xiàng)“文化可以表現(xiàn)為一種可識(shí)別、可修改或可操縱的特征的編纂體”是原文第五段的內(nèi)容，也屬于誤解，而不是作者的觀點(diǎn)，該項(xiàng)反向干擾；

D項(xiàng)“文化可以被診斷和治療，外來(lái)的或不熟悉的信仰和行為應(yīng)該被控制和調(diào)整，以符合占主導(dǎo)地位群體的規(guī)范”在第六段有提到，而第六段開(kāi)頭提到一個(gè)Paradoxically（矛盾地），說(shuō)明作者不支持這樣的做法，該項(xiàng)也屬于反向干擾。

2.單選題

Todaybusinesscardsaredistributedwithabandonbyworkingpeopleofallsocialclasses,illustratingnotonlytheubiquityofcommercialinterestsbutalsothefluidityoftheworldoftrade.Whetheroneisbuttonholingpotentialclientsforacarpentryservice,announcingone’slatestacademicappointment,or“networking”withfellowexecutives,itispermissibletoadvertiseone’stalentsandavailabilitybyanoutstretchedhandandthestatement“Here’smycard.”AsRobertLouisStevensononceobserved,everybodymakeshislivingbysellingsomething.Businesscardsfacilitatethisendeavor.

Ithasnotalwaysbeenthisway.Thecardsthatweusetodayforcommercialpurposesareavulgarizationofthenineteenth-centurysocialcallingcards,anartifactwithaquitedifferentpurpose.IntheGildedAge,possessingacallingcardindicatednotthatyouwereinterestedinformingbusinessrelationships,butthatyourmoneywassooldthatyouhadnoneedtomakealiving.Forthecalling-cardclass,lifewasacontinualroundofsocialvisits,andtheprotocol（禮儀）governingthesevisitswasinextricablylinkedtotheproperuseofcards.PickupanyetiquettemanualpredatingWorldWarⅠ,andyouwillfindwholechaptersdevotedtosuchquestionsaswhetherasinglegentlemanmayleaveacardforalady;whenaladymust,andmustnot,turndowntheedgesofacard;andwhetheranunmarriedgirlofbetweenfourteenandseventeenmaycarrymorethansixorlessthanthirteencardsinherpurseinmonthsbeginningwitha“J”.Thecallingcardsystemwasespeciallycherishedbythosewhomadenodistinctionbetweenmannersandmereform,anditspreciousnesswaswelldefinedbyMrs.JohnSherwood.Her1887manualcalledthecard“thefieldmarkanddevice”ofcivilization.

Thebusinessversionofthecallingcardcameinaroundtheturnofthecentury,whentheformerlywell-definedbordersbetweenthecommercialandthepersonalrealmswereusedwidely,societymavens(專家)considereditunforgivabletofusethetworealms.EmilyPost’scontemporaryLilianEichlercalleditverypoortastetousebusinesscardsforsocialpurposes,andaslateas1967AmyVanderbiltcounseledthatthemerchant’smarker“mayneverdoubleforsocialpurposes”.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,peopledistributetheirbusinesscardsinorderto（

）.

2.Thesentence“yourmoneywassoold”inthesecondparagraphmeans（

）.

3.WhatisNOTtrueaboutthecalling-cardclassinthe19thcentury?

4.Accordingtothepassage,businesscardsarelikelytohaveappeared（

）.

5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTstatedorimpliedinthepassage?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.maketheirliving

B.showtheirsocialstatus

C.facilitatesellingtheirproducts

D.illustratethefluidityoftheworldoftrade

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.youhadalotofmoney.

B.yourmoneywasuseless.

C.youhadanoldpoundnote.

D.youinheritedafortunefromyourancestor

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Theyusedtheircallingcardstowinladies’favor.

B.Therewereguidebooksontheprotocolforthemtoread.

C.Theylivedaleisuredlifewithoutworryingaboutearningaliving.

D.Theiruseofcardswassupposedtogobyasetofcomplexrulesofmanner.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.after1967

B.afterWorldWarⅠ

C.atthebeginningofthe19thcentury

D.atthebeginningofthe20th

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Mostpeoplethinkitimpropertousebusinesscardsforsocialpurposes.

B.Today’sbusinesscardsareavulgarizationofthe19th-centurysocialcallingcard.

C.Inthe19thcentury,possessingacallingcardindicatedone’shighsocialposition.

D.Inthe19thcentury,thecalling-cardclassneverusedtheircardsforcommercialpurposes.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。定位到文章第一段最后兩句“AsRobertLouisStevensononceobserved,everybodymakeshislivingbysellingsomething.Businesscardsfacilitatethisendeavor.正如羅伯特?路易斯?史蒂文森曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò)，每個(gè)人靠賣東西為生。商務(wù)名片促進(jìn)了這一努力。”由此可知，人們遞商務(wù)名片是為了賣產(chǎn)品，選項(xiàng)C符合上下文語(yǔ)境，為正確答案。

2.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。定位到文章第二段第三句“IntheGildedAge,possessingacallingcardindicatednotthatyouwereinterestedinformingbusinessrelationships,butthatyourmoneywassooldthatyouhadnoneedtomakealiving.在鍍金時(shí)代，擁有名片并不意味著你有興趣結(jié)成商務(wù)關(guān)系，而是你有遺產(chǎn)，所以你不需要為生計(jì)犯愁?！庇纱丝芍}干句子的意思應(yīng)該指從祖先那里得到一大筆遺產(chǎn)之意。oldmoney意為“祖?zhèn)鬟z產(chǎn)”，故正確答案選D。

3.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。定位到文章第二段“Forthecalling-cardclass,lifewasacontinualroundofsocialvisits他們的日子就是在社交活動(dòng)中打發(fā)的”可知選項(xiàng)C符合文意；由“theprotocolgoverningthesevisitswasinextricablylinkedtotheproperuseofcards管理這些社交活動(dòng)的禮儀與正確使用卡片有著千絲萬(wàn)縷的聯(lián)系”可知他們?cè)谏缃换顒?dòng)中交換名片是需遵守復(fù)雜的禮儀規(guī)范，因此選項(xiàng)D沒(méi)錯(cuò)，以及由“PickupanyetiquettemanualpredatingWorldWarⅠ,andyouwillfindwholechaptersdevotedtosuchquestionsaswhetherasinglegentlemanmayleaveacardforalady在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)前，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)所有的禮儀手冊(cè)里面整個(gè)章節(jié)都在討論這樣的問(wèn)題：一個(gè)單身男士是否可以給女士遞名片?！笨芍x項(xiàng)B無(wú)誤；選項(xiàng)A文章中沒(méi)有提及，因此答案選A。

4.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。定位到文章第二段“Thecardsthatweusetodayforcommercialpurposesareavulgarizationofthenineteenth-centurysocialcallingcards,anartifactwithaquitedifferentpurpose.我們今天用于商業(yè)目的的卡片是19世紀(jì)社會(huì)名片的俗化，是一種具有完全不同目的的工藝品?！币约拔恼碌谌蔚谝痪渲小癟hebusinessversionofthecallingcardcameinaroundtheturnofthecentury...拜帖的商業(yè)版本（名片）出現(xiàn)在世紀(jì)之交……”；由此推斷選項(xiàng)D最符合句子意思。

5.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。定位到文章第二段第三句“IntheGildedAge,possessingacallingcardindicatednotthatyouwereinterestedinformingbusinessrelationships,butthatyourmoneywassooldthatyouhadnoneedtomakealiving.在鍍金時(shí)代，擁有商業(yè)名片不是意味著你有興趣結(jié)成商務(wù)關(guān)系，而是因?yàn)槟阌羞z產(chǎn)，所以你衣食無(wú)憂”，可知C選項(xiàng)是正確的表述；第二段中對(duì)于19世紀(jì)名片發(fā)展歷史的細(xì)節(jié)描述，名片主要用于單純的社交，一戰(zhàn)中禮儀指南提到名片是由青年男性向女士遞交。由此推斷選項(xiàng)D和選項(xiàng)B都是正確的描述。故只有選項(xiàng)A中的描述文章沒(méi)有提到。

3.單選題

Thequalitiesdemandedbythegovernmentwereofapractical,moralandethicalnature,theobjectivebeingtoperpetuateConfuciantraditionswhichwere（）inmaintainingstabilityandsanctioningtheimperialrule.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.useful

B.essential

C.instrumental

D.vital

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)useful“有用的”；B選項(xiàng)essential“必不可少的”；C選項(xiàng)instrumental“有幫助的”；D選項(xiàng)vital“極其重要的”。雖然四個(gè)詞放在題目中均讀得通，但根據(jù)題意，我們選擇最合適的，即B選項(xiàng)。句意：政府所要求的質(zhì)量帶有實(shí)在、道德倫理的本質(zhì)，孔子傳統(tǒng)對(duì)于維持穩(wěn)定、認(rèn)可帝國(guó)統(tǒng)治是……的，這便是保持孔子傳統(tǒng)的目的。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

26-30

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Sheistoohardonme.

B.Sheaskstoomanyquestions.

C.Sheisalwaysconsiderateofmyfeelings.

D.Sheisthemeanestmotherintheneighborhood.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Auniversityinstructor.

B.Ateachingassistant.

C.APh.

D.student.D.Apsychiatrist.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Theyusuallysayno.

B.Theyusuallysayyes.

C.Theyusuallywaitandsee.

D.Theyusuallyrefusetosayanything.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theyareoverconfident.

B.Theirbrainsgrowtoofast.

C.Theyarepsychologicallydependent.

D.Theirbrainsarestillimmatureinsomeareas.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Beeasyonyourteen.

B.Trytobemeantoyourteen.

C.Saynotoyourteenwhennecessary.

D.Don’tcareaboutyourteen’sfeelings.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】(26)Iamthemeanestmotherintheneighborhood.I'mtoostrict.Iasktoomanyquestions.Nooneelse’sparentsareasdifficultasIam.Don’tIknowthatallthecoolkidsareoutuntil2:00or3:00inthemorningandcangowherevertheywant?Thisisthepointofviewofmy16-year-olddaughter.AlthoughsheisfrequentlyannoyedwhenItrytogatherwhatIconsiderbasicinformation-aboutwhereshe'sgoing,who’sdriving,andwhattheplanisforgettinghome—Iknowsheisalsorelievedthatsomeoneiswatchingoutforher.

Discipline-or,tousetoday’smorepopularphrase,settinglimits—takesonawholenewmeaningwhenyourchildhitsadolescence.“Whenkidsareyounganddosomethingunsafe,parentshavenotroublesayingno,”says(27)DanielKindlon,Ph.D.,assistantprofessorofchildpsychologyattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,whohastwodaughters,15and12.“Youdon’tcarethatyourtwo-year-oldcriesifyoudon’tlethimputtheforkinthetoaster.(28)Butsayingyestoyourteencanalmostbecomeareflex,becauseyousodesperatelywanttoavoidconflict.”Newresearchconfirmswhatparentshaveknownallalong:adolescentssimplylacktheabilitytomakesmartdecisionsconsistently.Forexample,peerrelationships-whicharesoimportanttoteenagerscaneasilyoverwhelmtheneedtobesafe.Scientistshavediscoveredthatthishastodowiththewaythehumanbraingrows.(29)Duringtheteenyears,thebraindevelopsrapidly,butsomeareasmaturemuchearlierthanothers.(30)Butyouhavetoholdtheline.Yourteenissecretlycountingonyoutodoso.Andtoomuchisatstakeifyoudon’t.

26.Whatwouldthespeaker’sdaughterleastlikelysayabouthermother?

【解析】根據(jù)錄音開(kāi)頭可知，在女兒心里，她的母親是一個(gè)刻薄、嚴(yán)厲、問(wèn)題多的母親，只有C項(xiàng)與錄音內(nèi)容不符。故選C。

27.WhatdoesDanielKindlondo?

【解析】根據(jù)錄音內(nèi)容“DanielKindlon,Ph.D.,assistantprofessorofchildpsychologyattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth”可知，他是哈佛公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院兒童心理學(xué)助理教授。故選A。

28.AccordingtoKindlon,howdoparentsusuallyrespondtotheirteens’requests?

【解析】根據(jù)錄音內(nèi)容“Butsayingyestoyourteencanalmostbecomeareflex,becauseyousodesperatelywanttoavoidconflict”可知，對(duì)青春期的孩子說(shuō)“是”幾乎是一種本能反應(yīng)，因?yàn)槟惴浅２辉敢猱a(chǎn)生摩擦。故選B。

29.Whyareadolescentsunabletomakesmartdecisionsconsistently,accordingtoscientists?

【解析】根據(jù)錄音內(nèi)容“Duringtheteenyears,thebraindevelopsrapidly,butsomeareasmaturemuchearlierthanothers”可知，青少年階段大腦發(fā)育不平衡，有些區(qū)域還未發(fā)育成熟。故選D。

30.Whatwouldthespeakeradviseparentstodo?

【解析】根據(jù)錄音內(nèi)容“Butyouhavetoholdtheline.Yourteenissecretlycountingonyoutodoso”可知，家長(zhǎng)要適度向孩子說(shuō)“不”。故選C。

5.單選題

Manyleadersofthechurchesarenowsayingthatpreparationfordemolishinganentirehumancityisinherentlyimmoral.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.developing

B.deserting

C.designing

D.destroying

【答案】D

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.developing發(fā)展B.deserting拋棄

C.designing設(shè)計(jì)D.destroying破壞

【答案】D

【考查點(diǎn)】語(yǔ)義銜接

【解題思路】劃線部分語(yǔ)義為“準(zhǔn)備____整個(gè)人類城市”，后文提到“（這）本來(lái)就是不道德的”，原詞demolish“破壞；摧毀”。因此，D選項(xiàng)destroying“破壞”最符合原文。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)developing“發(fā)展”，不符合語(yǔ)義銜接；

B選項(xiàng)deserting“拋棄”，不符合原文語(yǔ)義；

C選項(xiàng)designing“設(shè)計(jì)”，不符合語(yǔ)義銜接。

【句意】現(xiàn)在許多教會(huì)領(lǐng)袖說(shuō)，準(zhǔn)備摧毀整個(gè)人類城市本來(lái)就是不道德的。

6.單選題

Fluoridedeterstoothdecaybyreducingthegrowthofbacteriathatdestroytoothenamel.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.inhibits

B.loosens

C.hastens

D.triggers

【答案】A

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.inhibits抑制；禁止B.loosens放松；松開(kāi)

C.hastens加速；催化D.triggers引發(fā)；觸發(fā)

【答案】A

【考查點(diǎn)】動(dòng)詞辨析。

【解題思路】由本句句意可知破壞細(xì)菌的生長(zhǎng)可以“阻止”蛀牙，所以A選項(xiàng)“抑制，禁止”符合題意。劃線單詞deters“阻止”。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】B、C、D選項(xiàng)均不符合題意。

【句意】氟化物通過(guò)減少破壞牙釉質(zhì)的細(xì)菌的生長(zhǎng)來(lái)阻止蛀牙。

7.單選題

Researchersaretryingtotellparentssomethingaboutwhatkindsofvideogameschildrenshouldbeplayingandhowmuchtimetheyshouldspenddoingit.Anewstudyconcludeswhatyou'vealreadysuspected:Youngboyswhoplayvideogamesdoworseonteststhanchildrenwhodon’t.Researcherswhofollowed64boysfromtheagesof6to9forfourmonthsdiscoveredthatthosewhoreceivedanewPlayStationIIgamingsystemearnedlowerreadingandwritingtestscoresthanchildrenwhodidnotgetthevideogameplayer.Thiscomesontheheelsofanotherrecentlyreportedstudyaboutvideogames,whichconcludedthatkidswhoplayviolentvideogamesbecomemoreaggressiveandlesscaring―regardlessofage,sexorculture―thanyoungpeoplewhodon'tplaythesegames.

ThestudyontheeffectsofvideogamesonschoolworkwasconductedbyDenisonUniversityassociateprofessorsRebertWeisandBrittanyCerankosky,whograduatedfromDenisonin2008.Itiscalled"EffectsofVideo-GameOwnershiponYoungBoys'AcademicandBehavioralFunctioning",andwillbepublishedinPsychologicalScience.

Boyswhoreceivedthesystemalsoshowedgreaterteacher-reportedacademicproblemsatfollow-upthanchildreninthecomparisongroup.Theresearchersfollowed64youngboysoverfourmonths.Parentsofthe64werepromisedaPlayStationIIgamingsysteminexchangefortheirparticipation,plusthreeEratedgames.Buthalfthefamiliesweregiventhevideogamingsystemimmediatelyandhalfwerepromiseditafterfourmonths.Thechildrenunderwentabatteryoftestsbeforeandafterthefourmonthsandparentsandteachersansweredquestionsabouthowtheboysbehavedinschoolandathome.

Theconclusionsshowthat,boyswhowerethefirsttogetthePlayStationsspentmoretimeplayingvideogamesthantheboyswhodidn'tgetitimmediately—39.3minutesversus9.3minutes.(Theboyswhodidn'tgetthegamingsystemrightawayplayedatafriend'shouse).BoyswhoweregiventhePlayStationsrightawayspent18.2minutesadayinafter-schoolacademicactivitiesversus31.6minutesforthekidswhoweren't.Theboyswhohadthevideogamesimmediatelyachievedlowerreadingandwritingtestscoresthanthosewhodidn't.ButthePlayStationsseemedtohavenoeffectontheboys'mathandproblemsolvingskills.

CerankoskysaidinastatementontheDenisonUniversityWebsitethatthereisn’t"necessarilysomethinginherentinvideogamesthatnegativelyaffectkids.""It'sanactivitythatdetractsfromtimethatcouldbespentonschoolwork,”shesaid.Ifyouarewonderingwhyweneededastudytotellusthat,theresearcherssaythatconventionalwisdomisnotalwaysaccurate,anditisimportanttoprovesuchbeliefsthroughexperimentation.

1.ThefirstparagraphimpliesthatEvaluationisneededbeforebuyingchildrenvideogames.T/F

2.Accordingtoresearchers,anewPlayStationIIgamingsystemhelpedstudentsimprovetheirreadingandwritingtestscores.T/F

3.Theeffectonyounggirlswhoplayviolentvideogamesprovestobelessseriousthanthatonyoungboyswhoplaythesameviolentvideogames.T/F

4.ThetworesearchersontheeffectsofvideogamesonschoolworkareDenisonUniversitygraduates.T/F

5.Parentsofthe64boyswhowerechosenforthestudywereimmediatelygivenaPlayStationIIgamingsysteminexchangefortheirparticipation.T/F

6.The64boyschosenweregivenaseriesoftestsbeforeandafterthefour-monthsresearch.T/F

7.Theboyswhodidn'tgetthegamingsystemrightawayplayedatafriend'shouse,buttheyplayeditforamuchshortertime.T/F

8.Theboyswhohadthevideogamesimmediatelyachievedmuchlowertestscoresonmaththanthosewhodidn't.T/F

9.Thestudyshowsifkidsspentthetimeonschoolworkthattheywastedongames,theycoulddobetteronreadingandwriting.T/F

10.Theresearcherssaythatconventionalwisdomisnotalwayscorrect.T/F

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.T

B.F

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.T

B.F

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.T

B.F

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.T

B.F

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.T

B.F

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.T

B.F

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.T

B.F

問(wèn)題8選項(xiàng)

A.T

B.F

問(wèn)題9選項(xiàng)

A.T

B.F

問(wèn)題10選項(xiàng)

A.T

B.F

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:B

第5題:B

第6題:A

第7題:A

第8題:B

第9題:A

第10題:A

【解析】1.第一段提到“Anewstudyconcludeswhatyou'vealreadysuspected:Youngboyswhoplayvideogamesdoworseonteststhanchildrenwhodon’t.一項(xiàng)新的研究證實(shí)了人們懷疑的事情：玩電子游戲的男孩在測(cè)試中比不玩電子游戲的孩子考試成績(jī)更差。”可推斷“在為小孩買(mǎi)電子游戲前需要進(jìn)行評(píng)估”陳述正確。

2.第一段提到“...whoreceivedanewPlayStationIIgamingsystemearnedlowerreadingandwritingtestscoresthanchildrenwhodidnotgetthevideogameplayer.收到新的PlayStationII游戲系統(tǒng)的孩子比沒(méi)有收到該游戲系統(tǒng)的孩子在閱讀和寫(xiě)作測(cè)試上的得分較低”可推斷“研究者稱新的PlayStationII游戲系統(tǒng)幫助學(xué)生提高了閱讀和寫(xiě)作測(cè)試的得分”的陳述不正確。

3.第一段提到“…kidswhoplayviolentvideogamesbecomemoreaggressiveandlesscaring—regardlessofage,sexorculture~thanyoungpeoplewhodon'tplaythesegames.……玩暴力電子游戲的孩子不論年齡、性別或文化背景相比沒(méi)有玩這些游戲的孩子會(huì)變得更有侵略性、更沒(méi)有同情心”可知“暴力游戲?qū)π『⒌挠绊懖环中詣e”，故該陳述“事實(shí)證明，對(duì)玩暴力電子游戲的年輕女孩的影響不如玩同樣暴力電子游戲的年輕男孩嚴(yán)重?！辈徽_。

4.第二段提到“....DenisonUniversityassociateprofessorsRebertWeisandBrittanyCerankosky,whograduatedfromDenisonin2008丹尼森大學(xué)副教授RebertWeis和在2008年畢業(yè)于丹尼森大學(xué)的BrittanyCerankosky”。“whograduatedfromDenisonin2008.”只是BrittanyCerankosky的后置定語(yǔ)，由此可推斷“RebertWeis和BrittanyCerankosky兩位研究人員并不都是丹尼森大學(xué)的畢業(yè)生”，故該陳述不正確。

5.第三段提到“Buthalfthefamiliesweregiventhevideogamingsystemimmediatelyandhalfwerepromiseditafterfourmonths.但是，一半的家庭是馬上給予這個(gè)視頻游戲系統(tǒng)，而另外一半的家庭是許諾在四個(gè)月以后給予該視頻游戲系統(tǒng)”可推斷該陳述“這64名被選中的參加這項(xiàng)研究的孩子父母立即獲得了PlayStationII游戲系統(tǒng)，以此作為孩子們參與的條件?！辈徽_。

6.第三段提到“Thechildrenunderwentabatteryoftestsbeforeandafterthefourmonths...孩子們?cè)谒膫€(gè)月前后接受了一系列的測(cè)試”可推斷該陳述“這64名被選中的男孩在四個(gè)月的研究前后接受了一系列測(cè)試?！闭_。

7.倒數(shù)第二段第一-句提到“首先得到PlayStations游戲系統(tǒng)的小孩相比沒(méi)有馬上得到該游戲系統(tǒng)的小孩花更多時(shí)間玩視頻游戲，前者花在游戲上的時(shí)間是39.3分鐘，而在朋友家玩游戲的后者用在游戲上的時(shí)間是9.3分鐘”，可推斷該陳述“盡管那些沒(méi)有馬上拿到游戲系統(tǒng)的男孩在朋友家玩，但他們玩的時(shí)間要短得多”正確。

8.倒數(shù)第二段提到“ButthePlayStationsseemedtohavenoeffectontheboys'mathandproblemsolvingskills.但是，PlayStations視頻游戲系統(tǒng)似乎對(duì)男孩的數(shù)學(xué)成績(jī)和解決問(wèn)題的能力沒(méi)有影響?！笨赏茢嘣撽愂觥榜R上得到視頻游戲的男孩相比沒(méi)有得到視頻游戲的那些男孩取得更低的數(shù)學(xué)測(cè)試得分”不正確。

9.最后一段提到“thereisn’tnecessarilysomethinginherentinvideogamesthatnegativelyaffectkids視頻游戲本身并沒(méi)有對(duì)小孩產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響的東西”、“It'sanactivitythatdetractsfromtimethatcouldbespentonschoolwork.它(即視頻游戲)這是一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)，它減少了可以花在功課上的時(shí)間”可推斷該陳述“這項(xiàng)研究表明，如果孩子們把時(shí)間花在學(xué)習(xí)上，而不是浪費(fèi)在游戲上，他們的閱讀和寫(xiě)作可以更好。”正確。

10.最后一段提到“…theresearcherssaythatconventionalwisdomisnotalwaysaccurate,anditisimportanttoprovesuchbeliefsthroughexperimentation.研究人員說(shuō)，傳統(tǒng)的智慧并不總是準(zhǔn)確的，通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)驗(yàn)證這些觀點(diǎn)很重要?！笨赏茢嘣撽愂觥把芯咳藛T認(rèn)為傳統(tǒng)智慧并不總是正確”正確。

8.單選題

Hypertensionplacesstressonanumberoforgans(calledtargetorgans),includingthekidney,eyes,andheart,causingthemto（）overtime.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.deteriorate

B.distress

C.underscore

D.dilute

【答案】B

【解析】動(dòng)詞辨析題。deteriorate惡化，變壞；distress悲痛，苦惱，不幸；underscore強(qiáng)調(diào)，底線；dilute稀釋，沖淡。句意：高血壓使許多器官受到壓力，包括腎臟、眼睛和心臟，久而久之會(huì)使它們感到痛苦。選項(xiàng)B符合句意。

9.單選題

Ⅱ.(EconomicLaw)

Considerfirstshareholders’votingrights.Asamatteroflawtheseareseverelylimitedinscope,principallytotherighttoelectandremovedirectors.Shareholdershavenorighttoselectthecompany’sCEO;theycannotrequirethecompanytopaythemasinglepennyindividends;theycannotvotetochangeorpreservethecompany’slineofbusiness;theycannotstopdirectorsfromsquanderingrevenuesonemployeeraises,charitablecontributions,orexecutivejets;andtheycannotvotetosellthecompany’sassetsorthecompanyitself(althoughtheymayinsomecasesvotetovetoasaleormergerproposedbytheboard).Therulesofvotingprocedurefurtherlimitexerciseoftheshareholderfranchise.Delawarelaw,forexample,presumesonlydirectorshaveauthoritytocallaspecialshareholders’meeting,andshareholderswhowaitfortheregularlyscheduledannualmeetingtotrytoelectorremovedirectorsusuallymustpaytosolicitproxies.Finallyandperhapsmostsignificantly,inapublicfirmwithwidely-dispersedshareownership,shareholderactivismisapublicgood,andshareholders’own“rationalapathy”raisesanof