考研考博-英語-北京吉利學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解1

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-北京吉利學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

SectionA

Theroleofgovernmentsinenvironmentalmanagementisdifficultbutinescapable.Sometimes,thestatetriestomanagetheresourcesitowns,anddoessobadly.Often,however,governmentsactinanevenmoreharmfulway.Theyactuallysubsidizetheexploitationandconsumptionofnaturalresources.Awholerangeofpolicies,fromfarmpricesupporttoprotectionforcoal-mining,doenvironmentaldamageand(often)makenoeconomicsense.Scrappingthemoffersatwo-foldbonus:acleanerenvironmentandamoreefficienteconomy.Growthandenvironmentalismcanactuallygohandinhand,ifpoliticianshavethecouragetocontrolthevestedinterestthatsubsidiescreate.

SectionB

Noactivityaffectsmoreoftheearth’ssurfacethanfarming.Itshapesathirdoftheplanet’slandarea,notcountingAntarctica,andtheproportionisrising.Worldfoodoutputperheadhasrisenby4percentbetweenthe1970sand1980smainlyasaresultofincreasesinyieldsfromlandalreadyincultivation,butalsobecausemorelandhasbeenbroughtundertheplough.Higheryieldshavebeenachievedbyincreasedirrigation,bettercropbreeding,andadoublingintheuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizersinthe1970sand1980s.

SectionC

Alltheseactivitiesmayhavedamagingenvironmentimpacts.Forexample,landclearingforagricultureisthelargestsinglecauseofdeforestation;chemicalfertilizersandpesticidesmaycontaminatewatersupplies;moreintensivefarmingandtheabandonmentoffallowperiodstendtoexacerbatesoilerosion;andthespreadofmonocultureanduseofhigh-yieldingvarietiesofcropshavebeenaccompaniedbythedisappearanceofoldvarietiesoffoodplantswhichmighthaveprovidedsomeinsuranceagainstpestsofdiseasesinfuture.Soilerosionthreatenstheproductivityoflandinbothrichandpoorcountries.TheUnitedState,wherethemostcarefulmeasurementshavebeendone,discoveredin1982thataboutone-fifthofitsfarmlandwaslosingtopsoilataratelikelytodiminishthesoil’sproductivity.Thecountrysubsequentlyembarkeduponaprogramtoconvert11percentofitscroppedlandtomeadoworforest.TopsoilinIndiaandChinaisvanishingmuchfasterthanAmerica.

SectionD

Governmentpolicieshavefrequentlycompoundedtheenvironmentaldamagethatfarmingcancause.Intherichcountries,subsidiesforgrowingcropsandpricesupportsforfarmoutputdriveupthepriceofland.Theannualvalueofthesesubsidiesisimmense;about$250billion,ormorethanallWorldBanklendinginthe1980s.Toincreasetheoutputofcropsperacre,afarmer’seasiestoptionistousemoreofthemostreadilyavailableinputs:fertilizersandpesticides.FertilizerusedoubledinDenmarkintheperiod1960-1985andincreasedinTheNetherlandsby150percent.Thequantityofpesticidesappliedhasrisentoo:by69percentin1975-1984inDenmark,forexample,withariseof115percentinthefrequencyofapplicationinthethreeyearsfrom1981.

Inthelate1980sandearly1990ssomeeffortsweremadetoreducefarmsubsidies.ThemostdramaticexamplewasthatofNewZealand,whichscrappedmostfarmsupportin1984.Astudyoftheenvironmentaleffects,conductedin1993,foundthattheendoffertilizersubsidieshadbeenfollowedbyafallinfertilizeruse(afallcompoundedbythedeclineinworldcommodityprices,whichcutfarmincomes).Theremovalofsubsidiesalsostoppedland-cleaningandover-stocking,whichinthepasthadbeentheprincipalcausesoferosion.Farmsbegantodiversify.Theonekindofsubsidywhoseremovalappearedtohavebeenbadfortheenvironmentwassubsidytomanagesoilerosion.

Inlessenlightenedcountries,andintheEuropeanUnion,thetrendhasbeentoreduceratherthaneliminatesubsidies,andtointroducenewpaymentstoencouragefarmerstotreattheirlandinenvironmentallyfriendlierways,ortoleaveitfallow.Itmaysoundstrangebutsuchpaymentsneedtobehigherthantheexistingincentivesforfarmerstogrowfoodcrops.Farmers,however,dislikebeingpaidtodonothing.Inseveralcountries,theyhavebecomeinterestedinthepossibilityofusingfuelproducedfromcropresidueseitherasareplacementforpetrol(asethanol)orasfuelforpowerstations(asbiomass).Suchfuelsproducefarlesscarbondioxidethancoaloroil,andabsorbcarbondioxideastheygrow.Theyarethereforelesslikelytocontributetothegreenhouseeffect.Buttheyarerarelycompetitivewithfossilfuelsunlesssubsidizedandgrowingthemdoesnolessenvironmentalharmthanothercrops.

SectionE

Inpoorcountries,governmentsaggravateothersortsofdamage.Subsidiesforpesticidesandartificialfertilizersencouragefarmerstousegreaterquantitiesthanareneededtogetthehighesteconomiccropyield.AstudybytheinternationalRiceResearchinstituteofpesticideusebyfarmersinSouthEastAsiafoundthat,withpest-resistantvarietiesofrice,evenmoderateapplicationsofpesticidefrequentlycostfarmersmorethantheysaved.Suchwasteputsfarmersonachemicaltreadmill:bugsandweedsbecomeresistanttopoisons,sonextyear’spoisonsmustbemorelethal.Onecostistohumanhealth.Everyyearsome10,000peoplediefrompesticidepoisoning,almostalloftheminthedevelopingcountries,andanother400,000becomeseriouslyill.Asforartificialfertilizers,theiruseworld-wideincreasedby40percentperunitoffarmedlandbetweenthemid1970sandlate1980s,mostlyinthedevelopingcountries.Overuseoffertilizersmaycausefarmerstostoprotatingcropsorleavingtheirlandfallow.That,inturn,maymakesoilerosionworse.

SectionF

AresultoftheUruguayRoundofworldtradenegotiationsislikelytobeareductionof36percentintheaveragelevelsoffarmsubsidiespaidbytherichcountriesin1986-1990.Someoftheworld’sfoodproductionwillmovefromWesternEuropetoregionswheresubsidiesarelowerofnon-existent,suchastheformercommunistcountriesandpartsofthedevelopingworld.Someenvironmentalistsworryaboutthisoutcome.Itwillundoubtedlymeanmorepressuretoconvertnaturalhabitatintofarmland.Butitwillalsohavemanydesirableenvironmenteffects.Theintensityoffarmingintherichworldshoulddecline,andtheuseofchemicalinputswilldiminish.Cropsaremorelikelytobegrownintheenvironmentstowhichtheyarenaturallysuited.Andmoreframersinpoorcountrieswillhavethemoneyandincentivetomanagetheirlandinwaysthataresustainableinthelongrun.Thatisimportant.Tofeedanincreasinglyhungryworld,farmersneedeveryincentivetousetheirsoilandwatereffectivelyandefficiently.

Fromthelistbelowchoosethemostsuitabletitleforthereadingpassageabove.WritetheappropriateletterA-Einbox28ontheAnswerSheet.（

）

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Environmentalmanagement

B.Increasingtheworld’sfoodsupply

C.Soilerosion

D.Fertilizersandpesticides—thewayforward

E.Farmsubsidies

【答案】A

【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段，可知文章的主要內(nèi)容為政府在農(nóng)業(yè)方面的相關(guān)政策對農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境的影響。緊接著下文運(yùn)用很多國家的例子說明了政府運(yùn)用各種不同的政策來減少農(nóng)業(yè)活動對環(huán)境帶來的各種破壞，使土壤和環(huán)境得到保護(hù)。分別討論了在富裕的國家和貧窮的國家，相關(guān)政策對環(huán)境保護(hù)帶來的影響和效果?？膳袛喑霰疚膬?nèi)容主要是圍繞環(huán)境管理開展的。Environmentalmanagement“環(huán)境管理”；Increasingtheworld’sfoodsupply“增加世界糧食供應(yīng)”；Soilerosion“土壤侵蝕”；Fertilizersandpesticides—thewayforward“化肥和殺蟲劑——未來之路”；Farmsubsidies“農(nóng)業(yè)補(bǔ)貼”。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

2.單選題

Yearsofresearchhadeducatedmeabouthowsugar,fat,andsaltchangethebrain.Iunderstoodsomeoftheparallelsbetweenhyperpalatablefoodsanddrugsofabuse,andaboutthelinksamongsensorystimulation,cues,andmemory.I’dmetenoughpeoplelikeClaudiaandMariatounderstandhoweventhethoughtoffoodcouldcausethemtolosecontrol.

ButIwasn’tfullypreparedforthediscoveriesImadeaboutirresistibilityandwhoosh,theMonsterThickburgerandBaked!CheetosFlamin’Hot,aboutindulgenceandpurplecows.Withoutnecessarilyunderstandingtheunderlyingscience,thefoodindustryhasdiscoveredwhatsells.

IwassittingatChili’sGrill&BarinChicago’sO’HareAirportwaitingforalate-nightflight.Atanearbytableacoupleintheirearlyfortieswasdeepintoameal.Thewomanwasoverweight,withabout180poundsonherfive-foot-four-inchframe.TheSouthwesternEggrollsshehadorderedwerelistedasastartercourse,buttheenormousplatterinfrontofherhadbeenheapedwithfood.Thedishwasdescribedonthemenuas"smokedchicken,blackbeans,com,Jackcheese,redpeppers,andspinachwrappedinsideacrispyflourtortilla,"anditwasservedwithacreamyavocado-ranchdippingsauce.Despiteitsname,thedishlookedmorelikeaburritothananeggroll,anonly-in-Americafusionapproach.

Iwatchedasthewomanattackedherfoodwithvigorandspeed.Sheheldtheeggrollinonehand,dunkeditintothesauce,andbroughtittohermouthwhileusingtheforkinherotherhandtoscoopupmoresauce.Occasionallyshereachedoverandspearedsomeofhercompanion’sFrenchfries.Thewomanatesteadily,workingherwayaroundtheplatewithscantpauseforconversationorrest.Whenshefinallypaused,onlyalittlelettucewasleft.

Hadsheknownsomeonewaswatchingher,I’msureshewouldhaveeatendifferently.Hadshebeenaskedtodescribewhatshehadjusteaten,sheprobablywouldhavesubstantiallyunderestimatedherconsumption.Andshewouldprobablyhavebeensurprisedtolearnwhattheingredientsinhermealreallywere.

Thewomanmighthavebeeninterestedinhowmyindustrysource,whohadcalledsugar,fat,andsaltthethreepointsofthecompass,describedherentree.Deep-fryingthetortilladrivesdownitswatercontentfrom40percenttoabout5percentandreplacestherestwithfat.“Thetortillaisreallygoingtoabsorbalotoffat,”hesaid.“Itlookslikeaneggrollissupposedtolook,whichiscrispyandbrownontheoutside.”

Thefoodconsultantreadthroughotheringredientsonthelabel,keepinguparunningcommentaryashedid.“Cookedwhitemeatchicken,binderadded,smokeflavor.Peoplelikesmokyflavor—it’sthecavemaninthem.”

“There’sgreenstuffinthere,”hesaid,notingthespinach.“ThatmakesmefeellikeI’meatingsomethinghealthy.”

“ShreddedMontereyJackcheese...Theincreaseinper-capitaconsumptionofcheeseisoffthechart.”

Thehotpeppers,hesaid,“addalittlespice,butnottoomuchtokilleverythingelseoff.”Hebelievedthechickenhadbeenchoppedandformedmuchlikeameatloaf,withbindersadded,whichmakesthosecalorieseasytoswallow.Ingredientsthatholdmoisture,includingautolyzedyeastextract,sodiumphosphate,andsoyproteinconcentrate,furthersoftenthefood.Inoticedthatsaltappearedeighttimesonthelabelandthatsweetenersweretherefivetimes,intheformofcom-syrupsolids,molasses,honey,brownsugar,andsugar.

“Thisishighlyprocessed?”Iasked.

“Absolutely,yes.Allofthishasbeenprocessedsuchthatyoucanwolfitdownfast...choppedupandmadeultrapalatable...Veryappealinglooking,veryhighpleasureinthefood,veryhighcaloricdensity.Rulesoutallthatstuffyouhavetochew.”

Byeliminatingtheneedtochew,modernfoodprocessingtechniquesallowustoeatfaster.“Whenyou’reeatingthesethings,you’vehad500,600,800,900caloriesbeforeyouknowit,”saidtheconsultant.“Literallybeforeyouknowit.”Refinedfoodsimplymeltsinthemouth.

36.Whatcanbeinferredfromtheauthor’sdescriptionofthewomaneatinginparagraphfour?

37.Accordingtothepassage,themainreasonwhypeopleovereatisthat（）.

38.ThefollowingareallingredientsintheeggrollsEXCEPT（）.

39.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribesthemainideaofthepassage?

40.InthefirstsentenceofParagraphfour,theword“vigor”mostnearlymeans（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.ThewomanpreferstoeatatChili’svs.otherrestaurants.

B.Thewomantrulyenjoysthefoodsthatshechoosestoeat.

C.Thewoman’sefficiencyatcleaningherplateaddstoherdiningexperience.

D.Theauthorisdisgustedbythewoman’sconsumption.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.saltandsweeteners,likecorn-syrupsolidsandbrownsugar,areaddedtothefood

B.wedon’thavetochewourfoodverymuch

C.peoplelikesmokyflavor

D.sugar,fatandsaltchangethebrain

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.darkmeatchicken

B.salt

C.binders

D.honey

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Ifyoueattoomuchfoodtooquickly,you’llgainweightandbecomeunhealthy.

B.Becauserefinedfoodisirresistibleandeasytoeat,itmaskshowunhealthyitis,leavingpeopleunawareofthepoorfoodchoicesthey’remaking.

C.Chili’sisoneoftherestaurantsintheU.S.servingunhealthyfoodtoconsumerstoday.

D.FoodconsultantsandauthorsaremakingAmericansawareoftheirunhealthyeatinghabits,thus,creatinghealthiergenerationsforyearstocome.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.pleasure

B.flamboyance

C.lethargy

D.energy

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】36.細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。本題采用排除法。將信息點(diǎn)定位為文章第四段。即可排除A、B、C三項(xiàng)。又根據(jù)第五段首句Hadsheknownsomeonewaswatchingher,I’msureshewouldhaveeatendifferently.（如果她知道有人在看著她，我肯定她會吃得不一樣）得出本題答案。

37.

細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)題干中的overeat，將信息點(diǎn)定位到文章最后一段，從而得出本題答案。選項(xiàng)A、C和D文中都有提及，但這些并不是引起暴飲暴食的原因。

38.

細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞eggrolls，將信息點(diǎn)定位為原文第七段。選項(xiàng)A中的darkmeatchicken與原文第七段第二句Cookedwhitemeatchicken,binderadded,smokeflavor.Peoplelikesmokyflavor—it’sthecavemaninthem.中的whitemeatchicken表達(dá)意思相反，從而得出本題答案。

39.

文章主旨題。原文的第一段第一句為本文的主題句，指出sugar、fat和salt改變了人們的大腦，然后列舉了一些例子，并且在文章最后一段對這些例子進(jìn)行了總結(jié)，指出這種情況產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。從而得出本題答案。

40.語義題。根據(jù)題干，將信息定位為文章第四段。結(jié)合上下文語意，原句中attacked（攻擊）這個詞不能與pleasure（快樂）同時發(fā)生，排除；因?yàn)閣oman并沒有意識到誰在關(guān)注她，排除flamboyance（華麗）；lethargy“昏睡”意味著懶惰，與主題無關(guān)，排除。D項(xiàng)符合句意，與后文提到的calories（卡路里，熱量單位）對應(yīng)。從而得出本題答案。

3.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

“Theideaofdeath,thefearofit,hauntsthehumananimallikenothingelse,”wroteErnestBeckerinhisbook.Butwedon’tneedtoworrysomuch,accordingtonewresearchcomparingourperceptionofwhatit’sliketodiewiththeaccountsfrompeoplefacingimminentdeath.Researchersanalyzedthewritingsofregularbloggerswitheitherterminalcancerwhoalldiedoverthecourseofthestudy,andcomparedittoblogpostswrittenbyagroupofparticipantswhoweretoldtoimaginetheyhadbeendiagnosedwithterminalcancerandhadonlyafewmonthstolive.Theylookedforgeneralfeelingsofpositivityandnegativity,andwordsdescribingpositiveandnegativeemotionsincludinghappiness,fearandterror.Blogpostsfromtheterminallyillwerefoundtohaveconsiderablymorepositivewordsandfewernegativeonesthanthoseimaginingtheyweredying—andtheiruseofpositivelanguageincreasedastheygotclosertodeath.

LisaIverach,aresearchfellowattheUniversityofSydney,explainedthatthestudyhighlightshowtheparticipantsmayhavebeenlessnegativebecausethemysteryarounddeathwasremoved.“Individualsfacingimminentdeathhavehadmoretimetoprocesstheideaofdeathanddying,andtherefore,maybemoreacceptingoftheinevitabilityofdeath.”Butnotallofuswillknowhow,orwhen,we’regoingtodieinadvance,andthereforewillmissoutonanybenefitstobehadbyuncoveringitsuncertainty.

HaviCarel,ProfessorofPhilosophyattheUniversityofBristol,agreeswiththestudy’sfindingsonhowadaptableweare.“Theinitialshockafterreceivingapoorprognosisishorrific,butaftermonthsoryearsoflivingwiththisknowledge,thedreadsubsides,”shesaid.However,Carelalsopointedoutthatthere’sanimportantdistinctionbetweenpositiveresponsesandpleasantness,andthattherearesomeunpleasantandpainfuleventswe’dstillbepositiveabout,suchaschildbirth.

InWesternculture,wetendtopretenddeathdoesn’texist,whereasresearchhasindicatedthattheEastAsianyinandyangphilosophyofdeath—wherelifecan’texistwithoutdeath—allowsindividualstousedeathasaremindertoenjoylife.“IthinktheUKandtheUSaredeath-denyingcultures,inthatdeathismostlyavoidedasatopic.”Heflicksaid.“Whileavoidingtalkingaboutdeathcanreducediscomfortintheshortterm,itprobablymakesmostofusmuchmoreanxiousaboutdeathinthelongterm.”

36.AccordingtoErnestBecker,peopleusually________.

37.Accordingtotheresearchers,peoplefacedwithimminentdeath________thanthosewhoimaginedtheyhavecancer.

38.AccordingtoLisaIverach,peoplewhohavebeendiagnosedwithcanceraremorepositive,because________.

39.AccordingtoHaviCarel,thepositivefeelingandunpleasantfeeling________.

40.InAsianculture,peopletakedeathassomething________.

41.PeopleinWesternculturesavoidtalkingaboutdeathbecause________.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.havemixedfeelingsaboutdeath

B.regarddeathasanadventure

C.arepuzzledbytherealmeaningofdeath

D.dreaddeathmostcomparedwithotherthings

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.aremorethoughtful

B.aremorepositive

C.morefrightened

D.aremoreconcernedwiththeirlaterlife

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.peopleuncoverthemysteryofdeath

B.peoplelearntokeeppeacefulminds

C.peoplefocustheirmindsonthefamily

D.peoplehavetomanagetheirtimemeaningfully

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.aredifficultforpeopletodistinguish

B.areeasyforpeopletogetusedto

C.maybeunderstoodbetterbywomen

D.couldbeexperiencedatthesametime

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.sensitive

B.deniable

C.toremindpeopletotreasuretheirlife

D.tobedealtwithmoreseriously

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.theywanttoreducetheiranxiety

B.theyenjoyeverydayoftheirlives

C.theyvaluethepresentmorethanthefuture

D.theyprefertoprocesstheideaindividually

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:C

第6題:A

【解析】36.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

AccordingtoErnestBecker,peopleusually________.根據(jù)歐內(nèi)斯特?貝克爾的說法，人們通常________。

A.havemixedfeelingsaboutdeathA.對死亡有不同的感受

B.regarddeathasanadventureB.視死亡為一種冒險

C.arepuzzledbytherealmeaningofdeathC.對死亡的真正含義感到困惑

D.dreaddeathmostcomparedwithotherthingsD.與其他事物相比，最害怕死亡

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞ErnestBecker可以定位到文章第一段第一句“歐內(nèi)斯特?貝克爾在他的書中寫道：‘死亡的想法和對其的恐懼，無與倫比地（likenothingelse）縈繞著人類?！?，說明歐內(nèi)斯特?貝克爾認(rèn)為死亡是人類最害怕的事物。因此D選項(xiàng)“與其他事物相比，最害怕死亡”正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“對死亡有不同的感受”，B選項(xiàng)“視死亡為一種冒險”和C選項(xiàng)“對死亡的真正含義感到困惑”在文章中均沒有提及，屬于無中生有。

37.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Accordingtotheresearchers,peoplefacedwithimminentdeath________thanthosewhoimaginedtheyhavecancer.根據(jù)研究人員的說法，面對即將到來的死亡的人比那些想象自己患有癌癥的人________。

A.aremorethoughtfulA.更加深思熟慮

B.aremorepositiveB.更加積極

C.morefrightenedC.更加驚慌失措

D.aremoreconcernedwiththeirlaterlifeD.更關(guān)心自己的晚年生活

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】由題干關(guān)鍵詞imagined可以定位到文章第一段最后一句“他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，與那些想象自己即將死亡的人（imaginingtheyweredying）相比，身患絕癥的人的博客文章中有更多積極的詞匯（morepositivewords），而消極的詞匯則更少，而且隨著他們離死亡越來越近，他們使用的積極語言也越來越多?！?，說明研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)即將面臨死亡的人比想象自己患有癌癥即將死去的人更加積極、樂觀。因此B選項(xiàng)“更加積極”正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“更加深思熟慮”和D選項(xiàng)“更關(guān)心自己的晚年生活”在文章中沒有提及，屬于無中生有；

C選項(xiàng)“更加驚慌失措”，文章中描述他們是積極樂觀的，而不是慌張的，屬于反向干擾。

38.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

AccordingtoLisaIverach,peoplewhohavebeendiagnosedwithcanceraremorepositive,because________.根據(jù)麗莎?伊維拉奇的說法，被診斷出患有癌癥的人更加積極，因?yàn)開_______。

A.peopleuncoverthemysteryofdeathA.人們揭開了死亡的神秘面紗

B.peoplelearntokeeppeacefulmindsB.人們學(xué)會保持平和的心態(tài)

C.peoplefocustheirmindsonthefamilyC.人們把心思放在家庭上

D.peoplehavetomanagetheirtimemeaningfullyD.人們要有意義地管理自己的時間

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞LisaIverach可以定位到文章第二段第一句“悉尼大學(xué)的研究人員麗莎?伊維拉奇解釋說，這項(xiàng)研究強(qiáng)調(diào)了參與者可能因?yàn)樗劳龅纳衩馗斜幌╰hemysteryarounddeathwasremoved）而變得不那么消極?！?，說明麗莎?伊維拉奇對于參與者更加積極這種現(xiàn)象的解釋是他們可能因?yàn)橄藝@死亡的神秘感而減少了負(fù)面情緒。因此A選項(xiàng)“人們揭開了死亡的神秘面紗”正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B選項(xiàng)“人們學(xué)會保持平和的心態(tài)”，C選項(xiàng)“人們把心思放在家庭上”和D選項(xiàng)“人們要有意義地管理自己的時間”在文章中均沒有提及，屬于無中生有。

39.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

AccordingtoHaviCarel,thepositivefeelingandunpleasantfeeling________.根據(jù)哈維?卡瑞爾的說法，________積極的感覺和不愉快的感覺。

A.aredifficultforpeopletodistinguishA.人們很難區(qū)分

B.areeasyforpeopletogetusedtoB.人們?nèi)菀琢?xí)慣

C.maybeunderstoodbetterbywomenC.女性可能更容易理解

D.couldbeexperiencedatthesametimeD.可以同時體驗(yàn)

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞HaviCarel可以定位到文章第三段第一、二句“布里斯托爾大學(xué)哲學(xué)教授哈維?卡瑞爾同意這項(xiàng)關(guān)于人類適應(yīng)力的研究結(jié)果。她說：‘在得知對病情的不良預(yù)斷后，最初的震驚是可怕的，但在了解了這種情況的幾個月或幾年之后（aftermonthsoryearsoflivingwiththisknowledge），這種恐懼就會消退（thedreadsubsides）?！?，說明哈維?卡瑞爾認(rèn)為最初得知自己即將面臨死亡的震驚是可怕的，這是一種不愉快的感覺，但在與這種感覺一起共存幾個月或幾年之后，人們會變得積極起來，也就是說積極和不愉快的感覺可以同時存在。因此D選項(xiàng)“可以同時體驗(yàn)”正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“人們很難區(qū)分”，文章中說的是積極的回應(yīng)（positiveresponses）和愉悅（pleasantness）之間的區(qū)別，而不是積極的感覺和不愉快的感覺，屬于曲解原文；

B選項(xiàng)“人們?nèi)菀琢?xí)慣”和C選項(xiàng)“女性可能更容易理解”在文章中沒有提及，屬于無中生有。

40.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

InAsianculture,peopletakedeathassomething________.在亞洲文化中，人們把死亡視為一種________的東西。

A.sensitiveA.敏感

B.deniableB.可以否認(rèn)

C.toremindpeopletotreasuretheirlifeC.提醒人們要珍惜生活

D.tobedealtwithmoreseriouslyD.要更認(rèn)真地對待

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Asianculture可以定位到文章第四段第一句“東亞的陰陽死亡哲學(xué)（EastAsianyinandyangphilosophyofdeath）——沒有死亡，生命就不存在——允許個人將死亡作為享受生命的提醒（usedeathasaremindertoenjoylife）?！?，說明亞洲文化認(rèn)為沒有死亡，生命就不可能存在，所以個人會用死亡來提醒自己去享受、珍惜生活。因此C選項(xiàng)“提醒人們要珍惜生活”正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“敏感”，文章中說到西方文化傾向于假裝死亡不存在，說明對西方人來說死亡是敏感的，不屬于亞洲文化對死亡的理解，屬于張冠李戴；

B選項(xiàng)“可以否認(rèn)”，文章中說到英國和美國是否認(rèn)死亡的文化，因?yàn)樗劳龌旧鲜且粋€被回避的話題，說明是英美文化認(rèn)為死亡可以否認(rèn)，而不是亞洲文化，屬于張冠李戴；

D選項(xiàng)“要更認(rèn)真地對待”，文章中說的是通過死亡提醒自己要認(rèn)真對待生命、享受生活，屬于偷換概念。

41.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

PeopleinWesternculturesavoidtalkingaboutdeathbecause________.西方文化中的人們避免談?wù)撍劳?，因?yàn)開_______。

A.theywanttoreducetheiranxietyA.他們想減少自己的焦慮

B.theyenjoyeverydayoftheirlivesB.他們享受生命中的每一天

C.theyvaluethepresentmorethanthefutureC.他們更重視現(xiàn)在而不是未來

D.theyprefertoprocesstheideaindividuallyD.他們喜歡單獨(dú)處理這個想法

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Westerncultures可以定位到文章第四段第一句和最后一句“在西方文化（Westernculture）中，我們傾向于假裝死亡不存在。雖然避免談?wù)撍劳觯╝voidingtalkingaboutdeath）可以在短期內(nèi)減少不適，但從長遠(yuǎn)來看，它可能會讓我們大多數(shù)人對死亡更加焦慮（anxious）?！?，說明西方人對于死亡的態(tài)度是避免談?wù)撍劳?，假裝死亡并不存在，因?yàn)檫@樣可以在短期內(nèi)減少心理不適，也就是焦慮。因此A選項(xiàng)“他們想減少自己的焦慮”正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B選項(xiàng)“他們享受生命中的每一天”，通過死亡的提醒來享受生命是東方文化的態(tài)度，屬于張冠李戴；

C選項(xiàng)“他們更重視現(xiàn)在而不是未來”和D選項(xiàng)“他們喜歡單獨(dú)處理這個想法”在文章中沒有提及，屬于無中生有。

4.單選題

Airpollution（

）tomanykindsofdiseases.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.confirms

B.communicates

C.consumes

D.contributes

【答案】D

【解析】考察動詞詞義辨析。confirm“確認(rèn)；確定；證實(shí)”；communicate“傳達(dá)；感染；顯露”；consume“消耗，消費(fèi)”；contribute“貢獻(xiàn)，捐獻(xiàn)”。contributeto“有助于，捐獻(xiàn)”。句意：空氣污染導(dǎo)致各種疾病。

5.單選題

Heisverymuchlookingforward（）visitingyourcountry.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.by

B.with

C.to

D.at

【答案】C

【解析】本題考查固定搭配。lookingforwardto“期待，盼望”，句意：他非常期待訪問貴國。因此，C選項(xiàng)符合句意。

6.單選題

“Humansshouldnottrytoavoidstressanymorethantheywouldshunfood,loveorexercise,”saidDr.HansSelye,thefirstphysiciantodocumenttheeffectsofstressonthebody.Whilehere’sonquestionthatcontinuousstressisharmful,severalstudiessuggestthatchallengingsituationsinwhichyou’reabletorisetotheoccasioncanbegoodforyou.

Ina2001studyof158hospitalnurses,thosewhofacedconsiderableworkdemandsbutcopedwiththechallengeweremorelikelytosaytheywereingoodhealththanthosewhofelttheycouldn’tgetthejobdone.

Stressthatyoucanmanagemayalsoboostimmunefunction.InastudyattheAcademicCenterforDentistryinAmsterdam,researchersputvolunteersthroughtwostressfulexperiences.Inthefirst,atimedtaskthatrequiredmemorizingalistfollowedbyashorttest,subjectsbelievedtheyhadcontrolovertheoutcome.Inthesecond,theyweren'tincontrol:Theyhadtositthroughagory(血淋淋的)videoonsurgicalprocedures.ThosewhodidwellonthememorytesthadanincreaseinlevelsofimmunoglobulinA,anantibodythat’sthebody’firstlineofdefenseagainstgerms.Thevideo-watchersexperiencedadownturnintheantibody.

Stresspromptsthebodytoproducecertainstresshormones.Inshortburststhesehormoneshaveapositiveeffect,includingimprovingmemoryfunction.“Theycanhelpnervecellshandleinformationandputitintostorage,”saysDr.BruceMcEwenofRockefellerUniversityinNewYork.Butinthelongrunthesehormonescanhaveaharmfuleffectonthebodyandbrain.

‘'Sustainedstressisnotgoodforyou,”saysRichardMorimoto,aresearcheratNorthwesternUniversityinIllinoisstudyingtheeffectsofstressonlongevity.“It’stheoccasionalburstofstressorbriefexposuretostressthatcouldbeprotective.”

1.Thepassageismainlyabout（

）.

2.Theword“shun’’(LineI,Para.1)mostprobablymean

（

）.

3.Wecanconcludefromthestudyofthe158nursesin2001that

（

）.

4.IntheexperimentdescribedinParagraph3，thevideo-watchersexperiencedadownturnintheantibodybecause

（

）.

5.Dr.BruceMcEwenofRockefellerUniversitybelievesthat（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thebenefitsofmanagementstress

B.howtoavoidstressfulsituations

C.howtocopewithstresseffectively

D.theeffectsofstresshormonesonmemory

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.cutdownon

B.stayawayfrom

C.runoutof

D.putupwith

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.peopleunderstresstendtohaveapoormemory

B.peoplewhocan’tgettheirjobdoneexperiencemorestress

C.doingchallengingworkmaybegoodforone’shealth

D.stresswillweakenthebody’sdefenseagainstgerms

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.thevideowasnotenjoyableatall

B.theoutcomewasbeyondtheircontrol

C.theyknewlittleaboutsurgicalprocedures

D.theyfeelnopressurewhilewatchingthevideo

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.aperson’smemoryisdeterminedbythelevelofhormonesinhisbody

B.stresshormoneshavelastingpositiveeffectsonthebrain

C.shortburstsofstresshormonesenhancememoryfunction

D.aperson’smemoryimproveswithcontinuedexperienceofstress.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.主旨大意題。題目問的是“這篇文章主要講述了……”。文章的中心句是第一段第二句話“雖然持續(xù)的壓力是有害的，但有幾項(xiàng)研究表明，你能夠應(yīng)付的具有挑戰(zhàn)性的情況對人是有好處的”（Whilehere’sonquestionthatcontinuousstressisharmful,severalstudiessuggestthatchallengingsituationsinwhichyou’reabletorisetotheoccasioncanbegoodforyou），接下來圍繞這個中心句闡述，因此選項(xiàng)A“壓力管理的好處”符合題意。

2.詞義題。題目問的是“單詞shun的意思是……”。文章第一段第一句提到“人類不應(yīng)該像躲避食物，愛情或鍛煉那樣去逃避壓力”（Humansshouldnottrytoavoidstressanymorethantheywouldshunfood,loveorexercise），根據(jù)anymorethan可知shun與avoid是同義詞，因此選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“從2001年對158護(hù)士的研究中，我們可以得出……”。文章第二段提到相比那些感覺自己不能應(yīng)付大量工作額護(hù)士，能應(yīng)付大量工作的護(hù)士更有可能說自己身體健康，由此可知選項(xiàng)C“做具有挑戰(zhàn)性工作可能對身體健康有益”符合題意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“在第三段描述的試驗(yàn)中，視頻觀看者經(jīng)歷抗體下降的原因是……”。文章第三段提到在第二個試驗(yàn)中，他們無法控制結(jié)果（Inthesecond,theyweren'tincontrol），選項(xiàng)B“結(jié)果超過控制”符合題意。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“Rockefeller大學(xué)的布魯斯認(rèn)為……”。文章第四段第二句話提到“這些荷爾蒙在短時間內(nèi)有正面效應(yīng)，包括提高記憶力”（Inshortburststhesehormoneshaveapositiveeffect,includingimprovingmemoryfunction），所以選項(xiàng)C“短時間內(nèi)的壓力荷爾蒙能對身體或人的大腦帶來傷害”符合題意。

7.單選題

Hebasedhisconclusiononwhathe（

）fromtheevidence,notonwhatheactuallyobserved.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.intuited

B.imagined

C.inferred

D.implied

【答案】C

【解析】動詞辨析題。intuit“由直覺知道”；imagine“設(shè)想，猜想”；infer“推斷，猜想”；imply“暗指，暗含”；根據(jù)句意‘他的結(jié)論是基于自己對證據(jù)（

）結(jié)果，而不是基于自己實(shí)際觀察到的?！_定C選項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Eveniftheyareonsale,theserefrigeratorsareequalinpriceto,ifnotmoreexpensivethan,（）attheotherstore.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.anyone

B.theothers

C.theones

D.that

【答案】C

【解析】考查不定代詞。句意：即使減價出售，這些冰箱的價格即使不比另一家商店的貴，價格也是一樣的。根據(jù)句意可知填空處所指代的應(yīng)