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1、Cytology diagnostic principles華夏病理學(xué)論壇病理基礎(chǔ)版 kint123第一章 宮頸正常TCT表現(xiàn)1一、鱗狀上皮1二、腺上皮細胞7三、脫落的子宮內(nèi)膜細胞8第二章 良性和反應(yīng)性改變12一、良性鱗狀上皮改變12二、良性宮頸腺上皮改變14三、修復(fù)性改變15四、放療反應(yīng)17五、與宮內(nèi)節(jié)育器相關(guān)的細胞學(xué)改變18六、子宮全切術(shù)后腺細胞19第三章 鱗狀上皮異常19一、鱗狀上皮內(nèi)病變20(一)低度鱗狀上皮內(nèi)病變(LSIL)20(二)、高級別鱗狀上皮內(nèi)病變23(三)、SIL診斷中的問題27二、鱗狀細胞癌28三、非典型鱗狀上皮細胞(ASC)31(一)ASC-US31(二)ASC-H33

2、第四章 腺上皮異常33一、宮頸原位腺癌(AIS)33二、宮頸腺癌35(一)、宮頸內(nèi)膜腺癌35(二)、子宮內(nèi)膜腺癌39第一章 宮頸正常TCT表現(xiàn)一、鱗狀上皮表層和中間層鱗狀上皮均為大多角形細胞,胞漿粉紅色或綠色,中間層細胞核稍大。副基底細胞和基底細胞為未成熟鱗狀上皮細胞,正常情況下位于鱗狀上皮的深部,一般取材時取不到,而未成熟上皮完全由副基底細胞和基底細胞構(gòu)成,多見于移行區(qū),稱為鱗狀化生,也可見于低雌激素狀態(tài)時的鱗狀上皮萎縮,因此,TCT中所見的副基底細胞和基底細胞常是取自鱗狀化生或萎縮的上皮。副基底細胞為圓形或卵圓形,核大小不一,但常大于中間層細胞,基底細胞更小,胞質(zhì)少?;缀透被准毎俏s

3、的標志,萎縮較明顯的TCT中,可看不到表層和中間層細胞,而僅見基底和副基底細胞。此外,萎縮的上皮易于損傷和發(fā)生炎癥,特別是絕經(jīng)后女性,其繼發(fā)的形態(tài)學(xué)改變不要與有意義的病變相混淆。片狀未成熟細胞擁擠,呈合體細胞樣,與HSIL相似(Fig.1.6),但其染色質(zhì)精細,分布均勻,核形光滑,且薄。罕見的移行細胞化生表現(xiàn)為顯著的延長軸方向的核溝(咖啡豆樣核),核皺褶及小的核周圍空暈(Fig.1.6B)。部分萎縮病例尚可見細胞退變(Fig.1.7A)。風(fēng)干可導(dǎo)致人為的核增大假象。有時可見由無定形物質(zhì)構(gòu)成的深藍色團塊,可能為致密的黏液或退變的細胞核(Fig.1.7B),由于有顆粒狀背景,很像浸潤癌中的壞死(F

4、ig.1.7A)。Figure 1.6 Parabasal cells (postmenopausal smear). A, Atrophic epithelium is composed almost exclusively of parabasal cells, often arranged in broad, flowing sheets. B, Transitional cell metaplasia. In this uncommon condition, the atrophic epithelium resembles transitional cell epithelium b

5、y virtue of its longitudinal nuclear grooves. Nuclear membrane irregularities raise the possibility of a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), but the chromatin is pale and finely textured.Figure 1.7 Parabasal cells (postmenopausal smear). A, Degenerated parabasal cells in atrophic smea

6、rs have hypereosinophilic cytoplasm and a pyknotic nucleus. Note the granular background, which is commonly seen in normal atrophic smears. B, Dark blue blobs are seen in some atrophic smears. These featureless structures should not be interpreted as a significant abnormality.副基底細胞也是宮頸鱗狀化生的組成部分。組織學(xué)上

7、顯示為扁平的片狀未成熟鱗狀上皮細胞,鑲嵌狀排列,似鋪路石樣(Fig.1.8),副基底細胞可表現(xiàn)出輕度的核大小不一,核稍不規(guī)則和輕度深染。Figure 1.8 Squamous metaplasia. Interlocking parabasal-type cells, as seen here, represent squamous metaplasia of the endocervix.細胞學(xué)所定義的鱗狀化生由副基底細胞構(gòu)成(未成熟鱗狀上皮細胞)。組織學(xué)上描述的所謂的成熟性鱗狀化生,在細胞學(xué)上可能無法識別。其他的鱗狀上皮良性改變還包括角化過度和角化不全。角化過度是黏膜慢性刺激的結(jié)果,例如子

8、宮脫垂,TCT表現(xiàn)為無核的多角形成熟鱗狀上皮細胞單個散在或成片分布(Fig.1.9)。部分可能與操作者污染有關(guān)。角化不全也與慢性刺激有關(guān),表現(xiàn)為小的明顯角化的鱗狀上皮細胞,伴有深染的橘紅色胞漿和小的固縮的核(Fig.1.9B)。若這些角化不全的細胞表現(xiàn)出核的非典型性,包括核增大、核膜不規(guī)則、深染,則稱為角化不良細胞或非典型性角化不全,應(yīng)認為是一種細胞學(xué)異常。Figure 1.9 Keratosis. A, Hyperkeratosis. Anucleate squames are a protective response of the squamous epithelium. B, Para

9、keratosis. Parakeratosis appears as plaques, as seen here, or as isolated cells.二、腺上皮細胞宮頸腺上皮細胞為黏液分泌細胞,核離心性分布,染色質(zhì)細顆粒狀,胞漿豐富,含較多空泡。核仁不明顯,但在反應(yīng)性狀態(tài)下則可很顯著。腺上皮細胞常呈條帶狀或片狀分布,很少單個散在(Fig 1.10)。條帶狀者排列類似柵欄狀,片狀者似蜂房。罕見情況下可見核分裂。30%可見輸卵管上皮化生(Fig 1.11)。Figure 1.10 Endocervical cells. A, Normal endocervical cells are o

10、ften arranged in cohesive sheets. Note the even spacing of the nuclei, their pale, finely granular chromatin, and the honeycomb appearance imparted by the sharp cell membranes. B, Sometimes they appear as strips or isolated cells. Abundant intracytoplasmic mucin results in a cup-shaped nucleus.三、脫落的

11、子宮內(nèi)膜細胞月經(jīng)周期的前12天,TCT中有可能見到脫落的子宮內(nèi)膜細胞,其形態(tài)學(xué)表現(xiàn)為:小細胞構(gòu)成的細胞球;散在分布的小細胞;胞漿稀少;核深染;鑄造型核;核碎片。呈球形排列的內(nèi)膜細胞較易辨認,細胞小,核深染,胞漿常很少。偶爾細胞可有較豐富的透明胞漿。細胞球邊緣呈圓齒狀,凋亡常見。單個散在分布的內(nèi)膜細胞則容易忽視(Fig 1.12)。偶爾可見內(nèi)膜細胞簇由兩種細胞構(gòu)成,小的深染的間質(zhì)細胞位于中央,大的腺上皮細胞位于邊緣,但這種情況罕見。類似圖1.12中排列的細胞球有可能僅由內(nèi)膜腺上皮或間質(zhì)細胞構(gòu)成,也可能兩者均有。月經(jīng)12天以后出現(xiàn)子宮內(nèi)膜細胞則可能與內(nèi)膜炎、內(nèi)膜息肉或?qū)m內(nèi)節(jié)育器有關(guān)。40歲以前的T

12、CT檢查中發(fā)現(xiàn)子宮內(nèi)膜細胞一般不用報告。40歲以后患者若出現(xiàn)則需要報告,因其與子宮內(nèi)膜腫瘤有一定相關(guān)性。脫落的子宮內(nèi)膜細胞需要與如下疾病鑒別:HSIL、鱗狀細胞癌、AIS和小細胞癌。(1)HSIL:部分可表現(xiàn)為細胞小、深染,胞漿稀少(Fig 1.13A),但其體積仍大于內(nèi)膜細胞,大小不一,胞漿著色深,HSIL細胞簇通常邊界不清,不形成細胞球;(2)鱗狀細胞癌:低分化者可類似內(nèi)膜細胞(Fig 1.13B),對于這樣的病例,臨床表現(xiàn)(如性交后出血)可能是唯一的鑒別點;(3)AIS:多數(shù)細胞為柱狀,但罕見病例亦可為小圓形細胞(Fig 1.13C),仔細尋找柱狀分化和核分裂活性有助于診斷;(4)小細胞

13、癌:罕見(Fig 1.13D),著色更深。Figure 1.13 Mimics of exfoliated endometrial cells. A, High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). The cells of some HSILs are small but still larger than endometrial cells and usually arranged in flatter aggregates rather than spheres. B, Squamous cell carcinoma (SQC). S

14、ome poorly differentiated SQCs are indistinguishable from endometrial cells. The granular debris (tumor diathesis) seen here can also be seen in normal menstrual Pap samples. C, Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS). Some cases of AIS have an endometrioid appearance, but mitoses (arrows) are distinctly uncom

15、mon in exfoliated endometrial cells. D, Small cell carcinoma. The cells resemble endometrial cells but are even darker. There is nuclear smearing, which is rarely seen with benign endometrial cells.四、搔刮出的內(nèi)膜細胞和宮體下段組織一般見于異常短的宮頸管或?qū)m頸錐形活檢后。其表現(xiàn)包括:(1)大小不等的組織碎片;(2)可見腺體和間質(zhì);(3)間質(zhì)細胞:形態(tài)一致;卵圓形或梭形;染色質(zhì)細顆粒狀;偶見核分裂;較

16、大的組織碎片中可見血管穿行;(4)腺體:管狀腺體;直行或有分枝;核分裂(部分病例);顯著的核擁擠;胞漿稀少。宮體下段的腺細胞與宮頸管內(nèi)膜細胞相似,但核漿比更高,染色更深,可有核分裂。由于其具有較高的核漿比,有時可誤認為是鱗狀上皮或腺上皮異常(Fig 1.14)。Figure 1.14 Endometrial cells, directly sampled. A, An intact endometrial tubule is surrounded by well-preserved endometrial stromal cells. B, Benign stromal cells are e

17、longated and mitotically active (arrow) and may suggest a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) or a malignancy. The pale, finely granular chromatin and the association with intact endometrial glands are clues to a benign diagnosis. C, The glandular cells are crowded and mitotically acti

18、ve (arrow), but evenly spaced.第二章 良性和反應(yīng)性改變一、良性鱗狀上皮改變成熟的鱗狀上皮可表現(xiàn)出不同程度的核和胞漿改變,最常見為單純的中間層鱗狀上皮細胞核增大,不伴有核深染或核膜不規(guī)則。核增大常較輕微(為正常中間層鱗狀上皮細胞核的1或1.5至2倍),但有時可更大。盡管核增大,但其染色質(zhì)仍為一致的細顆粒狀。這種情況最常見于更年期女性(4055歲),因此這樣的細胞又稱為PM細胞(更年期細胞)(Fig 1.25)。Figure 1.25 Benign squamous cell changes. A, PM cells. Nuclear enlargement, wit

19、h little in the way of nuclear membrane irregularity or hyperchromasia, is a common finding in intermediate squamous cells from perimenopausal women. Such bland nuclear enlargement should not be mistaken for a significant atypia. B, A similar bland nuclear enlargement occurs in metaplastic cells.表層和

20、中間層鱗狀上皮非特異性核周胞質(zhì)透明變可能與感染(如毛滴蟲)有關(guān),但也可能是人工假象。與真正的凹空細胞的區(qū)別在于:空泡較少,空泡邊緣胞質(zhì)著色無強化(Fig 1.26A)。當鱗狀上皮胞漿內(nèi)含豐富糖原時也可出現(xiàn)大的胞漿透明區(qū),與LSIL的區(qū)別在于細胞核為正常中間層細胞大?。‵ig 1.26B)。鱗狀化生多見于反應(yīng)性改變,核可增大,且大小不一,有時核仁可很明顯,核膜光滑、染色質(zhì)精細等有助于鑒別,但有時非典型表現(xiàn)可很明顯,出現(xiàn)與HISL相重疊的部分特征,此時最好診斷為非典型鱗狀化生。Figure 1.26 Nonspecific halos. A, Small halos around the nucl

21、ei of squamous cells are nonspecific and do not represent human papillomavirus (HPV)-related changes. B, Some normal squamous cells have abundant glycogen that mimics koilocytosis. Note the normal nucleus.二、良性宮頸腺上皮改變反應(yīng)性狀態(tài)下,宮頸腺上皮細胞核增大比鱗狀上皮明顯,有時可比正常細胞核大4-5倍,胞漿也增多。增大的核圓形或卵圓形,可見大的核仁(Fig 1.27),F(xiàn)igure 1.2

22、7 Reactive endocervical cells. A, A common finding, reactive endocervical cells are enlarged and have a prominent nucleolus. B, Isolated cells can be as big as mature squamous cells and mimic a low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), but a prominent nucleolus is uncharacteristic of an LSIL

23、.宮頸內(nèi)膜細胞反應(yīng)性改變也見于微腺性增生,細胞學(xué)改變可從完全正常的內(nèi)膜細胞至顯著的核增大,一般核仁明顯,胞漿空泡化(Fig 1.28)。罕見情況下需要與LSIL、HSIL、AIS或浸潤癌鑒別,注意觀察反應(yīng)性改變的細胞核呈圓形,染色質(zhì)細顆粒狀,核漿比正常。三、修復(fù)性改變(1)平坦片狀排列,細胞間有黏附力(2)水流樣排列(3)核大,大小不一(4)核仁大,有時可不規(guī)則(5)染色質(zhì)淡(6)可見核分裂有時由于修復(fù)性改變明顯,并伴有一些不常見的表現(xiàn),如核擁擠、染色質(zhì)粗糙,此時最好診斷為“非典型鱗狀上皮細胞,伴有非典型性修復(fù)的特征(atypical squamous cells, with features

24、 of atypical repair)”。Figure 1.29 Typical repair. Reparative epithelium is cohesive and arranged in a monolayered, streaming sheet.鑒別診斷包括非角化性鱗癌和宮頸內(nèi)膜腺癌。(1)修復(fù)性改變一般與炎癥有關(guān),但缺乏典型的見于浸潤癌的壞死碎屑;(2)浸潤癌不僅可見由惡性腫瘤細胞構(gòu)成的片巢狀結(jié)構(gòu),也可見大量單個散在的惡性腫瘤細胞,而修復(fù)性改變中細胞有顯著的黏附力;(3)非角化性鱗癌的染色質(zhì)粗糙。四、放療反應(yīng)(1)奇異性大細胞;(2)核漿比較正常(3)胞漿空泡化,多染性(4)

25、多核核染色質(zhì)細顆粒狀或為污穢染色質(zhì),核和胞漿均可出現(xiàn)空泡,細胞可單個散在或成簇分布,多核細胞常見(Fig 1.30)。常伴有修復(fù)性改變。部分化療藥物也可導(dǎo)致類似表現(xiàn)。Figure 1.30 Radiation effect. Radiation looks like a wild reparative reaction, with large cells, multinucleation, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and a curious “two-tone” cytoplasmic staining pattern.鑒別診斷包括(1)皰疹性細胞學(xué)改變:兩者均可

26、見多核巨細胞,但放療反應(yīng)缺乏核的毛玻璃樣改變和Cowdry A包涵體;(2)復(fù)發(fā)癌:復(fù)發(fā)癌的細胞豐富,而放療改變的細胞散在分布,復(fù)發(fā)癌的核非典型性也較其明顯;(3)LSIL。五、與宮內(nèi)節(jié)育器相關(guān)的細胞學(xué)改變 有兩種不同的細胞學(xué)改變:(1)空泡化細胞:為腺上皮細胞,小群狀分布(5-15個細胞)或單個散在,有豐富的空泡化胞漿,核增大,可見核仁;(2)胞漿少,核深染的小細胞:散在分布,細胞類型不明,染色深,核漿比高(Fig 1.31)。鑒別診斷包括腺癌和HSIL。第一種細胞可能與腺癌無法區(qū)別,若患者使用IUD,則考慮良性可能性大,應(yīng)與臨床聯(lián)系,有可能需要在取出IUD后復(fù)檢;第二種細胞若見不到核仁,與

27、HSIL無法鑒別。六、子宮全切術(shù)后腺細胞子宮全切術(shù)后2%的患者TCT檢查可見腺細胞,特別是接受過術(shù)后放療者,可能是一種治療所導(dǎo)致的化生性改變,若其形態(tài)與正常宮頸內(nèi)膜一樣,則考慮為良性改變(Fig 1.32),即使以前為宮頸或?qū)m內(nèi)膜腺癌,也不考慮惡性,可診斷為“子宮全切術(shù)后良性腺細胞”。 第三章 鱗狀上皮異常一、鱗狀上皮內(nèi)病變(一)低度鱗狀上皮內(nèi)病變(LSIL)1、細胞病理學(xué):(1)細胞中等大?。?)核非典型性:核增大;核形不規(guī)則;深染;染色質(zhì)稍粗糙(3)胞漿空泡(凹空細胞)(4)角化變型LSIL表現(xiàn)為表層或中間層細胞核增大,伴有中度的核大小不一和輕微的核形和輪廓不規(guī)則。核染色加深,可為一致的顆

28、粒狀,亦可為類似凹空細胞樣污穢的染色質(zhì)。核仁不明顯。典型的凹空細胞表現(xiàn)為大的、邊界清楚的核周胞質(zhì)空泡,空泡邊緣為致密的胞漿帶,核可增大,并具有非典型性,但并非總出現(xiàn)。這種細胞的出現(xiàn)對于LSIL具有診斷意義,即使沒有核增大(Fig 1.34)。部分LSIL可出現(xiàn)顯著角化,表現(xiàn)為橘紅色胞漿和角化珠的出現(xiàn)(Fig 1.35)。Figure 1.34 Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL). A, LSIL. Classic koilocytes, as seen here, have a large cytoplasmic cavity w

29、ith a sharply defined inner edge and are frequently binucleated. Nuclear enlargement may not be as marked as in the nonkoilocytic LSILs. B, Nonkoilocytic LSIL. Nuclei are significantly enlarged and show mild hyperchromasia and nuclear contour irregularity. No definite koilocytes are seen. This patte

30、rn was once called mild dysplasia or CIN 1.2、鑒別診斷包括鱗狀上皮反應(yīng)性改變、伴有非特異性空泡的鱗狀上皮細胞、反應(yīng)性宮頸內(nèi)膜細胞和ASC-US。輕微但容易發(fā)現(xiàn)的核改變以及較大的胞質(zhì)空泡的涂片可能是LSIL,但有時會面臨質(zhì)或量的不足。值得懷疑但不能確定者診斷為ASC-US。(二)、高級別鱗狀上皮內(nèi)病變1、細胞學(xué)改變(1)常為副基底細胞大小的細胞;(2)單個細胞或合體細胞樣細胞群(深染且擁擠的細胞群)(3)核非典型性:核增大;核膜顯著不規(guī)則;常顯著深染;顯著的染色質(zhì)粗糙;(4)角化變型HSIL依據(jù)細胞大小可分為三種類型:大細胞型(20%)、中等細胞型(7

31、0%)和小細胞型(10%)。這種分型無臨床意義,但有助于鑒別診斷。細胞核的大小與LSIL相近,但核漿比更高(Fig 1.37)。總體比較,深染、染色質(zhì)分布不規(guī)則及核膜不規(guī)則均較LSIL嚴重,可以其中任何一種或幾種表現(xiàn)為主,例如,部分HSIL可核膜非常不規(guī)則,但染色僅輕中度加深。HSIL細胞可單個散在(Fig 1.37)或呈合體細胞樣分布(Fig 1.38)。鱗狀細胞分化可明顯或不明顯,有時細胞透明、空泡化(Fig 1.39)或拉長(Fig 1.40)而易誤認為是腺細胞起源。典型的HSIL表現(xiàn)為小的未成熟鱗狀上皮細胞或成熟的角化細胞伴有顯著的核非典型性(Fig 1.41)。Figure 1.37

32、 High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). A, These cells have scant cytoplasm and a markedly hyperchromatic nucleus with highlyirregular nuclear contours. B, Cells with a moderate amount of cytoplasm, formerly called “moderate dysplasia” or “CIN 2,” are incorporated in the HSILcategory.2、鑒

33、別診斷(1)鱗狀化生:僅顯示輕微的核增大、核膜不規(guī)則和染色質(zhì)增粗(2)萎縮:可有類似HSIL合體細胞樣的表現(xiàn),雖然核漿比增高,但核膜規(guī)則,染色質(zhì)細顆粒狀。(3)移行細胞化生:核呈咖啡豆樣,無深染。(4)脫落的子宮內(nèi)膜細胞:HSIL細胞較大,核大小不均,深染,細胞簇邊界不規(guī)則,不形成類似子宮內(nèi)膜細胞樣的細胞球。(5)濾泡性宮頸炎:細胞較HSIL小,染色質(zhì)粗糙,?;煊袧{細胞、樹突細胞(伴有較大且淡染的核)。(6)組織細胞:大小與HSIL細胞相近,核膜亦可不規(guī)則,但染色質(zhì)精細,胞漿豐富疏松。(7)宮頸息肉伴非典型性:偶爾宮頸炎性息肉可被覆單層高度異型的深染的宮頸內(nèi)膜細胞,只能靠組織學(xué)進行鑒別(Fig

34、 1.42)。Figure 1.42 Endocervical polyp atypia mimicking HSIL. A, The slide contains scattered isolated cells with dark nuclei. B, The surface of the endocervical polyp reveals a single layer of reactive endocervical cells.(8)IUD反應(yīng):小細胞數(shù)量少,核仁較HSIL更顯著。(9)AIS:兩者的細胞學(xué)改變有許多相似之處。成簇分布的腫瘤細胞更傾向于診斷HSIL,除非在羽毛狀或玫瑰

35、花瓣樣結(jié)構(gòu)中出現(xiàn)明顯的柱狀細胞分化。(10)SQC:不管細胞學(xué)表現(xiàn)是否完全HSIL,若有顯著的核仁或壞死碎屑,均應(yīng)考慮鱗癌。(11)ASC-H(12)與萎縮有關(guān)的ASC-US。(三)、SIL診斷中的問題1、避免過診斷LSIL:如非特異性空泡和PM細胞,不伴有深染或核膜不規(guī)則,為陰性診斷,而僅伴有輕微的核增大或核膜不規(guī)則者應(yīng)診斷為ASC-US。2、區(qū)分HSIL和LSIL:有時兩者難以區(qū)別,可考慮為診斷為“鱗狀上皮內(nèi)病變,難以分級(SIL, grade cannot be determined)”,或“LSIL,不除外HSIL”(Fig 1.44)。其細胞學(xué)表現(xiàn)包括:(1)少量異型細胞;(2)細胞

36、溶解明顯;(3)LSIL,伴有少量不確定的HSIL細胞;(4)廣泛角化型SIL,伴尚不足以明確診斷為HSIL。Figure 1.44 Squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL), cannot determine grade. When a lesion is extensively keratinized and there is no definite high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), it is difficult to grade. Colposcopically directed bi

37、opsies showed A, CIN 1 and B, CIN 2,3.3、區(qū)分HISL和浸潤性癌:很困難,必須有組織學(xué)檢查來確定病變的具體性質(zhì)。二、鱗狀細胞癌1、細胞學(xué)特征:(1)HSIL表現(xiàn),輔以如下特征:大核仁;染色質(zhì)分布不規(guī)則;腫瘤素質(zhì)(2)蝌蚪樣細胞和纖維樣細胞(角化型)腫瘤素質(zhì)(tumor diathesis)是指伴有核碎片和紅細胞的顆粒狀無定形沉積物(Fig 1.45)。典型的SQC中可見豐富的腫瘤素質(zhì),但其不具有特征性,亦可見于部分萎縮病例或嚴重的經(jīng)血。但當伴有由非典型細胞組成的深染擁擠細胞群或大量蝌蚪樣或纖維樣細胞時,則具有診斷意義。Figure 1.45 Squamou

38、s cell carcinoma (SQC). Slides from deeply invasive tumors show abundant tumor diathesis, a granular precipitate of lysed blood and cell fragments. In such cases, the malignant cells can be hard to identify. In other cases, the tumor diathesis is focal, and, if missed, the case is misclassified as a

39、 high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL).非角化型SQC看起來像是HSIL細胞的變型(Fig 1.46,1.47),與HSIL一樣,癌細胞染色深,胞漿稀少,但核仁更明顯,染色質(zhì)分布高度不規(guī)則;角化型SQC細胞常不規(guī)則拉長(Fig 1.48),例如前面提到的蝌蚪樣細胞或纖維樣細胞,這些細胞罕見于HSIL。多數(shù)SQC混有HSIL成分。Figure 1.47 Squamous cell carcinoma (SQC), nonkeratinizing. The sheetlike arrangement of poorly differen

40、tiated squamous carcinoma cells with nucleoli and mitoses mimics the appearance of reparative epithelium, but the crowding and haphazard arrangement of the cells are not typical of repair.Figure 1.48 Squamous cell carcinoma, keratinizing. A, In keratinizing carcinomas, the cells have markedly aberra

41、nt shapes, as seen here. “Fiber cells” are numerous. B, A tadpole cell and some tumor diatheses are seen in this tumor.2、鑒別診斷(1)HSIL:顯著的核仁及腫瘤素質(zhì)是鑒別要點,但并非見于所有的SQC中,此外,腫瘤素質(zhì)也并非僅見于浸潤癌,(2)萎縮性非典型性(atypia of atrophy):絕經(jīng)后女性所發(fā)生的顯著的萎縮性非典型性易與角化性鱗癌混淆(Fig 1.50),細胞有大而深染的核和嗜酸性或橘紅色胞漿,但染色質(zhì)污穢。這樣的細胞若出現(xiàn)于萎縮明顯的鱗狀上皮背景中,應(yīng)診斷

42、為ASC-US,不要診斷為HSIL或浸潤癌。(3)修復(fù)性非典型性(atypia of repair):均可見顯著的核仁和核分裂(Fig 1.52),但修復(fù)性非典型性染色質(zhì)細,細胞間黏附力明顯,細胞排列平坦。若染色質(zhì)粗,核擁擠或明顯缺乏黏附力,則要考慮癌。(4)良性子宮內(nèi)膜細胞:一部分非角化性鱗癌可能會與之混淆,伴有出血的子宮內(nèi)膜細胞則似有腫瘤素質(zhì),更增加了誤診的可能性。若有明確的核分裂,首先要考慮到癌的可能。部分病例可能僅能依靠臨床病史(宮頸腫塊或性交后出血)來鑒別。(5)Behcet?。和科锌梢姷缴⒃诘慕腔毎?,伴有深染的多形性核和大核仁,必須結(jié)合病史。(6)尋常性天皰瘡:依靠病史,但已有

43、罕見的合并SQC的報道。三、非典型鱗狀上皮細胞(ASC)(一)ASC-US用于描述懷疑但不能確定SIL的病變。1、細胞學(xué)特點:(1)伴有“成熟”中間層細胞樣胞漿特點的非典型細胞,包括凹空細胞(Fig 1.49B);(2)發(fā)生于萎縮的ASC:萎縮的背景下出現(xiàn)核增大、深染,或核形態(tài)和染色質(zhì)分布不規(guī)則,或出現(xiàn)細胞顯著的多形性,罕見情況下,伴有炎癥的病例可能難以與SIL或浸潤癌鑒別(Fig 1.50);(3)非典型性角化不良細胞:指角化不良伴有輕微的核增大和輕到中度的核膜不規(guī)則(Fig 1.51);(4)修復(fù)性非典型性:修復(fù)性改變伴有顯著的核大小不一,核仁明顯、形態(tài)不規(guī)則及染色質(zhì)分布不均(Fig 1.

44、52),有時難以與癌鑒別,但癌??梢娔[瘤素質(zhì)和較多散在分布的非典型細胞;(5)處理不好的標本中的非典型性Figure 1.49 Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US). A, The nucleus of this mature squamous cell is significantly enlarged and there is moderate hyperchromasia. Cells like this, particularly if few in number, are suggestive bu

45、t not diagnostic of a squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL). B, Some cells have large cytoplasmic cavities but minimal nuclear atypia. It is preferable to diagnose such cases as ASC-US when abnormal cells are few and the changes minimal.Figure 1.50 Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significanc

46、e (ASC-US), associated with atrophy. A, Histologic section of benign atrophy-associated atypia. B, Cytologic smear shows scattered large atypical cells in a granular background. C, Some cells have a markedly enlarged, hyperchromatic nucleus. D, Often cells are poorly preserved, with smudgy nuclei an

47、d hypereosinophilic cytoplasm. Follow-up in all cases was benign.(二)ASC-H指未成熟的(?。[狀上皮細胞伴有輕至中度核非典型性(增大、染色深、核膜不規(guī)則),通常稱為非典型性鱗狀化生(Fig 1.54,1.55)。Figure 1.55 Atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC-H). A, Immature squamous metaplastic cells sometimes show s

48、ome nuclear atypia that raises the possibility of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), but the degree of nuclear enlargement, hyperchromasia, and membrane irregularity is insufficient for a definite diagnosis. B, Subsequent colposcopy revealed benign immature squamous metaplasia, and a

49、 human papillomavirus (HPV) test on the residual ThinPrep vial was negative for high-risk HPV.第四章 腺上皮異常一、宮頸原位腺癌(AIS)(一)、細胞學(xué)特征:1、細胞深染、擁擠2、腺性分化特征:(1)柱狀細胞;(2)條帶狀或菊形團樣排列;(3)羽毛樣排列3、腫瘤細胞核:(1)深染;(2)擁擠、復(fù)層;(3)核仁不明顯;(4)凋亡;(5)核分裂;(6)無腫瘤素質(zhì)。低倍鏡下細胞著色深、擁擠,似HSIL(Fig 1.57),高倍鏡下可見腺性分化特征(Fig 1.58A),細胞巢周圍的柱狀細胞形成羽毛樣外觀(F

50、ig 1.58B),核深染,擁擠,胞漿少,多數(shù)病例均可見凋亡小體,部分病例可見核分裂。Figure 1.57 Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS). At first glance, some groups of neoplastic cells resemble the hyperchromatic crowded groups of a highgrade squamous intraepithelial lesion. Only slight feathering is seen (arrows).Figure 1.58 Adenocarcinoma in situ

51、(AIS). A, Rosettes are highly characteristic of AIS and virtually never seen with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), benign endocervical cells, or lower uterine segment (LUS) or endometrial epithelium. B, The glandular nature of these neoplastic cells is betrayed by “feathering.”(二)鑒

52、別診斷1、脫落的子宮內(nèi)膜細胞:AIS細胞染色質(zhì)粗糙,子宮內(nèi)膜細胞不見羽毛狀外觀、菊形團排列和核分裂;2、輸卵管化生:可見纖毛,無核分裂和凋亡(Fig 1.59)3、刮出的子宮內(nèi)膜細胞和宮體下段組織4、反應(yīng)性宮頸內(nèi)膜細胞;5、修復(fù)性改變:有顯著的核仁(AIS沒有)6、HSILFigure 1.59 Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) compared to tubal metaplasia. A, Endocervical AIS. Cells are columnar in shape, dark, crowded, and arranged in a curved st

53、rip. B, A cone biopsy revealed AIS. C, Tubal metaplasia. Atypical glandular cells bear a resemblance to those in A, except that cilia are identified. D, Subsequent biopsies showed tubal metaplasia of surface endocervical epithelium.二、宮頸腺癌(一)、宮頸內(nèi)膜腺癌1、細胞學(xué)特征(1)腫瘤素質(zhì)(半數(shù)病例)(2)核大而圓(3)顯著的核仁(4)胞漿豐富2、分型:(1)宮頸

54、黏液腺癌:分化好者細胞呈柱狀,胞漿豐富、泡沫樣,核位于基底側(cè)(Fig 1.60),核染色淡或深,可見核分裂像,有時與宮頸內(nèi)膜細胞反應(yīng)性改變鑒別困難(Fig 1.61)。中低分化者細胞核大小和核型差異明顯,核仁顯著(Fig 1.62)。半數(shù)病例可見腫瘤素質(zhì)(Fig 1.60),因此與AIS鑒別非常困難。(2)腺鱗癌:由大多形性腺細胞和鱗狀上皮細胞構(gòu)成的片狀結(jié)構(gòu),瘤細胞胞漿豐富致密,核仁顯著。(3)透明細胞癌:瘤細胞圓形,核淡染,核仁明顯,胞漿豐富,泡沫狀或細顆粒狀。(4)微偏腺癌:與正常宮頸內(nèi)膜細胞基本一樣(Fig 1.63A),細胞學(xué)診斷困難,需要組織學(xué)確診(Fig 1.63B)(5)絨毛腺性腺癌:罕見,為低級別腫瘤,細胞學(xué)表現(xiàn)類似AIS,細胞表現(xiàn)一致,擁擠,有輕至中度異型性,可見細胞條帶和菊形團,無腫瘤素質(zhì)。Figure 1.60 Endocervical

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