初中動詞的分類及用法.doc

Gramar focus: verb一 概述表示動作或狀態(tài)的詞叫做動詞?？梢苑譃橐韵滤念悾侯悇e例句使用特點行為動詞及物動詞Love, make后跟賓語不及物動詞Go, rise后不跟賓語連系動詞Be, look后跟表語助動詞Be, have, do, shall, will, did本身沒有詞義，后跟動詞原形或分詞，構(gòu)成疑問句或否定句等情態(tài)動詞Can, may, mist本身有詞義，后跟動詞原形，構(gòu)成謂語注：英語行為動詞也可以分為及物動詞和不及物動詞。及物動詞是必須帶賓語的動詞。可以分為兩類：（1）及物動詞+賓語（2）及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語My mother bought me a gift. (可以接雙賓語的詞有：give, teach, buy, lend, find, hand, leave, sell, show, read, pay, make, offer, build, pass, bring, cook等不及物動詞不需要跟賓語，本身意義完整。有些不及物動詞加上介詞后變成及物性短語動詞，后跟賓語。She did not reply to my letter。二 常用動詞用法（見后）三 連系動詞系動詞亦稱連系動詞（Link Verb），作為系動詞，它本身有詞義，但不能單獨用作謂語，后邊必須跟表語（亦稱補語），構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)說明主語的狀況、性質(zhì)、特征等情況。系動詞后不可接副詞，接的是形容詞。大致分七種1）狀態(tài)系動詞 用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有be一詞，例如： He is a teacher. 他是一名教師。（is與補足語一起說明主語的身份。）I am fine. 2）持續(xù)系動詞 用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如： He always kept silent at meeting. 他開會時總保持沉默。 This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一個謎。 3）表像系動詞 用來表示看起來像這一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如： He looks tired. 他看起來很累。 He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起來很傷心。 4）感官系動詞 感官系動詞主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如： This kind of cloth feels very soft. 這種布手感很軟。 This flower smells very sweet. 這朵花聞起來很香。 5）變化系動詞 這些系動詞表示主語變成什么樣，變化系動詞主要有become, grow, turn, fall（asleep）, get, go, come, run. 例如： He became mad after that. 自那之后，他瘋了。 She grew rich within a short time. 她沒多長時間就富了。 6）終止系動詞 表示主語已終止動作，主要有prove, turn out, 表達證實，變成之意，例如： The rumor proved false. 這謠言證實有假。 The search proved difficult. 搜查證實很難。 His plan turned out a success. 他的計劃終于成功了。（turn out表終止性結(jié)果）7使役動詞：let,have,makeThe story make me happy.有些動詞可謂是多面手，它們既可以用作實義動詞，又可以用作連系動詞。另外be還可用作助動詞。它們的用法不同，詞義和句型結(jié)構(gòu)也有所不同。例如：Look at the blackboard, please.請看黑板。(look用作實義動詞) He looks a little tired.他略顯疲倦。(look用作連系動詞) They are at work.他們在工作。(are用作連系動詞) They are working.他們正在工作。(are用作助動詞，幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在進行時) 四 助動詞協(xié)助主要動詞構(gòu)成謂語動詞詞組的詞叫助動詞（Auxiliary Verb）。被協(xié)助的動詞稱作主要動詞（Main Verb）。構(gòu)成時態(tài),語態(tài)。 助動詞是語法功能詞，自身沒有詞義，不可單獨使用，它沒有對應(yīng)的漢譯，例如： He doesnt like English. 他不喜歡英語。 （doesnt是助動詞，無詞義；like是主要動詞，有詞義)1、助動詞be（am, is, are, was, were, being, been）的用法（1） be后跟現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成進行時態(tài)。Who is playing the violin?誰在拉小提琴？She was reading a book then.那時她正在讀書。（2）be后跟過去分詞構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)。He was asked to do the work.有人要他干這件工作。You are invited to attend the meetintg.有人邀請你參加會議。（3）be 后跟不定式作謂語，有如下幾種情況：表示計劃、安排將要發(fā)生的事。Who are we to meet?我們要見誰呀？Im to have supper with John this afternoon.今天下午我要與約翰一起吃晚飯。表示指示、命令，否定式表禁止。You are to see the headmaster today.今天你必須去見校長。You are not to enter the room without permission.未經(jīng)允許你不能進入房間。表示義務(wù)、責任等，同should。You are to be back before 5.你得在5點鐘以前回來。What is to be done?該干什么。表示可能性，與情態(tài)動詞may, can同義。Such books are to be found in any library.這種書任何圖書館都有。Not a sound was to be heard.一點聲響也沒有。表示后來發(fā)生的事，可以用來表示命運或注定They say good-bye, little knowing that they were never to meet again.他們告別了，沒想到再也不能相見了。He was to regret the decision.他有一天會后悔做出這一決定的。用于習語Where am I to go? 我該向何處去？What am I to do? 我該怎么辦？2、助動詞have(has, had, having)的用法（1）助動詞have可以構(gòu)成完成時或完成進行時He has been a doctor for 10 years.他當醫(yī)生十年了。This is the place I have been longing to visit.這就是我一直渴望參觀的地方。（2）和不定式構(gòu)成謂語，表示客觀上不得不做的事情。Weve missed the train. Well have to wait for another one.我們己經(jīng)誤了火車，我們只能等下一列。-Do we have to start work?我們得立刻工作嗎？-No. We dont have to.不，不必了。3、do(does, did) 的用法（1）構(gòu)成疑問句或否定句How did you know about it?你是怎樣知道這件事的。He does not smoke. 他不抽煙。（2）加強語氣。He did tell that.他的確告訴了此事。Do come and see us.一定來看我們。（3）代替前面剛出現(xiàn)的動詞，避免重復。-You like popular music, dont you?你喜歡流行音樂，是吧？-Yes , I do.是的，我喜歡。He speaks French as fluently as she does.他講法語和她講的一樣流利。（4）用于倒裝句中。Never did he pay attention to my words.他從不注意我的話。Only then did I understand the importance of English.只是那時，我才了解到英語的重要性。（5）構(gòu)成否定的祈使句。Dont be so careless.不要那么粗心。Do not hesitate to come for help.只管來求助。3.助動詞shall和will的用法shall和will作為助動詞可以與動詞原形一起構(gòu)成一般將來時，例如： I shall study harder at English.我將更加努力地學習英語。 He will go to Shanghai.他要去上海。 說明： 在過去的語法中，語法學家說shall用于第一人稱，will 只用于第二、第三人稱。現(xiàn)在，尤其是在口語中，will常用于第一人稱，但shall只用于第一人稱，如用于第二、第三人稱，就失去助動詞的意義，已變?yōu)榍閼B(tài)動詞，試比較: He shall come.他必須來。（shall有命令的意味。） He will come.他要來。（will只與動詞原形構(gòu)成一般將來時。） shall在疑問句中,用于第一,第三人稱,征求對方意愿 shall I turn on the light? 要開燈嗎?( 我把燈打開好嗎?) shall he come to see you? 他要不要來看你 (比較: will he come to see you? 他會不會來看你) shall 用在陳述句, 與第二第三人稱連用, 變?yōu)榍閼B(tài)動詞 表示允諾,命令,警告,和說話人的決心等4.助動詞should,would的用法1）should無詞義，只是shall的過去形式，與動詞原形構(gòu)成過去將來時，只用于第一人稱，例如： I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天給他打電話，問他我下周干什么。 比較： What shall I do next week?I asked. 我下周干什么？我問道。（可以說，shall變成直接引語時，變成了should。） 2） would也無詞義，是will的過去形式，與動詞原形構(gòu)成過去將來時，用于第二、第三人稱，例如： He said he would come.他說他要來。 比較： I will go, he said. 他說：我要去那兒。 變成間接引語，就成了： He said he would come. 原來的will變成would，go變成了come.。過去式從原來的go變?yōu)閏ame。 五 情態(tài)動詞（1）情態(tài)動詞本身有詞義，但詞義不完全，因此不能單獨作謂語，只能和其他的動詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語。（2）情態(tài)動詞后接的動詞不定式一律不帶to。（3）情態(tài)動詞不隨人稱變化而變。（4）含有情態(tài)動詞的否定都是由“情態(tài)動詞 + not”構(gòu)成的。can的用法：1. (表示能力、功能)能,會 The classroom can seat thirty students. 這教室能坐三十位學生。 June can drive now. 瓊現(xiàn)在會開車了。 2. (表示可能性)可能,可能會 I think the work can be completed ahead of time. 我認為這項工作能提前完成。 3. (表示允許、請求)可以 You cant take the book out of the room. 你不可以將這本書拿出室外。 Can I use your pen? 我可以用一下你的筆嗎? 4. (表示命令)必須 If you wont keep quiet you can get out. 你如不保持安靜,就請你走。 5. (表示偶然發(fā)生的可能性)有時會 It can be quite windy there, especially in spring. 那里有時容易刮風,特別在春季。 6. (表示驚訝)究竟;竟至于 What can it possibly be? 到底那是怎么一回事? could的用法can的過去式；（用于虛擬語氣，表示與事實相反的設(shè)想）能；可以；（表示可能性）可能；（用于婉轉(zhuǎn)語氣）能，可以 may的用法1.表示請求和允許，意思是：可以He may come if he likes. 如果他想來，可以來2.表示祝愿，意思是：祝，（但愿）。 May the friendship between our two peoples last forever. 祝兩國人民的友誼萬古長青。 3.表示推測，意思是：可能（會），或許（會）。 It may rain this evening. Youd better take an umbrella. 今晚可能要下雨，你最好帶上雨傘。 must的用法1.表“必須”。 You must talk to them about their study.你必須同他們談?wù)勱P(guān)于他們學習的事。2.在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中表不許。You mustnt leave here.你不能離開這兒。3.表堅定的建議。 You must come and see us as soon as you get to Shanghai.一到上海你得馬上來看我們。4.表推測，暗含有很大的可能性，用在肯定句。He must be ill. He looks so pale.他肯定是病了。他的臉色那么蒼白。注意：否定式：neednt表示必須要做的事。加動詞不定式的完成式或完成進行式可以表示對過去事情的推測。may 暗含的可能性較小。must 暗含的可能性較大。否定的猜測用cant The baby cant be ill. He is so active.那寶寶不大可能是病了。他那么活躍。 might的用法might表示的可能性太小，沒有足夠的說服力去職責別人。 may的過去式。表示詢問或允許或可能、推測。表示可以做的事或可能發(fā)生的事，比may口氣緩和。表示現(xiàn)在的事情，語氣較may弱一些，可能性更小一些。用在表示目的等的狀語從句中。用在虛擬條件句的主句中。注意：may，might后加動詞不定式的完成式可以表示對過去的推測，認為某事在過去可能發(fā)生，這一用法中may和might都指過去，不過might較may更含蓄或更不肯定。should的用法1.should 作為助動詞 shall 的過去式，可以在間接引語中與第一人稱主語搭配，表示過去將來時間。2.should 作為情態(tài)動詞，通常用來表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼呢熑位蛄x務(wù)，譯作“應(yīng)該”、“應(yīng)當”，這時它可以和 ought to， be supposed to 互換使用。例如：You should （= are supposed to ） complete your test in time. 你們應(yīng)該按時做完你們的實驗。3.should 作為情態(tài)動詞，可以用在條件狀語從句中，表示語氣較強的假設(shè)，譯作“萬一”、“竟然”，這時也可將 should 置于從句之首，即將 should 放在主語前面，而省略從屬連詞 if. 后接動詞不定式的完成式時，表示過去的事情。肯定句中表示該做的沒做；否定句中表示不該做的發(fā)生了If it should rain tomorrow， I wouldnt go. （= Should it rain tomorrow， I wouldnt go.） 萬一明天天下雨，我就不去了。 would的用法1.would是will的過去式，Would you like？ 表示請求、勸說，是很客氣的說法。Would you like a cup of tea？ 您愿意喝杯茶嗎？ 2.主語+would like to 表示“想要”的意思上，與want to意思一 樣，但用此句型較客氣。I want to ask you a question. 3.最基本的虛擬語氣句型: 主句用would/ should/ could/ might +動詞原形。 ought to的用法ought to 是一個可以加上to 的情態(tài)動詞其意思與should是一樣的,但是ought to 不能用于虛擬語氣中表示推測,而should可以 ought to與should意思接近，大多數(shù)情況下二者可以互換，但是should談的是自己的主觀看法，ought to則更多反映客觀情況，在談到法律、義務(wù)和規(guī)定時使用。后接動詞不定式的完成時，如用肯定結(jié)構(gòu)，表示過去某事該做而未做；如否定結(jié)構(gòu)，則表示過去不該做的事情發(fā)生了。此用法相當于should （not）have done結(jié)構(gòu)。如： We shouldought to help each other and learn from each other in our work She is your mother, so you ought to support her We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I dont think we willhave to的用法后接動詞原形，表示“不得不，必須”的意思，它比must更含有“客觀條件使得必須如此做”的意思。dare的用法表示“敢于”，過去式是dared。除在“I dare say”這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，dare極少用于肯定句中，常用在否定句、疑問句及條件句中。常和動詞不定式連用，但不帶toneed的用法表示“需要”，用于否定句和疑問句中，和不定式連用。句型：need to be done/doing（主動表被動）need后面有名詞或動名詞作賓語時，need是實義動詞，但后接動名詞的句子相當于被動語態(tài)。shall的用法主要用于第一人稱的疑問句中，表示征求對方意見。used to的用法后接動詞原形，表示以前常發(fā)生的動作，但現(xiàn)在不是這樣了，通常用于肯定句中。句型：be used to，后接動名詞或名詞，表示“習慣”。情態(tài)動詞句型（1）表示對現(xiàn)在情況的推測（情態(tài)動詞 + v.）肯定：must/may/might + be/do/be doing 否定：can/could + not + be/do/be doing 疑問：Can/Could + sb. + be/do/be doing(2)表示對過去情況的推測（情態(tài)動詞 + have done）肯定：must/may/might + have been 否定：can/could + not + have been/done疑問：Can/Could + sb. + have been/have done注意：表示推測（可能性從大到?。簃ust，can，could，may，might。常用動詞用法：1. allow sb. to do sth. 允許某人去做某事 My father allowed me to go out for a walk after finishing my homework.2. asked sb. (not) to do sth. 叫某人做事某事(叫某人不要去做某事) My father asked me to study hard. He asked me not to swim alone. be asked to do sth. 被叫去做某事/被邀請去做某事 I was asked to have a dinner with them yesterday.3. be afraid to do sth. 害怕做某事 She is afraid to ask me questions. 4. be afraid of doing sth. 害怕做某事 I am afraid of going out at night.5. be afraid of sth. 害怕某物 He is afraid of snakes.6. be amazed to do sth. 對做某事感到驚訝 He was amazed to meet the girl there. be amazed at sth. 對某事感到驚訝 they were amazed at the news7. be busy doing/with sth. 忙于做某事 (?？? I was busy washing my car at that time. 那時候我正忙于清洗我的車子。 I am busy with my work.8. be coming/going/leaving/fiying/moving/dying(某些位移動詞用進行時態(tài)時表將來) the bus is coming/the dog is dying.9. be excited to do sth. 對做感到興奮 Jacky was excited to travel there by plane. be excited at sth. Lily was excited at his words. be excited about doing sth. He was excited about passing the exam without going overing books.10. be frightened to do sth. 害怕去做某事 Sam is frightened to ride a horse.11. be glad/happy to do sth. 高興去做某事 She is happy to clean the blackboard with me. be pleased to do sth. 高興做某事 She was pleased to help the old man yesterday be pleased with sth. 對某事感到高興/滿意 the teacher was pleased with my answer.12. be interested in sth./doing sth. 對某事感興趣/對做某事感興趣 She is interested in swimming in the river. My brother is interested in Chinese.13. be/get ready for/to do sth. Be ready for sth. 為某事做好了準備 We are ready for the exam. Be ready to do sth. 為做某事做好了準備We are ready to have a birthday party for her. get ready for sth.為某事在做準備 We are getting ready for the exam. get ready for sth. 為做某事而做準備13. be sorry to do sth. 對做某事感到抱歉 14. be surprised to do sth. 對做某事感到驚奇 be surprised at sth. 對某事感到驚奇15. be worth doing sth. 值得做某事 (worth 后接動詞-ing形式，常考)16. begin to do sth. begin/start to do/doing sth.17. can/be able to afford (to buy) sth. 有能力購買(供)18. can/may/must do sth. could/would/should/might do sth.19. cant wait to do sth. 迫不急待地去做某事20. decide to do sth. 決定去做某事 make up ones mind to do sth. 下決心去做某事 (?？? make a decision to do sth. 對做某事作出決定21. deserve to do sth. 值得/應(yīng)該做22. encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓勵某人去做某事23. enjoy doing sth. 樂意去做某事24. expect (sb.) to do sth. 期望去做某事25. fail to do sth. 做某事失敗 succeed doing sth. 成功做了某事26. finish doing sth. 做完某事(后接動詞-ing形式) (常考)27. follow sb to do sth. 跟隨某人去做某事28. get sb. to do sth. make sb. do sth. let sb. do sth.29. get/have a chance to do sth. 得到一個做某事的機會30. give/pass/show/lend/sell sb. sth./ sth. to sb. buy/get/bring sb. sth. / sth. for sb.31. go on to do sth. 繼續(xù)做事(常考) go on doing sth. 繼續(xù)做事(?？?32. hate to do/doing sth. 討厭/不喜歡做某事33. have fun doing sth.34. have problems doing sth. 做某事遇到困難35. have sb. do sth. have sth. done have sth. to do 有事要做36. hear sb. do sth. 聽到某人做某事(后接動詞原形，?？? hear sb. doing sth. 聽到某人正在做某事(常見)37. help to do sth. 幫忙做某事help sb. (to) do sth. 幫助某人做某事38. hope/wish to do sth. 希望做某事 wish sb. to do sth. 希望某人做某事39. I t seems that 這像是（后接從句） seem to do sth. seem +adj.40. Its + adj.+(for sb.) to do sth. Its + adj. +(of sb.) to do sth e.g: Its glad for him to hear the news.41. It takes sb. some time/money to do sth. 花費某人多長時間做某事(常考)42. pay for cost spendon. it take to do sth.43. Its best for sb to do sth. 對某人來說做某事是最好的 had better do sth. 最好做某事 (注意had沒有時態(tài)和人稱的變化，better后接動詞原形)44. Its time for sb. to do sth. 是某人做某事的時候了45. keep (on)doing sth. 堅持做某事(常考) keep sb. doing sth. 讓某人做某事(?？? keep sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事(常考) keep sb./ sth. +adj.keep the book for 2 days 借這本書兩天(不要用borrow或lend)46. learn to do sth. 學做某事 learn sth. from sb. 向某人學習47. like to do/doing sth. 喜歡做某事 like sb. to do sth. 喜歡某人做某事48. need to do sth. need doing sth./to be done need sth . neednt do sth.49. prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. 寧愿而不愿(?？? prefer doing sth. to doing sth. 喜歡做勝過做e.g: I prefer reading books to going shopping. 比起購物來，我更愛讀書。 prefer to do sth. 喜歡(愛)做某事50. refuse to do sth. 拒絕做51. remember/forget to do sth. 記得/忘記做某事 remember/forget doing sth. 記得/忘記做過某事52. see sb. do sth. 看見某人做某事 (結(jié)果) see sb. doing sth. 看見某人正在做某事(正在進行中) be seen to do sth. 做某事被看見53. something to eat/drink 一些吃/喝的東西 (詞不定式放在something等后修飾這些詞) e.g: I need something to eat. 我要一些吃的東西。54. spend some time (in)doing sth. /on sth. 花費時間做某事(注意動詞要用ing形式)(?？? spend some money on sth./ doing sth. 買花了多少錢55. Sth. is hard/difficult/easy to do. 做好某事很難/容易56. stop to do sth. 停下來去某事(兩件事) (常考) stop doing sth. 停止做某事(一件事) (?？? stop sb. (from) doing sth. 阻止某人做某事(常考)57. take turns to do sth. 輪流做58. tell sb. (not) to do sth. 叫某人去(不要)做某事 be told to do sth. 被告知不要做某事59. There is no need (for sb.) to do sth. 對某人來說沒必要做某事60. There is no time (for sb.) to do sth. have no time to do sth. 沒時間做某事61. too(for sb.) to 太以致不能 so that not enough to do e.g: The boy is too young to go to school. 那男孩太小了以致不能上學。62. try/do ones best to do sth. 盡力去做某事 try to do sth. 試著(圖)做某事63. used to do sth. 過去常做某事( used to be + adj./ a +n) e.g: Mr. wang used to be a teacher worker. 王先生過去是一位工人。 I used to live in the country. 過去我住在農(nóng)村64. want/would like to do sth. 想做 want/would like sb. to do sth. 想某人做 feel like doing sth. 喜愛做某事(注意like后接動詞ing形式65. warn sb. (not) to do sth. 警告某人做某事(或不要做某事66. Why dont you do sth.? Why not do sth ? 表示建議的句型還有：What How about? (如果是動詞，要用ing形式) Shall we?67. Would you like (sb.) to do sth.? Yes, Id love to.68. Would you mind doing sth.? 你介意做某事嗎？ Never mind/Not at all/of course not/certainly not. (從不介意/一點也不介意/當然不會了)69. Would you please (not) do sth. 你可不可以不做？70. finish doing sth. enjoy doing sth. practise doing sth. be good at doing sth. be good at doing sth. thank you for doing sth. stop doing sth. be good at doing sth. give up doing sth mind doing sth stop sb from doing sth go on doing sth be busy doing sth see/hear/watch sb doing sth feel like doing sth hate doing sth like doing sth do well in doing sth be afraid of doing sth be interested in doing sth make a contribution to sth/doing sth71. 非延續(xù)性動詞(終止性動詞)1) buy-have(has)had 2) borrow-have(has)kept 3) leave-have(has)been away4) go -have(has)been away/in 5) come -have(has)here/in6) die -have(has)been dead 7) join-have(has)been a member of/in8) begin-have(has)on 9) stop-have(has)been over 例如: 他的狗死了3天了.: His dog has been dead for three days. It is three days since his dog died. His dog died three days ago.72. 感官動詞:(主動語態(tài)不帶to)1.hear/see/watch sb do sth 或 2. hear/see/watch sb doing sth1)We often hear him sing the song.2)I saw him swimming in the river just now.被動語態(tài)帶to:He is often heard to sing the song.役使動詞: (主動語態(tài)不帶to) make/let sb do sth.His father often makes him do this and that.被動語態(tài)帶to:He is often made to do this and that by his father.Exercises:(A)1. _ everyone here today? A. Be B. Are C. Is D. Am2. Harry is older than I. But he _ younger than I. A. look B. looks C. looked D. looking3. It _ like the singing of the birds.A. sounds B. looks C. smells D. tastes 4. This kind of cake tastes _. A. good B. well C. to be good D. to be well5. The children all looked _ at the broken model plane and felt quite _.A. sad, sad B. sadly, sadly C. sad, sadly D. sadly, sad6. This kind of paper _ nice. A. feel B. felt C. is feeling D. feels7. This math problem is _ and I can do it _. A. easy, easily B. easily, easily C. easy, easy D. easily, easy8. Coffee is ready. How nice it _! Would you like some?A. looks B. smells C. sounds D. feels 9. In winter the days _ colder and colder. A. gets B. getting C. got D. get 10. He _ pale at the thought. A. got B. looked C. turned D. seemed(B)1.Mother _ (watch) TV every evening.2.We_(talk) when the teacher came in.3.He _(go) to Beijing two days ago.4.He _(leave) Chengdu in two days.5.Look!The boy_(play) football on the playground.6.My uncle _(live) here for ten years.7.He often helps the old woman _ (carry) water.8.Would you like to make a contribution to _ (improve) our living conditions?9.Dont forget _(turn) off the lights before you go out.10.Please let the girls _(go) first.11.They had great fun _(play) football this afternoon.12.Do you enjoy _(watch) TV?13.Would you like _(have) a cup of tea?14.You can _(go) there tomorrow.15.Would you mind my _(open) the door?16.Please ask him _(speak) more loudly17.Ill go fishing if it _(be) fine tomorrow.18.He said his grandpa _(be) dead for ten years.19.Tell the children _(not p