研究生英語閱讀教程基礎(chǔ)級第三版PPTlesson9.ppt

1,Progressive Reading Revised Edition,2,策 劃：鞠方安 商希建 主 編：劉蘭芝 楊真真 副主編：魯顯生 Gerald Zimmerman 王歐 制作人：趙洪寶?,3,Lesson Nine,The Weird World of Tobacco,4,Catalogue,Background Information,Difficult Sentences,Keys to the Exercises,Language Points,Warm-up Questions,Main Idea,5,Background Information,Over the last 25 years, Anna Quindlens work has appeared in some of Americas most influential newspapers and best-known magazines, and on both fictional and non-fictional bestseller lists.,6,Her latest non-fiction book, A Short Guide to a Happy Life, has sold over one million copies and been on every national bestseller list since it was first published at the end of 2000. Quindlen began her journalism career as a reporter with The New York Post in 1974. She joined the The New York Times in 1977.,Background Information,7,Background Information,A columnist at The New York Times from 1981 to 1994; In 1990 Quindlen became the third woman in the papers history to have written a regular column for its influential Op-Ed page(專欄版). In 1992, Quindlen won the Pulitzer Prize(普利策獎) for Commentary(實況解說).,Video watching,8,In 1995 Quindlen left the world of newspapers, which she had joined as a copy girl at age 18, to become a full-time novelist. In 2000, Quindlen became the first writer ever to have books appear on the fiction, nonfiction, and self-help New York Times Best-Seller lists.,Background Information,9,Background Information,Food and Drug Administration The U S. Food and Drug Administration (食品 與藥物管理局) is a public health agency that oversees items accounting for 25 cents of every dollar spent by consumers. Its jurisdiction (司法 權(quán)）encompasses most food products (other than,10,meat and poultry(家禽), human and animal drugs, therapeutic (治療的)agents of biological origin, medical devices, radiation-emitting products for consumer, medical, and occupational use, cosmetics(化妝品) , and animal feed(飼料). The agency grew from a single chemist in the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 1862 to a staff of approximately 9,100 employees and a budget of,Background Information,11,Background Information,$1.294 billion in 2001, comprising chemists, pharmacologists（藥理學家）, physicians, microbiologists, veterinarians (獸醫(yī)), pharmacists, lawyers, and many others. About one- third of the agencys employees are stationed outside of the Washington, D. C. area, staffing over 150 field offices .,12,Warm-up Questions,1. Why do people Smoke? People smoke for various reasons: for the sake of improving ones work efficiency; feeling refreshed and stimulated fashionable, cool, and graceful; as a form of killing time; venting their anger or frustration; out of curiosity ,Tips,13,2. What are the possible effects of smoking? At the very beginning, feel refreshed and stimulated; once addicted to it, suffer from; are more likely to; develop lung-related illnesses,; not only but also; a form of self-battering,Tips,Warm-up Questions,14,Main Idea,This is about the absurdity of some kinds of human behavior. Is tobacco poisonous? Quindlen knows that already. She tells us that the government, tobacco companies and addicts twist, pervert and distort the truth to try to keep it legal. She begins with problems urging the FDA to ban it. Then she indicates how profitable it is,15,Main Idea,for tobacco companies and how politicians refuse to outlaw cigarettes. At the same time smokers view tobacco different from drugs (because its legal). History was reviewed, political contributions and excuses for continuing were all considered. But when it was declared “a delivery,16,Main Idea,device for nicotine“ the FDA still didnt move against it. With so many tobacco growers and smokers, tobacco companies still want to win the war of the profit margin (ignoring peoples health). But the product, when used as directed, causes death.,17,Language Points,1.addicted adj (line 1 , para.1) unable to stop taking a harmful substance, especially a drug 許多有尼古丁癮的抽煙人不容易把煙戒掉。 Many smokers who are chemically addicted to nicotine cannot cut down easily. 他17歲的時候?qū)Ｂ逡蛏狭税a。 He was addicted to heroin at the age of 17. .,18,Language Points,2) liking sth so much that you do not want to stop doing it or having it 我大約有4年時間沉迷在電子游戲中。 I went through about four years of being addicted to video games. 他酷愛流行音樂。 He was passionately addicted to pop music.,19,Language Points,addiction n 1) the need to take a harmful drug regularly, without being able to stop 他吸毒成癮使他走上犯罪的道路。 His addiction to drugs propelled him towards a life of crime. 販賣毒品的地區(qū)往往是吸毒上癮、貧困和發(fā)生謀殺 的地方。 Areas of drug dealing are hellholes of addiction, poverty and murder.,20,Language Points,drug/heroin/alcohol etc addiction 2) a strong desire to do or have sth regularly 我發(fā)現(xiàn)自己迷上了做家務。 I discovered an addiction to housework . 他需要錢來滿足他的賭癮。 He needed money to feed his addiction to gambling.,21,Language Points,addict n 1) someone who is unable to stop taking drugs 他的毒癮不易戒掉，因為他有很多朋友都是有毒 癮的人。 Its not easy for him to dry out since he has a lot of drug addict friends. 2) someone who is very interested in sth and spends a lot of time doing it 她是個電視迷。 She is a TV addict.,22,Language Points,addictive adj ( line 2, para. 10 ) 1) if a substance, especially a drug, is addictive, your body starts to need it regularly and you are unable to stop taking it. 香煙很容易使人上癮。 Cigarettes are highly addictive. 2) so enjoyable that it makes you want to do it or have it a lot 制作視頻電影能很讓人入迷。 Video movie-making can be very addictive.,23,Language Points,2. lethal adj ( line 1 , para.1 ) causing death, or able to cause death ; fatal 這種混合藥物有很大的潛在危險。 It was a potentially lethal mixture of drugs. 未經(jīng)適當處理的肉是危險的帶菌物。 Meat, improperly handled, is a lethal carrier of bacteria.,24,Language Points,2) it is capable of causing a lot of damage 霜雨天氣對植物危害極大。 Frost and rain are the lethal combination for plants. 馬力大的汽車到了缺乏經(jīng)驗的司機手中便成了毀滅 性的武器。 High-powered cars are lethal weapons in the hands of inexperienced drivers.,25,Language Points,3. regulate vt ( line 2, para.1 ) to control an activity or process, especially by rules 這種系統(tǒng)能調(diào)節(jié)室內(nèi)溫度。 This system can regulate the temperature of the room. 歐盟委員會對競爭的監(jiān)管權(quán)越來越大。 The powers of the European Commission to regulate competition are increasing.,26,Language Points,regulated adj controlled 這是國家調(diào)控的計劃經(jīng)濟。 This is the planned, state-regulated economy. 這種治療方式可能會有危險，在英國是受到嚴格 控制的。 Its a treatment that can carry risks, and in Britain its strictly regulated.,27,Language Points,regulation n u 1) control over sth especially by rules 一些人希望政府實施調(diào)控，以降低成本。 Some want government regulation in order to reduce costs. 2) n c an official rule or order 那項規(guī)則不適用于這一特定情況。 The regulation has no application to this particular case.,28,Language Points,4. topsy-turvy adj (line 1, para.2) in a state of complete disorder or confusion 事故發(fā)生后的幾個星期里，他的生活全亂了套。 For a few weeks after the accident his life was turned topsy-turvy. 當代的社會秩序是亂套的。 The modern social order is topsy-turvy.,29,Compare: messy adj dirty or untidy 這兒這么臟我沒有時間打掃。 The place is so messy, I havent had time to clear it up. 追求完美是一個壞主意，因為生活是混亂的, 不可 預知的。 Striving for perfection is a bad idea, because life is messy and unpredictable.,Language Points,30,Language Points,5. executive n (line 2, para.2) 1) a manager in an organization or company who helps make important decisions 她丈夫是銀行高級主管。 Her husband is a senior bank executive. 領(lǐng)導層一直在研究公司未來的決策。 The executive hashave been making decisions about the future of the company.,31,Language Points,2) relating to the job of managing a business or organi- zation and making decisions 我不設(shè)想自己將成為管理人員，但很希望成為商品 營銷顧問。 I dont envisage I will take an executive role, but rather become a consultant on merchandise and marketing.,32,Language Points,6. slip-slide along v. ( line 2, para. 2 ) to continue with no real intent of getting anywhere specific or accomplishing anything meaningful,33,Language Points,7. continuum kntinjum n (line 2, para. 2) a set of continuous things; a continuous series of values or behaviors in which there are no discrete, clearly defined, transitions from one value to another. 對我來說,食物和愛情是一個不可分割的統(tǒng)一體。 Food and love are, for me, part of a continuum.,34,Language Points, 有必要知道從生命的最低形態(tài)到最高形態(tài)的 連續(xù)性。 It is necessary to know a continuum from the low- est to the highest form of life.,35,Language Points,8. aggrieved innocence ( line 3, para.2 ) claiming to be innocent, guiltless, and pretending to be insulted that anyone would think they had done anything wrong.,36,Language Points,9. heartfelt regret ( line 3, para.2 ) sincere regret, sincerely sorry, ( heartfelt - coming from the heart.) They gradually transitioned to this position once it became clear that tobacco was harmful, and that tobacco companies had known this for several years, and had that they had conspired to hide the truth and avoid penalty.,37,Language Points,10. without breaking a sweat : ( line 3, para.2 ) making it look easy, doing something in a manner that makes it seem as if no real effort is involved,38,Language Points,11. Para.2 means: So. The tobacco executives - (Particularly as they testified in court and in front of Congressional Committees) - did not take seriously the claims against them and tried to delay meaning- ful actions and, over time ( many years ), gradually changed their stated position from: pretending to be insulted that anyone could possibly believe that tobacco was harmful and they , gentlemen of high,39,Language Points,moral standing, could possibly be doing anything wrong to accepting responsibility (once the proof was obvious), expressing sincere regret and apologizing (and, agreeing to pay very large compensations to states and the government and, they did all of this easily, over many years, and without any obvious recognition that all of this was hypocritical ( an obvious exception to their,40,Language Points,stated high values and standards.) This sentence is an excellent example of how cultural familiarity and awareness of idioms are used to convey meaning. As you will see below, use of idioms along with the assumption that readers will know what they imply goes a long way toward being able to ex- press an idea with fewer words.,41,Language Points,12. shoot vi (last line of para. 2) to utter (as words or sounds) rapidly or suddendly or with force 你有什么問題？說吧！ Whats your problem? Shoot! 好吧，你說說，你有什么要說的？ Ok, shoot, what do you have to say?,42,Language Points,A “straight shooter“ is a person who is accurate and honest. Therefore, “to shoot straight“, is to be objective, honest and fair. The term comes from American early history when a person who could shoot a gun accurately and only at the appropriate targets ( they could tell the difference between bad people and good people, between dangerous animals and domestic animals) was a highly regarded person.,43,Language Points,13. juror n a member of a jury Most trials are held before a jury of 12 jurors, people who are deemed by both the prosecution and the defense to be fair and objective decision makers. If all jurors agree that the defendant is innocent, the person can not be tried again on those exact same charges, accusations. If no 100% agreement can be arrived at ,44,Language Points,it is considered a “hung jury“, that is they are at an impasse, no conclusive decision is made. In this case, since neither guilt or innocence was determined, the defendant (the person who was accused) is assumed innocent and goes free. However, the prosecution (those making the accusation) have the option to try again.,45,Language Points,14. ubiquitous ju:bikwits adj (last line of para. 2) appearing, happening, or existing everywhere 這是一個電腦無處不在的世界。 This is a ubiquitous computing world. 美國的游客遍及各地。 American tourists are ubiquitous .,46,Language Points,15. lawsuit n c (last line of para. 2) a problem or complaint that a person or organization brings to a court of law to be settled ; suit 這家公司已被起訴。 A lawsuit has been filed against the company. 這案子仍在州法庭等待定奪。 The lawsuit is still pending in the state court.,47,Language Points,16. panel n (line 1, para. 3) a group of people with skills or specialist knowledge who have been chosen to give advice or opinions on a particular subject 顧問小組不同意該決定。 The advisory panel disagreed with the decision. 他組織了一個學者小組為他出謀劃策。 He assembled a panel of scholars to advise him.,48,Language Points,.,17. hand down v prep &v adv (line 1, para.3 ) 1) to announce sth formally or publicly 陪審團作出了有罪的裁判。 The jury handed down a verdict of guilty. 2) to pass sth on by tradition, inheritance, etc. 我們的祖先為我們留下了一份豐富的文化遺產(chǎn)。 Our forefathers handed down to us a rich cultural heritage.,The jury,49,Language Points,Other expression: to hand on v prep to send or give sth to another person 請把這本雜志傳給你的朋友們看。 Please hand on the magazine to your friends.,50,Language Points,18. award n (line 1, para.3) sth, especially money, that is officially given to someone as a payment or after a legal decision 那個因?qū)Ψ绞韬龆軅呐双@得了一筆為數(shù)甚大 的賠償金。 The injured woman collected a large negligence award. 損害賠償仍然是補償性的。 An award of damages is still compensatory.,51,Language Points,2) sth such as a prize or money given to someone to reward them for sth they have done 這部電影獲1985年奧斯卡金像獎。 The film won an Oscar award for 1985. 這項國際獎的授予是對一項長久而崇高的事業(yè)的 肯定。 This international award has set the seal on a long and distinguished career.,52,Language Points,13. thunder vt (line 2, para.3) 1) to shout loudly and angrily 不要大聲地恐嚇這個男孩。 Dont thunder threats at the boy. 別沖著我大聲下命令。 Dont thunder out your orders at me!,53,Language Points,2) a loud noise comes from the sky after a flash of lightning 天色陰沉，一絲風也沒有?；蛟S馬上就要打雷。 The day was heavy and still. It would probably thunder later.,54,Language Points,19. shuder vi (line 3, para.3) to shake for a short time because someone is afraid or cold, or because someone thinks sth is very unpleasant 一提起那天股市暴跌情景，金融界的人仍不寒 而栗。 People in the financial community continued to shudder when reminded of the day when the stock market imploded.,55,Language Points,一些專家對衰退一詞談虎色變。 Some experts shudder at the very word reccession. Compare : tremble vi to shake slightly in a way that someone cannot control, especially because someone is upset or frightened 她的嘴唇先顫抖了一下，隨后就哭起來了。 Her lip started to tremble and then she cried.,56,Language Points,to tremble with anger/fear etc shiver vi to shake slightly because someone is cold or frightened ; to tremble 杰克站在那兒在寒風中瑟瑟發(fā)抖。 Jake stood shivering in the cold air. to shiver with cold/fear/delight etc,57,Language Points,20.judicial adj ( last line of para.3) relating to the law, judges, or their decisions ; legislative 一些居民對這種拒絕尋求司法復審。 Some of the residents sought judicial review of the refusal. 他是個公正的人。 He is a man with a judicial mind.,58,Language Poins,16. deliberate vi ( line 2, para. 4 ) to think or talk care- fully 他總是仔細考慮每一個問題，從不輕易做答。 He is slow to answer, deliberating over each question. 在作出決定之前，她仔細考慮好久。 She deliberated for a long time before giving her decision.,59,Language Points,21. outlaw vt ( line 3, para.5 ) to completely stop sth by making it illegal 政府禁止在公共場所吸煙。 The government has outlawed smoking in public places. places. 這項法案本來可以取締幾種槍支。 The bill would have outlawed several types of guns.,60,Language Points,22.legality n (line 4, para.5) the fact of being allowed by law 政府不承認這個法庭的合法性。 The government does not recognize the legality of this court. 審計員質(zhì)疑這些合同是合法性。 The auditor has questioned the legality of the contracts.,61,Language Points,23. snort vt (last line of para.5) slang for sniff 1) to take drugs by breathing them in through nose 他死于吸食可卡因后誘發(fā)的心臟病。 He died of cardiac arrest after snorting cocaine. 2) to breathe air in a noisy way out through nose 這匹馬呼哧呼哧地噴著氣，不耐煩地跺著蹄子。 The horse snorted and stamped its hoof impatiently.,62,Language Points,Confusing spellings: snort vt See above snore vi to breathe in a noisy way through mouth and nose while sb is asleep 他能聽到老人在打鼾。 He could hear the old man snoring. 我聽到了鼾聲，知道他睡著了。 I heard a snore and knew hed fallen asleep.,63,Language Points,Words related to breathe: to breathe in: inhale fml to breathe out: exhale fml to breathe noisily: sniff, snore (when sleeping),64,Language Points,Words related to breathe: to breathe with difficulty: gasp, pant be short of breath be out of breath to be unable to breathe: choke , suffocate,65,Language Points,Confusing spellings: heroin n (line 5, para.5) u a powerful and illegal drug made from morphine 吸食海洛因 be on/use/take heroin 吸食海洛因成性者 a heroin addict heroine n the woman or girl who is the main character in a book, film, play etc ; hero 女主角是一名電視臺的高級主管。 The heroine is a senior TV executive.,66,Language Points,.,24. puff v (line 1, para.6) to breathe in and out while smoking a cigarette 他猛吸了一口煙，吐出一團煙霧。 He drew heavily on his cigarette and puffed out a cloud of smoke. 理查德又點了一支煙，朝著天花板噴云吐霧。 Richard lit another cigarette and puffed smoke towards the ceiling.,67,Language Points,25. circular argument /logic/reasoning n ( last line of para.6) an argument or way of thinking that is not right because the statement it uses to prove that the argument is true can only be true if the original argument is already true 循環(huán)論證,68,Language Points,26. cough syrups n (line 3, para. 7) sweet liquid made from sugar and water, used in cans of fruit,69,Language Points,27. complicit kmplisit adj (line 2, para. 8) involved in a crime, together with other people or a crime 行為不端的警察和移民局官員經(jīng)常串通一氣。 Crooked police and migration officers are frequently complicit.,70,Language Points,28. emphysema n (line 3, para. 8) a serious disease that affects the lungs, making it difficult to breathe,emphysema,71,Language Points,29. bemoan vt fml (last line of para. 8) to complain or say that someone is disappointed about sth 他抱怨收費太多這件事。 He was bem