英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu).doc

英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)句子是構(gòu)成篇章的基本要素，學(xué)習(xí)英語一定要有句子的概念。英語中的句子主要分為簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句，對(duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的考查也是高考試題考查的一大熱點(diǎn)。一、對(duì)簡單句的考查只包含一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子（有時(shí)有并列主語或謂語）稱為簡單句。如：Both Nancy and her brother are in the same school. 簡單句句型共有以下五種：1 主語+謂語（SV句型）。如：My head aches. 2 主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語（SLP句型）。如：Frank is an architect. 3 主語+謂語+直接賓語（SVO句型）。如：My sister enjoyed the play. 4 主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語（SVOO句型）。如：The firm gave Sam a watch. 5 主語+謂語+賓語+賓補(bǔ)（SVOC句型）。如：They made Sam chairman. 考例1） After a knock at the door, the child heard his mothers voice _ him.A. calling B. calledC. being calledD. to call （2007 上海）2） I was wondering if we could go skiing on the weekend._ good.A. Sound B. SoundedC. SoundingD. Sounds （2006 湖北）二、對(duì)并列句的考查并列句往往由并列連詞連接，被連接的兩個(gè)或多個(gè)句子是對(duì)等并列的關(guān)系，常見的并列連詞有and, not only.but also., neither.nor., either.or., but, yet, or, while, so等。考點(diǎn)剖析高考試題對(duì)于并列句的考查主要集中在：1考查and, but, or, so等并列連詞在具體語境中的使用，此類試題主要從句子上下文和并列連詞含義的層面進(jìn)行區(qū)分。2考查學(xué)生對(duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的識(shí)別能力，往往在給出連詞的情況下，要求選擇動(dòng)詞來引起祈使句。此類試題要注意看清句子結(jié)構(gòu)，在發(fā)現(xiàn)給出的后半句中含有連詞時(shí)，則表明前半句也必須是一個(gè)與之并列的完整的句子，因此選擇的詞要能使前半句構(gòu)成一個(gè)完整的句子。考例1） You have failed two tests. Youd better start working harder, _ you wont pass the course.A. and B. so C. but D. or （2007 北京）2） Help others whenever you can _ you will make the world a better place to live in.A. and B. orC. unlessD. but （2007 遼寧）3） He found it increasingly difficult to read, _ his eyesight was beginning to fail.A. and B. forC. butD. or （2006 北京）三、對(duì)復(fù)合句的考查由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成的句子叫做復(fù)合句。復(fù)合句中的主句是整個(gè)句子的主干，而從句是依附于主句對(duì)主句起修飾作用的，故復(fù)合句也稱主從復(fù)合句。根據(jù)從句在整個(gè)句子中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?，可以把?fù)合句分為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句、狀語從句和定語從句。下面分述如下：1 主語從句在復(fù)合句中處在主語的位置、充當(dāng)主語的從句叫主語從句，它常位于復(fù)合句中主句的謂語動(dòng)詞之前。主語從句引導(dǎo)詞的選用，取決于引導(dǎo)詞在主語從句中的成分和作用。如：That he will come to the discussion is certain.Whether he will accept the invitation is not clear.What you said is quite true.由于主語從句通常比較冗長，位于句首給人頭重腳輕的感覺，因此在實(shí)際使用中常用it作形式主語，而把主語從句移到主句之后。其中that引導(dǎo)的主語從句用it作形式主語的情況尤為多見。如：It makes no difference who will go.It made us happy that she was able to come.考例1） _ matters most in learning English is enough practice.A. WhatB. Why C. Where D. Which（2007 全國II）2） It is none of your business _ other people think about you. Believe yourself.A. howB. what C. which D. when （2007 福建）3） _ team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships.A. No matter whatB. No matter whichC. WhateverD. Whichever （2006 山東）2 賓語從句that可引導(dǎo)賓語從句，在從句中只起引導(dǎo)作用不充當(dāng)任何成分，常可以省略；whether和if引導(dǎo)賓語從句也只起引導(dǎo)作用不充當(dāng)成分，但有其自身的意義，表示“是否”；其余引導(dǎo)詞均在賓語從句中起引導(dǎo)作用并充當(dāng)一定的成分。賓語從句中通常使用陳述語序。如：Almost all economists agree that nations gain by trading with one another.I doubt whether / if he will be against the idea.I know nothing about the matter except what you told me.如果主句的謂語是make, find, feel, believe, think, suppose, consider等常帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞，則通常在這些詞后用it作形式賓語，而把賓語從句置于賓語補(bǔ)足語之后，其結(jié)構(gòu)通常為“動(dòng)詞+it+賓補(bǔ)+賓語從句”。如：We find it necessary that we (should) practice spoken English every day.考例1） You can only be sure of _ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something _ you might get in the future.A. that; what B. what; /C. which; thatD. /; that （2007 安徽）2） These shoes look very good. I wonder _.A. how much cost they areB. how much do they costC. how much they costD. how much are they cost（2006 上海春）3 表語從句常見的跟表語從句的連系動(dòng)詞有be, seem, remain, look等。如：My idea is that you should make good use of your time.The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening.考例1） Why not try your luck downtown, Bob? Thats _ the best jobs are.A. whereB. what C. whenD. why （2007 浙江）2） The traditional view is _ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so.A. whenB. whyC. whetherD. that （2007 上海）3） See the flags on top of the building? That was _ we did this morning.A. whenB. whichC. whereD. what （2006 全國I）4 同位語從句跟在名詞后面、進(jìn)一步說明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容的從句叫同位語從句。其常跟在一些可加進(jìn)具體內(nèi)容的、表示信息、思想等概念的抽象名詞后面，如news, fact, idea, hope, belief, truth, promise, thought, fear, doubt, possibility, order, suggestion, proposal等。同位語從句與其前面的名詞是同等關(guān)系。that引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)，在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，只起連接作用，一般不能省略。如：I made a promise that if anyone set me free, I would make him very rich.考例1） There is much chance _ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.A. thatB. which C. untilD. if （2006 天津）2） Do you have any idea _ is actually going on in the classroom?A. thatB. what C. asD. which （2005 遼寧）5 狀語從句（1）時(shí)間狀語從句主要由when, while, as（當(dāng)時(shí)候，一邊一邊），before, as soon as, after, since（自從），until等詞來引導(dǎo)。如：While the teacher paraphrased the text in English, the students listened attentively and took notes. I began to talk before she could speak. 考例1） Wheres that report?I brought it to you _ you were in Mr. Blacks office yesterday.A. if B. when C. because D. before （2007 北京）2） He was told that it would be at least three more months _ he could recover and return to work.A. when B. before C. since D. that （2007 江西）3） It is difficult for us to learn a lesson in life _ weve actually had that lesson.A. untilB. afterC. sinceD. when （2007 天津）（2）條件狀語從句引導(dǎo)詞有：if, unless（除非）, once（一旦）, so/as long as（只要）, on condition that（條件是）, provided/providing（假設(shè)）, suppose/supposing（假使）等。如If you dont work hard, you wont pass the mid-term exam. You can go out on condition that you wear an overcoat. 考例1） Small sailboats can easily turn over in the water _ they are not managed carefully.A. thoughB. beforeC. untilD. if （2007 上海）2） I wont call you, _ something unexpected happens. A. unless B. whether C. because D. while （2007 全國I）3） _ environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the ecosystem to recover.A. Even ifB. If onlyC. WhileD. Once （2006 江蘇）（3）原因狀語從句引導(dǎo)詞有：because, as（因?yàn)椋? since, for, now that（既然）, considering （考慮到）等。如：Now that John has arrived, we can begin right now.Considering that he has only just started, he knows quite a lot about it.考例Jenny was very sad over the loss of the photos she had shot at Canada, _ this was a memory she especially treasured.A. as B. if C. when D. where （2006 廣東）（4）讓步狀語從句主要引導(dǎo)詞有：as（盡管）, though/although, even if/even though（即使）, whether.or.（不管還是）, 疑問詞+ever / no matter+疑問詞, while（盡管）等。如：Child as he is, he knows a lot. However (No matter how) expensive it may be, I will take it.考例1） _ I really dont like art, I find his work impressive.A. As B. Since C. If D. While （2007 山東）2） Many of them turned a deaf ear to his advice, _ they knew it to be valuable.A. as ifB. now that C. even thoughD. so that （2007 浙江）3） We had to wait half an hour _ we had already booked a table. A. sinceB. althoughC. untilD. before （2007 遼寧）（5）結(jié)果狀語從句由so that, so.that., such.that.等來引導(dǎo)。通常和倒裝句放在一起考查：在so / such.that. 結(jié)構(gòu)中，so+形容詞或副詞或such+名詞位于句首則須倒裝?？祭?） _ that Marie was able to set up new branches elsewhere.A. So successful her business wasB. So successful was her businessC. So her business was successfulD. So was her successful business （2007 陜西）2） Pop music is such an important part of society _ it has even influenced our language.A. asB. thatC. whichD. where （2007 上海）3） _ homework did we have to do that we had no time to take a rest.A. So muchB. Too muchC. Too littleD. So little （2006 福建）6 定語從句高考試題對(duì)定語從句的考查主要集中在對(duì)定語從句引導(dǎo)詞的考查上。定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞主要分為關(guān)系代詞（that