汽輪機(jī)設(shè)備及運(yùn)行(第一二章)

1、The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering汽輪機(jī)設(shè)備及運(yùn)行汽輪機(jī)設(shè)備及運(yùn)行華北電力大學(xué)動(dòng)力系 The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering第一節(jié)第一節(jié) 汽輪機(jī)級的工作原理汽輪機(jī)級的工作原理 汽輪機(jī)的級-由一列噴嘴 葉柵和其后緊鄰的一列動(dòng)葉柵 構(gòu)成的工作單元。通流部分-汽輪機(jī)本體做功汽流通道稱為汽輪機(jī)的通流部分，它包括主汽門，導(dǎo)管，調(diào)節(jié)汽門，進(jìn)汽室，各級噴嘴和動(dòng)葉及汽輪機(jī)的排汽管。The Departme

2、nt Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering第一節(jié)第一節(jié) 汽輪機(jī)級的工作原理汽輪機(jī)級的工作原理汽流流動(dòng)演示汽流流動(dòng)演示The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering第一節(jié)第一節(jié) 汽輪機(jī)級的工作原理汽輪機(jī)級的工作原理2222( (), )c wp t蒸汽熱力學(xué)能噴嘴(nozzle)降壓增速汽流的動(dòng)能動(dòng)葉(blade)轉(zhuǎn)子的旋轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)械能級的工作過程級的工作過程000(, )cp t 噴嘴1111( (), )c wp t 動(dòng)葉汽流改變方

3、向(沖動(dòng)原理)汽流降壓增速(反動(dòng)原理)The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering蒸汽膨脹增速的條件有合理的汽流通道結(jié)構(gòu)蒸汽需具有一定的可用熱能且有壓差存在第一節(jié)第一節(jié) 汽輪機(jī)級的工作原理汽輪機(jī)級的工作原理動(dòng)、靜葉柵幾何參數(shù)平均直徑dm，葉片高度l (圖中未反映）葉柵節(jié)距t葉柵通道進(jìn)口寬度a出口寬度a1和a2葉型弦長b出口邊厚度葉柵寬度B出口汽流角The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering第一節(jié)第一節(jié)

4、汽輪機(jī)級的工作原理汽輪機(jī)級的工作原理The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering第一節(jié)第一節(jié) 汽輪機(jī)級的工作原理汽輪機(jī)級的工作原理The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Departme

5、nt Of power engineering（a a）先擴(kuò)壓后轉(zhuǎn)向）先擴(kuò)壓后轉(zhuǎn)向 （b b）先轉(zhuǎn)向后擴(kuò)壓）先轉(zhuǎn)向后擴(kuò)壓The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engine

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18、ment Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering主軸上帶有凸緣的圓盤稱為對輪對輪與主軸熱套加健固定對輪與主軸整體結(jié)構(gòu)The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering缺點(diǎn)：對中要求嚴(yán)格，不能吸收振動(dòng)。剛性聯(lián)軸器優(yōu)點(diǎn)：結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、連接剛性強(qiáng)、傳遞功率大，軸向尺寸短、工作可靠、不需要潤滑、沒有噪聲，可傳遞軸向力和徑向力，多段轉(zhuǎn)子可只用一個(gè)聯(lián)軸器，可在剛性聯(lián)軸器處省去一個(gè)支持軸承。 應(yīng)用：大功率汽輪機(jī)各轉(zhuǎn)子的連接普遍采用剛性聯(lián)軸器 The D

19、epartment Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering對輪與主軸整體結(jié)構(gòu)對輪與對輪間止口配合帶凹形止口的墊片，起定中心的作用，安裝時(shí)調(diào)整兩轉(zhuǎn)子之間的距離誤差和對輪端面的加工誤差 兩對輪端面上的凸形止口。 螺栓承受剪力傳遞扭矩對輪端面靠摩擦力傳遞部分扭矩對輪端面要求平滑沒有缺陷，對端面瓢偏度，安裝后張口值、圓面偏差有嚴(yán)格要求 擋氣流的防風(fēng)蓋減少轉(zhuǎn)子 鼓風(fēng)損失止動(dòng)墊圈 各個(gè)螺栓、螺帽和墊片都要相同或?qū)ΨQ安裝時(shí)嚴(yán)禁兩段轉(zhuǎn)子用螺栓拉到一起The Department Of power engineeringThe Depart

20、ment Of power engineering對輪墊片與對輪端面間止口配合，起定中心和調(diào)整間隙的作用The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering剪力環(huán)剪力環(huán)與對輪間0.125mm徑向間隙 剪力環(huán)與螺栓間0.2mm徑向間隙 螺栓與螺孔之間間隙 裝配時(shí)螺栓熱緊，正常工作時(shí)靠螺栓緊力在兩對輪端面產(chǎn)生的接觸摩擦力來傳遞。The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering可以傳遞較大的扭矩，且可傳遞不大的軸向推力，波

21、形套筒可吸收部分振動(dòng) ，多用于汽輪機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子與發(fā)電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子間的連接 The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering優(yōu)點(diǎn)：允許兩轉(zhuǎn)子相對軸向位移和較大的偏心，對振動(dòng)的傳遞不敏感 撓性聯(lián)軸器 缺點(diǎn)：傳遞功率較小，不能傳遞軸向推力，結(jié)構(gòu)較

22、復(fù)雜，需專門的潤滑裝置 應(yīng)用：中、小容量機(jī)組或機(jī)組主軸與主油泵的連接 ，本機(jī)組的小汽輪機(jī)與給水泵之間的聯(lián)軸器為齒輪式聯(lián)軸器 The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering盤車裝置盤車裝置盤車裝置是帶動(dòng)機(jī)組軸系緩慢轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的機(jī)械裝置作用機(jī)組沖轉(zhuǎn)前盤車，使轉(zhuǎn)子連續(xù)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，避免因閥門漏汽和汽封送汽等因素造成的溫差使轉(zhuǎn)子彎曲。同時(shí)檢查轉(zhuǎn)子是否已出現(xiàn)彎曲和動(dòng)靜部分是否有磨擦現(xiàn)象機(jī)組的停機(jī)后盤車，使轉(zhuǎn)子連續(xù)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，避免因汽缸自然冷卻造成的上下缸溫差使轉(zhuǎn)子彎曲機(jī)組必須在盤車狀態(tài)下才能沖轉(zhuǎn)，否則轉(zhuǎn)子在靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)下因靜磨擦力太大

23、而無法啟動(dòng)較長時(shí)間的連續(xù)盤車，可以消除轉(zhuǎn)子因機(jī)組長期停運(yùn)和存放或其它原因引起的非永久性彎曲可以驅(qū)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)子作現(xiàn)場簡易加工The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering。高速盤車優(yōu)點(diǎn)：1）高速盤車的鼓風(fēng)作用，可使機(jī)內(nèi)各部分金屬溫差減少；2）高速盤車可使軸瓦形成油膜，減少軸瓦干摩擦。缺點(diǎn)：1）從理論上講，高速盤車?yán)棉D(zhuǎn)子與軸瓦的相對運(yùn)動(dòng)，可形成穩(wěn)定的油膜，盤車穩(wěn)定后可停止頂軸油系統(tǒng)，但實(shí)際上往往始終投入，因此高速盤車的優(yōu)點(diǎn)不能充分體現(xiàn)。2）盤車電動(dòng)機(jī)功率過大，裝置結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，并且必須裝配高壓油頂軸裝置，且容易發(fā)

24、生故障。盤車轉(zhuǎn)速通常有35rpm的低速盤車和4070rpm的高速盤車兩種The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering對盤車裝置的要求是：既能盤動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)子，又能在汽輪機(jī)沖動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)子達(dá)到 一定轉(zhuǎn)速后自動(dòng)脫開，停止轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，除能自動(dòng)投入和脫開，盤車裝置還可就地手動(dòng)操作機(jī)組正常運(yùn)行情況下，盤車裝置控制開關(guān)自動(dòng)運(yùn)行的位置。停機(jī)時(shí)：轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn)速降低到大約600rpm時(shí)，自動(dòng)順序電路接通，盤車裝置供潤滑油。轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn)速到零，零轉(zhuǎn)速指示器發(fā)出信號，盤車裝置將自動(dòng)投入。啟動(dòng)時(shí)：汽輪機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速超過盤車轉(zhuǎn)速時(shí)，盤車自動(dòng)脫開， 轉(zhuǎn)速600rpm，

25、停止供油。The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering葉片工作條件 靜應(yīng)力動(dòng)應(yīng)力高溫、腐蝕和沖蝕作用 葉片的分類 按用途靜葉片 動(dòng)葉片 按葉片型線沿葉高的變化規(guī)律 等截面直葉片變截面扭葉片The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering葉片的結(jié)構(gòu)連接葉片與輪緣葉型部分的橫截面形狀稱為葉型，周線稱為型線 將葉片連接在一起，增加葉片剛度，降低彎應(yīng)力，調(diào)整葉片頻率。圍帶構(gòu)成封閉的汽流通道，圍帶可裝徑向和軸向汽封 T

26、he Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering葉根 緊固動(dòng)葉 優(yōu)點(diǎn)：結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，加工裝配方便，工作可靠 缺點(diǎn)：葉根承載面積小輪緣有張開的趨勢 輪緣多一對凸肩，增加承載面積，阻止輪緣張開 優(yōu)點(diǎn)：承載面積大，可用于較長葉片缺點(diǎn)：加工精度要求高縱樹型葉根承載能力高優(yōu)點(diǎn)：強(qiáng)度高，適應(yīng)性好，葉根和輪緣加工方便，檢修是可拆卸單個(gè)葉片 缺點(diǎn)：裝配工作量大，且輪緣較厚，鉆鉚釘孔不便。整鍛轉(zhuǎn)子和焊接轉(zhuǎn)子一般不用 葉根和輪緣的載荷分配比T型葉根合理外形復(fù)雜，裝配面多，齒端易出現(xiàn)較大的應(yīng)力集中，多用于大機(jī)組的調(diào)節(jié)級和較長葉片底

27、部用楔形墊片將葉片向外脹緊在輪緣上 兩根斜劈的半圓銷對插入圓槽內(nèi)將整圈葉根周向脹緊 The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering沖動(dòng)級和反動(dòng)級葉型不同等截面直葉片變截面扭葉片 堆焊硬質(zhì)合金濕蒸汽區(qū)葉片上部進(jìn)汽邊背面強(qiáng)化處理措施：鍍硬鉻、堆焊硬質(zhì)合金或電火化局部淬硬葉型The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering一級葉片可以采用成組葉片整圈連接葉片自由葉片（只用于末幾級）The Department Of

28、power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering分組連接拉筋Z型拉筋空心拉筋和拱形圍帶The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering上汽引進(jìn)型300MW汽輪機(jī)的葉片結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)節(jié)級葉片 等截面直葉片不調(diào)頻葉片縱樹型葉根整體圍帶雙層鉚接圍帶結(jié)構(gòu)The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringTh

29、e Department Of power engineering高壓壓力級葉片靜葉可控渦流流型設(shè)計(jì)出的扭轉(zhuǎn)葉片動(dòng)葉等截面直葉片不調(diào)頻葉片斜圍帶T型葉根The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering中壓級葉片 靜葉可控渦流流型設(shè)計(jì)出的扭轉(zhuǎn)葉片動(dòng)葉等截面直葉片不調(diào)頻葉片斜圍帶縱樹型葉根The Department Of power engineeringThe De

30、partment Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering低壓級葉片 靜葉可控渦流流型設(shè)計(jì)出的扭轉(zhuǎn)葉片動(dòng)葉等截面直葉片不調(diào)頻葉片斜圍帶縱樹型葉根前四級后三級扭轉(zhuǎn)葉片調(diào)頻葉片縱樹型葉根1-5級第6級自由葉片第7級兩根拉筋The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering級級 別別高壓葉片軸向間隙高壓葉片軸向間隙高壓葉片徑向間隙高壓葉片徑向間隙動(dòng)動(dòng) 葉葉靜靜 葉葉動(dòng)動(dòng) 葉

31、葉靜靜 葉葉進(jìn)汽邊進(jìn)汽邊出氣邊出氣邊進(jìn)汽邊進(jìn)汽邊進(jìn)出汽進(jìn)出汽邊邊進(jìn)汽邊進(jìn)汽邊出氣邊出氣邊ABEFZMST111.211.059.459.5510.70.750.750.75211.211.059.459.5510.70.750.750.75311.211.059.459.5510.70.750.750.75411.211.059.459.5510.70.750.750.75511.211.059.459.5510.70.750.750.75611.211.059.459.5510.70.750.750.75711.211.059.459.5510.70.750.750.75811.211.05

32、9.459.5510.70.750.750.75911.211.059.459.5510.70.750.750.751011.211.059.459.5510.70.750.750.751111.211.059.4510.70.750.750.75公差公差0.5公差公差0.05上海汽輪機(jī)廠引進(jìn)型300MW汽輪機(jī)高壓部分各級通流部分間隙 （mm） The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering級級 別別中壓葉片軸向間隙中壓葉片軸向間隙中壓葉片徑向間隙中壓葉片徑向間隙動(dòng)動(dòng) 葉葉靜靜 葉葉動(dòng)動(dòng) 葉葉靜靜 葉

33、葉進(jìn)汽邊進(jìn)汽邊出氣邊出氣邊進(jìn)進(jìn)汽汽邊邊出氣邊出氣邊進(jìn)出汽邊進(jìn)出汽邊進(jìn)汽邊進(jìn)汽邊出氣邊出氣邊ABEFVZMSTJ1210.27510.1514.62514.54.054.20.750.750.750.751310.27510.1514.62514.510.45.750.750.750.750.751410.27510.1514.62514.510.45.750.750.750.750.751510.27510.1514.62514.510.45.750.750.750.750.751610.27510.1514.62514.510.45.750.750.750.750.75179.2759.15

34、15.62515.511.24.950.750.750.750.75189.2759.1515.62515.511.24.950.750.750.750.75199.2759.1515.62515.511.24.950.750.750.750.75208.448.318.511.24.950.750.750.750.75公差公差0.5公差公差0.05上海汽輪機(jī)廠引進(jìn)型300MW汽輪機(jī)中壓部分各級通流部分間隙 mmThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering級級 別別葉片軸向間隙葉片軸向間隙圍帶汽封間

35、隙圍帶汽封間隙隔板汽封間隙隔板汽封間隙動(dòng)葉進(jìn)汽邊動(dòng)葉進(jìn)汽邊動(dòng)葉出動(dòng)葉出汽汽邊邊軸軸 向向徑徑 向向軸軸 向向徑徑 向向KABCDEFLGHM1292914.814.82.51.102292923.423.40.351.01.03292923.423.46.561.501.04292924.624.610.151.301.0535.73020.520.57.61.301.063115.815.86.1014.21.6573019.219.26.102.52.50公差公差0.13公差公差0.5公差公差0.05公差公差0.5公差公差0.05上海汽輪機(jī)廠引進(jìn)型300MW汽輪機(jī)低壓部分（調(diào)閥端）各級通流

36、部分間隙 mmThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering級級 別別葉片軸向間隙葉片軸向間隙圍帶汽封間隙圍帶汽封間隙隔板汽封間隙隔板汽封間隙動(dòng)葉進(jìn)汽邊動(dòng)葉進(jìn)汽邊動(dòng)葉出氣邊動(dòng)葉出氣邊軸軸 向向徑徑 向向軸軸 向向徑徑 向向ABCDEFLGHM114.814.829.029.016.71.100.05214.814.837.637.613.851.300.051.00314.814.837.637.620.91.900.051.30414.814.838.838.824.351.400.051.4052

37、1.515.834.76.601.600.051.50616.830.06.100.0511.71.65715.833.46.100.252.50公差公差0.5公差公差0.5公差公差0.05上海汽輪機(jī)廠引進(jìn)型300MW汽輪機(jī)低壓部分（發(fā)電機(jī)端）各級通流部分間隙 mmThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering：汽封按其安裝的位置不同可分為隔板汽封隔板（或靜葉環(huán)）內(nèi)孔與主軸間隙處的汽封，用于減少隔板（或靜葉環(huán)）前后的漏汽。通流部分汽封動(dòng)葉柵與隔板及汽缸之間間隙處的汽封，用于減少動(dòng)葉根部和頂部的徑向和軸

38、向漏汽。軸端汽封主軸穿出汽缸處的汽封，該汽封用于減少蒸汽自缸內(nèi)向缸外漏或防止空氣漏入汽缸。The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Depart

39、ment Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering帶狀彈簧片（4根）用螺絲固定汽封環(huán)（8段具有T型根的汽封塊組成一圈）平衡持環(huán)上的環(huán)槽5 53 34 41 12 2512=60個(gè)齒The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering

40、高齒對應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)子中壓平衡活塞段車出的凹槽低齒對應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)子中壓平衡活塞段的凸肩高壓段5齒低壓段12齒The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering312=36個(gè)齒The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering軸端汽封位置：主軸穿出汽缸處的汽封作用：減少蒸汽自缸內(nèi)向缸外漏或防止空氣漏入汽缸？高壓內(nèi)軸封高壓外軸封1 12 23 3外界大氣汽缸內(nèi)部 微負(fù)壓正壓？軸封冷卻器去低加凝結(jié)水泵來The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering正壓微負(fù)壓The Departm