初三英語(yǔ)閱讀理解及其解題方法(無(wú)附答案)(精).doc

初三英語(yǔ)閱讀理解及其解題方法(無(wú)附答案)【考點(diǎn)掃描】中考閱讀理解題主要考查學(xué)生的語(yǔ)篇閱讀能力、分析和判斷能力。要求學(xué)生能較快地通過(guò)閱讀理解短文大意，獲取其中的主要信息，能做出正確判斷，然后根據(jù)試題的要求從A, B, C, D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳答案或做出正誤判斷。文章的難易程度和初三課文基本相同，要求閱讀速度為每分鐘40-50個(gè)詞。中考閱讀理解的閱讀材料的選取一般遵循三個(gè)原則：1. 閱讀文章不少于三篇，閱讀量在1，000單詞左右；2. 題材廣泛，包括科普，社會(huì)，文化，政治，經(jīng)濟(jì)等；3. 體裁多樣，包闊記敘文，說(shuō)明文，應(yīng)用文等。中考閱讀理解考查的主要內(nèi)容是：1. 考查掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意的能力。此類(lèi)考查主旨和大意的題大多數(shù)針對(duì)段落（或短文）的主題，主題思想，標(biāo)題或目的，其主要提問(wèn)方式是：(1) Which is the best title of the passage? (2) Which of the following is this passage about?(3) In this passage the writer tries to tell us that_. (4) The passage tells us that_.(5) This passage mainly talks about_.2. 考查把握文章的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的能力。此類(lèi)考查事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的題目大多數(shù)是針對(duì)文章的細(xì)節(jié)設(shè)計(jì)的，其主要提問(wèn)方式是： (1) Which of the following is right?(2) Which of the following is not mentioned? (3) Which of the following is Not True in the passage?(4) Choose the right order of this passage. (5) From this passage we know _.3. 考查根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)生詞的含義的能力。此類(lèi)猜測(cè)詞義的題目要求考生根據(jù)上下文確定某一特定的詞或短語(yǔ)的準(zhǔn)確含義。其主要提問(wèn)方式是： (1)The word “ ” in the passage probably means _.(2) The underlined word “It” in the passage refers to _.(3) In this story the underlined word “ ” means _. (4) Here “it” means_.4. 考查對(duì)閱讀材料全篇的邏輯關(guān)系的理解，對(duì)文章各段，各句之間的邏輯關(guān)系的理解能力。此類(lèi)題目主要考查的是句語(yǔ)句之間，短語(yǔ)短之間的邏輯關(guān)系，其主要提問(wèn)方式是：(1) Many visitors come to the writers city to _.(2) Some shops can be built Donfeng Square so that they may _.(3) Air pollution is the most serious kind of pollution because _.(4) Why did the writer get off the train two stops before Vienna station?5. 考查依據(jù)短文內(nèi)容和考生應(yīng)有的常識(shí)進(jìn)行推理和判斷的能力。此類(lèi)題目文章中沒(méi)有明確的答案，需要考生再理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行推理和判斷。其主要提問(wèn)方式是：(1) We can guess the writer of the letter may be a _. (2) We can infer from the text that _.(3)From the letters weve learned that its very _ to know something about American social customs.(4) From the story we can guess _ .(5) What would be happy if ?6. 考查推斷作者意圖和態(tài)度的能力。(1) How did the writer feel at Vienna station? (2) The writer writes this text to _.(3) The writer believes that _. (4) The writer suggests that _.【破解閱讀理解題的方法和技巧】 1如何獲取段落的主旨和大意？ 最有效的辦法是找出主題句。一篇文章（或一段文章）通常都是圍繞一個(gè)中心意思展開(kāi)的。而這個(gè)中心意思往往由一個(gè)句子來(lái)概括。這個(gè)能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫做主題句。因此，理解一個(gè)段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要學(xué)會(huì)尋找主題句。主題句一般具有三個(gè)特點(diǎn)：（1）表述的意思比較概括，相對(duì)其主句來(lái)看，這種概括性更為明顯。（2）句子結(jié)構(gòu)較簡(jiǎn)單，多數(shù)都不采用長(zhǎng)、難句的形式。（3）段落中其它的句子必定是用來(lái)解釋、支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表述的主題思想。在一篇短文或一個(gè)段落中，大部分主題句的情況有三種：（1）主題句在段首或篇首。 主題句在段首或篇首的情況相當(dāng)普遍。一般新聞報(bào)道、說(shuō)明文, 議論文大都采用先總述，后分述的敘事方法。例如： All living things on the earth need other living things to live. Nothing lives alone. Most animals must live in a group, and even a plant grows close together with others of the same kind. Sometimes one living thing kills another, one eats and the other is eaten. Each kind of life eats another kind of life in order to live, and together they form a food chain(食物鏈)。Some food chains become broken up if one of the links disappears. 第一句即是主題句。這個(gè)句子概括了本段的中心意思，“地球上所有的生物要生存都離不開(kāi)其它的生物”。后面講述了大量的事實(shí)，“大部分動(dòng)物必須成群的生活，甚至一種植物也要和其它同類(lèi)的植物靠在一起生長(zhǎng)。有時(shí)一種生物殺死另一種生物，一種生物吃另一種生物，而另一種生物被吃”。在列舉了大量的事實(shí)之后，作者指出：如果這些食物鏈中的一個(gè)鏈環(huán)消失，所有的食物都會(huì)斷掉。所有這些事實(shí)都圍繞第一個(gè)句子展開(kāi)的。在這篇短文之后有一道考查主題的閱讀理解題：Which of the following do you think is the best title for this passage? A. Animals B. Plants C. Food Chains D. Living Things 根據(jù)主題句的意思，我們可以很容易判斷：這篇短文最好的標(biāo)題是Food Chains。（2）主題句在段末或篇末。用歸納法寫(xiě)文章時(shí)，往往表述細(xì)節(jié)的句子在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此結(jié)尾。這種位于段末或篇末的主題句往往是對(duì)前面細(xì)節(jié)的總結(jié)，歸納或結(jié)論。例如:If you buy some well-made clothes, you can save money because they can last longer. They look good even after they have been washed many times. Sometimes some clothes cost more money, but it does not mean that they are always better made, or they always fit better. In other words, some less expensive clothes look and fit better than more expensive clothes.這段文章前面列舉了兩件事實(shí)：如果你買(mǎi)一些制作優(yōu)良的衣服，你會(huì)省錢(qián)，因?yàn)檫@些衣服能穿得時(shí)間長(zhǎng)一些。即使他們洗了很多次，仍然看起來(lái)很好。有時(shí)有些衣服花得前更多，但并不意味著這些衣服做得更好。最后一句話(huà)是對(duì)這兩個(gè)事實(shí)的概括：有些價(jià)錢(qián)便宜的衣服比價(jià)錢(qián)貴的衣服更好看，更合身。段末這個(gè)句子就是主題句。（3）無(wú)主題句有時(shí)，一篇文章里并沒(méi)有明顯的主題句。這時(shí)我們應(yīng)該怎樣來(lái)確定文章的主題或中心意思呢？其實(shí)這也不難。我們可以首先找出每一段的中心意思，各段的中心意思往往都是圍繞一個(gè)中心來(lái)展開(kāi)的，或者說(shuō)是來(lái)說(shuō)明一個(gè)問(wèn)題的。這個(gè)中心或這個(gè)問(wèn)題就是這篇文章的主題或中心意思。例如:Killer bees started in Brazil 1957. A scientist in Sao Paulo wanted bees to makemore honey（蜂蜜). So he put forty-six African bees with some Brazilian bees. The bees bred(繁殖) and made a new kind of bees. But the new bees were a mistake. They didnt want to make more honey. They wanted to attack. Then, by accident, twenty-six African bees escaped and bred with the Brazilian bees outside.Scientists could not control（控制) the problem. The bees increased fast. They went from Brazil to Venezuela. Then they went to Central America. Now they are in North America. They travel about 390 miles a year. Each group of bees grows four times a year. This means one million new groups every five years.Why are people afraid of killer bees? People are afraid for two reasons. First, the bees sting（叮) many more times than usual bees. Killer bees can sting sixty times a minute nonstop for two hours. Second, killer bees attack in groups. Four hundred bee stings can kill a person.Already several hundred people are dead. Now killer bees are in Texas. In a few years they will reach all over the United States. People can do nothing but wait.這篇短文表面看起來(lái)沒(méi)有主題句，那末怎樣來(lái)確定它的中心意思呢？按照上面的說(shuō)明，我們先找出每一段的大意：第一段講的是“killer bees”的產(chǎn)生。第二段講的是“killer bees” 的急劇增加。第三段講的是人們害怕“killer bees”的原因。第四段講的是“killer bees”已經(jīng)殺死的人數(shù)和將來(lái)的狀況。從這幾段的大意可以看出這篇文章自始至終都是圍繞“killer bees”這一中心展開(kāi)的。換句話(huà)說(shuō)，“killer bees”就是這篇文章的主題。在這篇短文的后面就出了一道這樣的閱讀理解題：The best title of the passage is _. A. How to make more honey B. Killer bees C. A foolish scientist D. How to feed killer bees 2如何根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)詞義？猜測(cè)詞義也是一種英語(yǔ)閱讀能力。英語(yǔ)閱讀理解試題中有不少這樣的題目。任何一個(gè)實(shí)詞，只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一個(gè)確定的詞義。所謂上下文(context),正如英語(yǔ)辭典所解釋的，其作用就是幫助確定上下文中的詞、短語(yǔ)或句子的意義。據(jù)此，我們可以盡可能地利用上下文來(lái)猜測(cè)詞義，即從已知推求未知，也就是用我們所熟悉的詞或短語(yǔ)來(lái)猜測(cè)我們不熟悉的詞的詞義。猜測(cè)詞義時(shí)，我們可以從三個(gè)方面來(lái)考慮：1）根據(jù)上下文已知部分進(jìn)行邏輯上的推理。2）運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法知識(shí)進(jìn)行語(yǔ)法分析。3）依靠常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)做出判斷。根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)詞義的方法有下列幾種：(1)根據(jù)定義或解釋猜測(cè)詞義。例如： A bag is useful and the word “bag” is useful. It gives us some interesting phrases(短語(yǔ)). One is “ to let the cat out of the bag.” It is the same as “to tell a secret”.Now when someone lets out (泄漏)a secret, he “l(fā)ets the cat out of the bag.”短文后面有一個(gè)理解題目：John “l(fā)ets the cat out of the bag” means he _.A. makes everyone know a secret B. the woman bout a cat C. buys a cat in the bag D. sells the cat in the bag在這篇文章里，“l(fā)et the cat out of the bag”雖然是一個(gè)新出現(xiàn)的短語(yǔ)，但緊接著后面就給出解釋It is the same as “to tell a secret.根據(jù)這一解釋?zhuān)覀兙涂膳袛喑稣_答案應(yīng)為A。 (2)根據(jù)情景和邏輯進(jìn)行判斷。例如： As they go around town, the police help people. Sometimes they find lost children. They take the children home. If the police see a fight, they put an end to it right away. Sometimes people will ask the police how to get to a place in town. The police can always tell the people which way to go. They know all the streets and roads well. 文章后面有這樣一道題：In the text, “put an end to” means “_”. A. stop B. cut C. kill D. fly 根據(jù)文章所提供的情景，如果警察看到有人在打架，他們肯定會(huì)去制止。因?yàn)橹浦勾蚣芏窔蔷斓穆氊?zé)。根據(jù)這一推理，答案應(yīng)該是A。(3)根據(jù)并列、同位關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義。例如： There is a place on our earth where hot water and steam come up under the ground. It is on a large island in the Pacific Ocean. The island is North Island in New Zealand. What does the word “steam” mean in Chinese?A. 自來(lái)水B. 大氣C. 冰川D. 蒸汽 從語(yǔ)法上看，steam和hot water是并列關(guān)系，我們就以斷定這兩種東西是相關(guān)的，是同一類(lèi)第物質(zhì)。在所給第四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有“蒸汽”有這種可能。 (4)根據(jù)背景和常識(shí)判斷。例如:Watching some children trying to catch butterflies one August afternoon, I was reminded of an incident in my own childhood. When I was a boy of twelve in South Carolina, something happened to me that made me never put any wild creature (living thing) in a cage(籠子).We lived on the edge of a forest, and every evening at dusk the mockingbirds would come and rest in the trees and sing. There isnt a musical instrument made by man that can produce a more beautiful sound than the song of the mockingbird.I decided that I would catch a young bird and keep it in a cage and in that way, I would have my own private musician.I finally succeeded in catching one and put it in a cage. At first, being scared, the bird fluttered(撲騰) about the cage, but finally it settled down in its new home. I felt very pleased with myself and looked forward to some beautiful singing from my little musician.On the second day of the birds captivity, my new pets mother flew to the cage with food in her mouth. The baby bird ate everything she brought to it. I was pleased to see this. Certainly the mother knew better than I how to feed her baby.The following morning when I went to see how my captive (caged) bird was doing, I discovered it on the floor of the cage, dead. I was terribly surprised! What had happened! I had taken extremely care of my little bird, or so I thought.Arthur Wayne, the famous ornithologist, who happened to be visiting my father at the time, hearing me crying over the death of my bird, explained what had happened. “A mother mockingbird, finding her young in a cage, will sometimes bring it poison berries(毒莓). She thinks it better for her young to die than to live in captivity.”Never since then have I caught any living creature and put it in a cage. All living creatures have a right to live free.60. An ornithologist is probably a person who _ . A. studies birds B. loves creatures C. majors in habits D. takes care of treesOrnithologist 這個(gè)詞從來(lái)沒(méi)有見(jiàn)到過(guò)，但是通過(guò)他的語(yǔ)言我們可以判斷出這是一個(gè)對(duì)鳥(niǎo)很有研究的人。我很愛(ài)鳥(niǎo)，把鳥(niǎo)裝在籠子里，并細(xì)心照料，而且鳥(niǎo)的母親也飛過(guò)來(lái)喂這只鳥(niǎo)，但這只鳥(niǎo)卻死了，我很不理解。到我家來(lái)的這個(gè)人給我詳細(xì)解釋了鳥(niǎo)死的原因，說(shuō)明這個(gè)人非常懂鳥(niǎo)。據(jù)此，我們可以斷定答案影視A。 除了前面提到的方法以外，還有下面一些方法：(5)根據(jù)同義、反義關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義。 (6)根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義。3如何確定細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)？ 在閱讀理解題目中，有相當(dāng)一部分是考查細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的題目。這類(lèi)題目相對(duì)容易一些。這些題目有兩個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)：（1）凡屬針對(duì)特定細(xì)節(jié)的考題，其正確答案大都可以在閱讀材料中找到對(duì)應(yīng)的文字部分作為驗(yàn)證。這一部分可能是一個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)，也可能是一個(gè)句子或相關(guān)的若干句子，但句式、用詞和表達(dá)方式不同。（2）干擾項(xiàng)往往是主體思想與細(xì)節(jié)混雜，正確答案細(xì)節(jié)和非正確答案的細(xì)節(jié)混雜，甚至真假混雜。因此，要做好閱讀理解中的確定細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的題目，一要在文章中找出相應(yīng)的信息點(diǎn)，二要排除干擾項(xiàng)。例如:What do plants make food from? They make food from _.A. sunlight, water and things in the soil and air B. water, sunlight and things in the soilC. water and things in the soil and air D. water, sunlight and things in the soil 這一小題考查的就是文章的細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)。這一細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的表述在文章中可以直接找到：Plants are “factories”. They make food from sunlight, water and things in the soil and air. 4如何進(jìn)行推斷？ 所謂推斷，就是根據(jù)閱讀材料中所提供的信息，推斷出未知的信息。即把有關(guān)的文字作為已知部分，從中推斷出未知部分。據(jù)以推斷的有關(guān)文字可能是詞或句子，也可能是若干句子，甚至是全文。 中考英語(yǔ)試題中的推斷題很多，包括的面也很大。其類(lèi)型主要有以下幾種：（1）事實(shí)推斷：這種推斷常常針對(duì)某一個(gè)或幾個(gè)具體細(xì)節(jié)，是比較簡(jiǎn)單的推斷。進(jìn)行這種推斷，要首先在文章中找出據(jù)以推斷的有關(guān)文字，然后加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行間的意思。例如:According to the passage, which of the following can you most possibly watch on TV?A. You often play football with your friends after school. B. Your teacher has got a cold.C. A tiger in the city zoo has run out and hasnt been caught. D. The bike in front of your house is lost. 在閱讀材料中，有這樣一段文字：Secondly, a news story has to be interesting and unusual. People dont want to read stories about everyday life. As a result, many stories are about some kind of danger and seem to be “bad” news. 根據(jù)這段文字，我們可以推斷：電視報(bào)道的新聞故事硬是有趣的和不平常的。答案應(yīng)為C。 推斷題還包括以下幾個(gè)方面：（2）指代推斷：確定指代詞的含義和指代對(duì)象是閱讀理解題常見(jiàn)的題目。要確定指代詞所指代的對(duì)象，關(guān)鍵在于對(duì)所在上下文的正確理解。指代名詞的指代詞，其單復(fù)數(shù)形式英語(yǔ)被指代的詞一致，因此數(shù)的形式可作為識(shí)別指代對(duì)象第一個(gè)輔助標(biāo)志。（3）邏輯推斷 這類(lèi)題目往往是要求根據(jù)文章所提供的背景，人物的表情，動(dòng)作和語(yǔ)言來(lái)推斷出人物的態(tài)度或感覺(jué)。（4）對(duì)作者的意圖和態(tài)度的推斷 這一類(lèi)考題大都要求考生就作者對(duì)論述對(duì)象持什么樣的態(tài)度做出推斷， 如作者對(duì)所陳述的觀(guān)點(diǎn)是贊同、反對(duì)，還是猶豫不定，對(duì)記述或描寫(xiě)的人、物或事件是贊頌、同情、冷漠，還是厭惡。作者的這種思想傾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出來(lái)，而往往隱含在字里行間。因此，進(jìn)行這種推斷時(shí)，我們既要依靠短文的主題思想作為推力的前提，又要注意作者的措辭，尤其是形容詞一類(lèi)的修飾語(yǔ)。【中考范例】請(qǐng)看2002年泉州市中考英語(yǔ)試題閱讀理解部分: 根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，判斷短文后的句子是否正確，對(duì)的在題前括號(hào)內(nèi)打“”，錯(cuò)的打“”。(10分)(A) Swimming is a good sport and its very popular. In summer people like swimming because water makes people feel cool. If they swim in a wrong place, it may not be safe. These years, some people died when they were enjoying themselves in water and most of them were students. These people were not careful in swimming. They often thought they swam so well that nothing would happen to them in water.Summer holiday will be here again. If you go swimming, dont forget that better swimmers often died in water. They died because they were not careful, not because they could not swim. So dont get into the water when you are alone. Dont get into the water if there is a No swimming sign. If you remember these, swimming will be safe and its good for your health. ( )94. People like to swim in summer because swimming makes them popular. ( )95. Swimming may not be safe if you swim in dangerous places. ( )96. These years some old people died in water. ( )97. Some swimmers died in water because most of them couldnt swim. ( )98. The writer wants to tell us that we must be more careful in swimming.(B) The football game began in England in the middle of the Nineteenth century. It is the most popular sport in the world and is played on the grass. It is the strongest sport in Europe (歐洲) and South America, but it is popular in Africa (非洲), too. The World Cup match holds every place every four years around the world.The 17th FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan is the first time that the event (事件) has landed in Asia, and the first time it has ever been co-hosted (聯(lián)合主辦). China broke 44 years of bad luck and took another huge (巨大) step in her journey towards the World Cup. Whichever team wins, this looks set to be a great World Cup. Who knows what surprises and sad we may see? But its certain that well all enjoy the happiness brought by football.( )99. The football game is the most popular sport in the world.( )100. In Africa, the strongest game is football.( )101. The World Cup match can hold in a few years in one place.( )102. Chinese football team is the first time to join the FIFA World Cup.( )103. No other sporting event catches the worlds imagination (想象力) like the FIFA World Cup. 根據(jù)下面兩篇短文內(nèi)容，從每小題(A)，(B)，(C)，(D)中選擇一個(gè)最佳答案。(12分)(C) Strange things happen when you travel, because the earth is divided into twenty-four zones (分區(qū)). The time difference between two zones is one hour. You can have days with more than twenty-four hours and days with fewer than twenty- four hours. You can have weeks with more than seven days and weeks with fewer than seven days.If you make a five-trip (旅行) across the Atlantic Ocean (大西洋) , your ship come into a different time zone every day. As you come into each zone, the time changes one hour. If you travel west, you set your watch back. If you travel east, you set it ahead (向前). Each day of your trip has either twenty-five or twenty-three hours.If you make a trip by ship across the Pacific Ocean (太平洋) , you cross the International Date Line(國(guó)際日期變更線(xiàn)). This is the point where a new day begins when you cross the line, you change one full day. If you travel east, today becomes yesterday, if you travel west it is tomorrow.( )104.Something interesting will happen to the time if you travel because_ .(A) a day has always fewer than twenty-four hours (B) a day has always more than twenty- four hours(C) a day has more or f ewer than twenty-four hours, (D) some time zones are large and some time zones are small( )105. The time difference between two time zones is_ .(A) twenty-four hours (B) one hour (C) two hours (D) twenty-three hours( )106. If we cross the Atlantic Ocean, we .(A) change one full day (B) set our watch back (C) set our watch ahead (D) set our watch back or ahead( )107. If we travel east across the International Date Line on July 5th, the date becomes July_.(A) 3rd (B) 4th (C) 5th (D) 6th( )108 The Atlantic Ocean_ .(A) is in one time zone (B) is divided into twenty-four zones(C) is divided into five time zones (D) can not be crossed in five days( )109. Which of the following sentences is true?(A) If we travel around the world, we will get into trouble in telling the time.(B) If we travel west across the Atlantic Ocean, we will have twenty-three hours.(C) If we travel by ship across the Atlantic Ocean, we will cross the International Date Line.(D) If we travel across the Pacific Ocean, today becomes tomorrow.