日本能源現狀-JAPAN'S ENERGY -10 questions for understanding t

JAPAN'SENERGY10questionsforunderstandingthecurrentenergysituation

1

EnergySecurity

HowmuchenergycanJapan

3

Environment

2

4

Safety

Whatstepsarebeingtaken

toensureastableenergy

supplyandsafety?

Whatiscarbonneutrality?

supplyindependently?

Economic

Efficiency

5

S+3E

Whatisthegovernment?sbasicenergypolicy?

Howareelectricpower

rateschanging?

8

Reconstruction

ofFukushima

IsJapanadvancingthereconstructionof

Fukushima?

6

Innovation

WhatinnovationsisJapan

9

NuclearPower

Isnuclearpowergenerationnecessary?

7

RenewableEnergy

IsJapanadvancingthe

introductionofrenewableenergy?

workingontoachieve

decarbonization?

10

Energy

Efficiency

Howmuchenergy

Issued:February2023

efficiencyhasJapan

accomplished?

MinistryofEconomy,TradeandIndustry

AgencyforNaturalResourcesandEnergy

viewthearticle.

UsethisQRcodeto

Renewableenergy

Hydroelectric

106.0%

76.0%

54.9%

FY2019

Self-su?ciency

ratio

12.1％

FY2018

Self-su?ciency

ratio

11.7％

FY2020

Self-su?ciency

ratio

11.3％

FY2017

Self-su?ciency

ratio

9.4％

FY2016

Self-su?ciency

ratio

8.1％

ratio

11.6％

FY2015

Self-su?ciency

ratio

7.3％

FY2012

Self-su?ciency

ratio

6.7％

FY2013

Self-su?ciency

ratio

6.5％

FY2014

Self-su?ciency

ratio

6.3％

Coal

25.4%

FY2021 (mostrecentyear)

Oil36.3%

FY1973

(yearof1stoil

crisis)

81.2％

Dependencyon

fossilfuels

94.0％

Dependencyon

fossilfuels

1

1.EnergySecurity

ChangesinEnergySelf-Su?ciencyRatio

Q

A

HowmuchenergycanJapansupplyindependentlyfromdomesticresources?

InFY2020,Japan?sself-su?ciencyratiowas11.3%?lowerthanthoseofotherOECDcountries.

geothermal,wind,

solar.etc.

Comparisonsofprimaryenergyself-su?ciencyratiosamongmajornations(2020)

759.3%345.5%182.6%

Nuclearpower

Naturalgas

Crude oil

Coal

34.7%31.6%

8.8%

19.1%11.3%

No.1

No.2

No.4

No.5

No.10

No.19

No.26

No.28

No.36

No.37

No.38

Norway

Australia

Canada

USA

UK

France

Germany

Spain

SouthKorea

Japan

Luxembourg

Source:Estimatesfor2020fromIEA“WorldEnergyBalances2021”,exceptfordataonJapan,whicharecon?rmedvaluesofFY2020,derivedfrom“ComprehensiveEnergyStatisticsofJapan”,publishedbytheAgencyforNaturalResourcesandEnergy

＊Theranksinthetablearethoseofthe38OECDmembercountries.

Energyself-su?ciencyratioinJapan

FY2010

Self-su?ciency

ratio

20.2％

FY2011

Self-su?ciency

Primaryenergysources：Primaryformsofenergy,includingoil,naturalgas,coal,nuclearpower,solarpower,andwindpower.

Energyself-su?ciencyrate：Thepercentageoftheprimaryenergyresourcesrequiredforpeople?sdailylifeandeconomicactivitieswhichcanbeproducedoracquiredintheirowncountry.

Q

A

WhatsourcesofenergydoesJapandependon?

Japanislargelydependentonoil,coal,naturalgas(LNG),andotherfossilfuelsimports.

FollowingtheGreatEastJapanEarthquake,thedegreeofdependenceonfossilfuelshasincreasedto

83.2%inFY2021inJapan.

TrendsinthemixoftheprimaryenergysupplyinJapan

Renewableenergy(＊)

Renewableenergy(＊)

Hydroelectric4.4%

4.4%

Nuclearpower

1.0%

10.0%

Renewableenergy(＊)

Hydroelectric

3.3%

Hydroelectric

0.6%

3.6%

Nuclearpower

LNG1.6%

LNG1.6%

Nuclear

Coal

22.7%

Coal

16.9%

power

3.2%

FY2010

(before

GreatEastJapan

Earthquake)

11.2%

LNG

LNG

18.2%

21.5%

Oil40.3%

Oil75.5%

83.2％

Dependencyon

fossilfuels

Source:preliminaryvaluesofFY2021,derivedfrom“ComprehensiveEnergyStatisticsofJapan”,publishedbytheAgencyforNaturalResourcesandEnergy＊Thesumofthevaluesshownmaynotbe100%insomecasesduetoroundingofvalues.

＊Renewableenergyhere,includinggeothermalpower,windpower,andsolarpower,butnothydroelectricpower,includesunusedenergy.

Russia3.6％

Russia

8.8％

Oman0.5％

Bahrain

0.8％

USA9.5％

2021

totalJapanese

Australia

35.8％

UAE1.8％Oman2.6％

Kuwait

8.4％

SaudiArabia

LNG(naturalgas)

39.7％

imports:

Approximately74.32

Qatar

12.1％

Indonesia2.5％

milliontons

Malaysia13.6％

Brunei5.8％

NewGuinea

Papua

4.7％

Dependenceon

importedLNG

97.8％

Indonesia

12％

Russia

11％

2021

totalJapanese

coalimports:

Approximately180

milliontons

Australia

66％

Russia1.6%

2

Qatar

7.6％

2021

totalJapanesecrudeoilimports:Approximately910

millionbarrels

UAE

34.7％

ResourceProcurementStatus

Q

A

WhatcountriesdoesJapanimportfossilfuelsfrom?

JapandependsontheMiddleEastforaround90%ofitscrudeoilimports.ForLNGandcoal,althoughdependenceontheMiddleEastislow,JapanstillreliesonimportsfromAsiaandotheroverseassources.

SourcesofJapanesefossilfuelimports(2021)

■FromMiddleEast■FromAsia-Oceania■FromRussia■FromNorthandCentralAmerica■Others

Others

2.8％

Others

2.0％

USA0.7％

Around91.9%

Ecuador1.7％

Malaysia0.3%

Dependenceon99.7％

importedCrudeoil

Others

Canada4.0％USA5.0％

2.0％

Dependenceon

importedCoal

99.7％

Source:“TradeStatisticsofJapan”,MinistryofFinance(ThedegreeofdependenceonsourcesoutsideJapanonFYisderivedfrom“ComprehensiveEnergyStatisticsofJapan”,publishedbythe

AgencyforNaturalResourcesandEnergy)

E?ortstosecurethestablesupplyofresources：JapanisstrengtheningitsrelationshipswiththeMiddleEastcountriesthatareitsmainsourcesofcrudeoil.Aimingtoincreasetheamountof

LNGinthemarket,whichislowcomparedtocrudeoil,Japanisalsodiversifyingitssupplysources,andworkingforfurtheracquisitionofresourcerightsandinterests.

Whatkindsofmineralresourcesareused?

Q

Asanexample,thelithium-ionbatteriesthatareusedinelectricvehiclesrequireraremetalssuchaslithium,cobalt,andnickel.Japandependsalmost100%onimportsforitsmineralresources.

A

(Japandepends100%onimportsforthefollowing3minerals.)

Annualimportvolumeofmajorraremetals

Others0.2%

Argentina

USA8.2%

Lithium(2021)

Approximately

9,500

tons

Chile31.8%

China

51.7%

6.5%

Lithium,Li

Itisthelightestmetalintheperiodictableandhashighenergydensity.Duetothosefeatures,itisnowacrucialrawmaterialforproducinglithium-ionbatteriesmountedinelectricvehiclesoraspowersourcesformobiledevices,suchaslaptopcomputers.

Others

18%

Cobalt(2021)

Approximately

9,200

tons

Canada

10%

Finland

55%

China6%

Norway

Morocco

6%

5%

Cobalt,Co

Itisaferromagneticwhitemetal,lesssusceptibletooxidationthaniron,andstablewithacidsandalkali.Itismostfrequentlyusedinpositiveelectrodesoflithium-ionbatteriesinstalledinmobilephones,laptopcomputers,electricvehicles,andothers.

Others

18%

Nickel(2021)

Approximately

51,000

tons

Madagascar

Australia

35%

Norway

Caledonia

Canada

16%

11%

14%

6%

New

Nickel,Ni

Itismostcommonlyusedinstainlesssteelandheat-resistantsteelasanalloycombinedwithchromeorothermetals,andisusefulinawiderangeoftheindustriesfromcoinstoelectronics.Anickelcompoundisusedinapositiveelectrodeofnickel-hydrogenbatteriesandlithium-ionorotherbatteries.

Source:USGS“MineralCommoditySummaries2022”

Lithium:Totaloflithiumcarbonateandlithiumhydroxide;Cobalt:Totalofmatte/clustersandoxide/hydroxide;Nickel:Totalofbasemetalandferronickel

E?ortstosecurethestablesupplyofmineralresources:TheJOGMECActhasbeenrevisedtoaddinvestmentindomesticsmeltingandre?ningbusinesses(midstream)andloanguarantee

operationstoJOGMECriskmoneysupportservices.

JOGMECAct:ThisistheActontheJapanOil,GasandMetalsNationalCorporation,whichstipulatesthescopeofbusinessfortheJOGMEC.

3

Electricityratesforhomeuse

302826242220181614

12

Electricityratesforindustrialuse

price

25.53

24.31

23.44

22.32

27.49

27.44

CrudeoilCIF

27.23

26.02

25.82

25.73

Homes

Around31％increase

21.39

20.31

19.34

19.26

19.28

18.93

17.76

18.45

18.38

17.47

16.50

15.32

14.33

Ratesrisingdueto

heightenedgeopolitical

tensionsoverthesituationinUkraine

(re?ectedin3-4months).

agreementbyOPECand

100

ArabSpring

50

worldwidespreadofCOVID-19infectionsandthe

-50

Source:CreatedbasedonCMENikkeiandTradeStatisticspublishedbytheMinistryofFinance.

oversupplycausedbysteadyproductionofUSshaleoil,andotherfactors.

201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022

Thepriceshavedeclinedamidthebackgroundofthe

breakdownofnegotiationsintheOPEC-plusmeeting.

non-OPECoilproducers.

USshaleoilboom

Decadesince2010:Sincethestartofthe“ArabSpring”,crudeoilpriceshavehoveredaround100USDduetogeopoliticalrisksintheMiddleEastandNorthAfricaregions.Subsequentlythepricehasfallenduetosluggishdemand,

InternationalcrudeoilpriceWTI(leftaxis)JapanimportedLNGprice(rightaxis)JapanimportedCoalCIFprice(leftaxis)

Theproductionreduction

PricesofLNGthatJapanimportsaregenerallylinkedtocrudeoilprices

(USD/MMBTU)(＊MillionBritishThermalUnits)

2.EconomicE?ciency

ChangesinElectricPowerRates

Q

A

Howareelectricpowerrateschanging?

ElectricpowerrateshavebeenrisingsincetheGreatEastJapanEarthquake.TheratesdeclinedfromFY2014to2016asaresultoffallingoilprices,buttheyarerisingagain.

Changesinaverageelectricpowerrates

(Yen/kWh)

CrudeoilCIFprice

(Yen/kl)

28.09

Industries

Around35％increase

201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021(FY)

Source:Createdbasedonmonthlyreportsofgeneratedandreceivedelectricpower,?nancialmaterialsofelectricpowercompanies,andpowertradingreports

CrudeoilCIFprice：Transactionpriceconsistingoftheimportpriceplusrelatedcosts,suchastransportcostandinsurancecost.

90,000

80,000

70,000

60,000

50,000

40,000

30,000

20,000

10,000

0

Factor1：Fuelprices

Fuelpriceshaveane?ectonelectricpowerratesandenergycost.

Thepastdeclineincrudeoilpricesandthecurrentsituation

JapanimportedCoalCIFprice(USD/ton)

InternationalcrudeoilpriceWTI(USD/barrel)

LNGprice

Japanimported

250

200

150

0

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Surchargeprice

2.98

Yen/kWh (Averagemodel)774

Yen/

month

Yen/

month

Surchargeprice

2.90

Yen/kWh (Averagemodel)754

FITcosts

Surchargeprice

2.25

Yen/kWh (Averagemodel)585

Around3.8

trillionyen

FITcosts

Around3.1

Surcharge

Around

2.4trillionyen

Yen/

month

trillionyen

FITcosts

Surcharge

Around

2.4trillionyen

Around2.3

Surchargeprice

0.75

Yen/kWh

(Averagemodel)

195/nth

trillionyen

Surcharge

Around

1.8trillionyen

Surchargeprice

0.22

Yen/kWh

(Averagemodel)

57/nth

Around900

billionyen

Around650

billionyen

Around250

billionyen

Around130

billionyen

4

panelshipmentstatistics,NEDOwindpowercapacity/generationstatistics,surveysfor

Factor2:Costofrenewableenergy

ThankstotheintroductionoftheFeed-InTari?scheme(FIT)in2012,theinstalledcapacityofrenewableenergysystemsisgrowingrapidly.Ontheotherhand,thepurchasecostshavereached4.2trillionyen(approximately32billionUSD),andthecostofthesurchargetoordinaryhouseholdsbasedontheaveragemodel(260kWh/month)hasrisento897yen/month.Weareworkingtoexpandtheintroductionofrenewableenergysourcesinacost-e?cientmannerinordertomaximizetheuseofrenewableenergywhiledecreasingthe?nancialburdenofdoingso.

(excludinglarge-scalehydroelectricpower)

Changesintheinstalledcapacityofrenewableenergy

(millionkW)

Feed-intari?scheme

■Solar■Wind

■Hydroelectric

■Biomass

■Geothermal

annualgrowth

Average

16％

Averageannual

growth

9％

Source:CreatedbytheAgencyforNaturalResourcesandEnergybasedonJPEAsolar

201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021 (FY)

potentialwaterpower,currentstatusandtrendsofgeothermalpowergeneration,and

certi?cationresultsfromtheRPSsystem/FITscheme.

ChangesinsurchargesfollowingtheintroductionoftheFITscheme

Surchargeprice

3.45

Yen/kWh (Averagemodel)897

FITcosts

Yen/

Around4.2

month

trillionyen

Surcharge

Around

2.7trillionyen

FY2012FY2014FY2016FY2018FY2020FY2022

Feed-InTari?(FIT)scheme：Inthisscheme,theelectricitygeneratedbyrenewableenergyispurchasedbyelectricpowercompaniesata?xedrateforacertainperiod.Theelectricpower

companieswillcoverthecostsofpurchasingtheelectricpowerfromrenewableenergythroughasurchargethatispaidbyelectricityusers.

Internationalcomparisonofelectricpowerrates

TheelectricpowerratesinJapanwereinahigherlevelforbothhomeandindustrialusesthanothercountries,butincreasingburdensontheelectricpowercompaniesoverseasduetotaxationandpoliciesofpromotingtheintroductionofrenewableenergyhasreducedthegapintheratesbetweenJapanandothercountries.

Wewillhavetocontinuee?ortsaimedatimprovingthee?ciencyoftheelectricpowerbusinessandreducingelectricpowerrates.Ontheotherhand,weshouldbethoughtfulofourcountry?sspeci?cconditions,meaningourissuesrelatedtoresourcesupply.WeshouldconsiderthatmostfuelsandrawmaterialsarelargelydependentonimportsfromoutsideJapan,andthusitiscriticalforustosecureastablesupplyofresources.

Internationalcomparisonofelectricpowerrates(2019)

(CentUS/kWh)

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Electricityratesforhomeuse

■(Totaltax)

25.4

(17.8)

(7.0)

13.0

23.1

15.6

■Before-taxprice

19.9

(7.0)

23.4

(1.1)

(2.2)

33.4

22.3

25.6

18.6

12.9

JapanUSAUKFranceGermanyItaly

(CentUS/kWh)

25

20

15

10

5

0

Electricityratesforindustrialuse

■Before-taxprice

18.5

16.4

14.7

(0.8)

(7.4)

16.16.8

13.9

11.5

9.4

7.2

■(Totaltax)

11.8

(2.4)

(0.3)

(7.0)

14.6

JapanUSAUKFranceGermanyItaly

Source:CreatedbasedIEA“EnergyPricesandTaxesforOECDCountries2020”.

Note:Thedetailsoftaxandbefore-taxpricesarenotknownfortheUnitedStates.

Electricpower

generation

generation

430milliontons

Electricpower

generation

5

3.Environment

GlobalWarmingCountermeasures:CarbonNeutrality

Whatiscarbonneutrality?

GreenhousegasemissionsinJapan(FY2020)

NO:0.02billiontonsCO?Fourgasesincl.HCFC

Q

Itreferstoachievingnetzerogreenhousegasemissions.

0.06billiontonsCO?

CH?:0.03billiontonsCO?

A

CO?fromemissions

RateofCO?from

energysources

otherthan

energysources

0.08billiontonsCO?

?“Greenhousegas”coversnotonlyCO?butall

Totalemissions

1.15

billiontons

84%

gaseswitha“greenhousee?ect,”including

methane.

?“Netzerogasemissions”meansbalancinggas

CO?fromenergysources

0.97billiontonsCO?

emissionswiththeabsorbedamountthrough

removingsuchgasesfromtheatmosphere,

makingthetotalgasesemittedtobeequal

tozero(netzero,orsubstantiallyzero).

Source:fromGIO?s"DataofGreenhouseGasEmissionsinJapan"＊TheamountsforgreenhousegasesotherthanCO?areconvertedtoCO?equivalents.

Countries/regionsthathaveagreedwiththeprincipleofachievingcarbonneutrality

?Countries/regionsworkingtowardcarbon

neutrality(CN)by2050＊1：145

?40.0%oftheworld'stotalCO?emissionsare

fromthesecountries(2018results＊2)

?Inaddition,China(32.0%),Russia(2.5%),

Indonesia(2.2%),andSaudiArabia(2.0%)willjoinby2060,andIndia(2.7%)willjoinby2070.Inthisway,themovementtoset

carbon-neutraltargetsisexpanding.(89.4%oftheworld?stotalCO?emissionsarefromthesecountries.)

■Countriesagreeingwiththeprincipleofachievingcarbonneutralityby2050(145countriesincludingJapan)

■Countriesagreeingwiththeprincipleofachievingcarbonneutralityby2060

■Countriesagreeingwiththeprincipleofachievingcarbonneutralityby2070

＊(1)CountriesparticipatingintheClimateAmbitionsAlliance;(2)Countriesthathavesubmittedalong-termstrategytotheUnitedNationsandannouncedCNin2050,andinApril2021announcedCNin2050attheClimateSummitCOP26.CreatedbyMETIbycountingcountries(asofOctober2022)

＊GHGemissionsarecountedonlyforCO?emissionsfromenergysources,basedon“CO?EmissionsfromFuelCombustion(2020data)”publishedbytheIEAin2022

Imageoftransitiontocarbonneutrality

2050

Emissionso?setbyabsorbedamount

2030

(46%reductioncomparedto2013,

totalGHGemission)

＊Continuingstrenuouse?ortsin

equaltonetzerotons(minus100%)

Electri?cation

Hydrogen

2020

970milliontons

itschallengeto50%reduction

Emissions

Consumer

100milliontons

(hydrogenreductioninsteel

toelectric

power

notrelated

making,fuelcellvehicles,etc.)

Methanation,

generation

Consumer

Industry

Transport

Industry

250milliontons

syntheticfuels

Biomass

Transport

180milliontons

Decarbonized

CCUSorCarbonRecycling

maybeusedtothefullestextentinareaswheredecarbonizationcannotbeachievedthroughelectri?cationandhydroelectricgeneration.

Electric

power

powersources

-Renewableenergy

-Nuclearpower

-ThermalpowergenerationwithCCUS/CarbonRecycling

-Hydrogenandammonia

Carbon

removal

Forestabsorption,

DACCS,etc.

energy

AtechnologythatdirectlycapturesandstoresCO?thatalreadyexistsintheatmosphere.

＊ValuesshownaretheamountsofCO?derivedfrom

DACCS(directaircapturewithcarbonstorage):

175

663

572

168

682

455

CO?emissions

fromenergy

sources

84%

967(milliont-CO?)

EmissionsofGreenhouseGases

Q

A

HowmuchgreenhousegasisbeingemittedinJapan?

TheamountofgreenhousegasemissionsinJapanincreasedaftertheGreatEastJapanEarthquake.However,inFY2020,emissionsdroppedto1.15billiontons.

Japanmustcontinueworkingtoreduceemissions.

ChangesinJapan?sgreenhousegasemissions

1,410

(milliont-CO?)

1,305

178

1,400

1,200

1,322

176

1,291

181

1,305

1,361

1,212

1,240

181

1,150

176

183

183

1,000

590

599

535

644

800

629618617

600

400

439

432

460

541

517509493

200

0

FY2010

FY2014

FY2013

FY2019

FY2018

FY2020

FY2015FY2016FY2017

March2011GreatEastJapanEarthquake

otherthanCO?from

Greenhousegasemissions

energysources

electricpower

Otherthan

electricpower

Amountdueto

Source:Createdbasedonthe“ComprehensiveEnergyStatisticsofJapan”,publishedbytheAgencyforNaturalResourcesandEnergyand“CalculationresultsfortheamountofgreenhousegasemissionsinJapan”,publishedbytheMinistryoftheEnvironment.

Greenhousegases:Thereare6maingases:carbondioxide,methane,dinitrogenoxide,hydro?uorocarbons,per?uorocarbons,andsulfurhexa?uoride.

(developedcountries)

Non-AnnexIParties

30

(developingcountries)

20

Iran,573Mt-CO?,2%Non-AnnexI

Brazil,406Mt-CO?,1%

SaudiArabia,488Mt-CO?,2%AnnexI

Indonesia,544Mt-CO?,2%Parties

Korea,551Mt-CO?,2%35%

OthersNon-AnnexI,USA,4,325Mt-CO?,13%

4,812Mt-CO?,15%

378Mt-CO?,1%

Column:OutlookforglobalCO?emissions

Therecentincreaseinglobalgreenhousegasemissionshasbeendrivenbyeconomicgrowthinemergingnations(emissionsfromnon-AnnexIparties(developingcountries)morethantripledbetween1990and2020).Japanaccountsforabout3%ofglobalemissions.Itisbelievedthatglobalemissionswillnotimprovewithoutemissionreductionsbyemergingnations,nottomentionthosebydevelopedcountries.

Trendsinenergy-derivedgreenhousegasemissions (billiontons)

Energy-relatedgreenhousegasemissionsin

eachcountry(2020)

35

Globaltotal

AnnexIParties

Globaltransport,938Mt-CO?,3%

25

EU27,2,444Mt-CO?,8%

Russia,1,563Mt-CO?,5%

Japan,999Mt-CO?,3% Canada,516Mt-CO?,2%

SouthAfrica,393Mt-CO?,1%

Parties62%

India,2,135Mt-CO?,7%

15

Australia,

10

OthersAnnexI,996Mt-CO?,3%

China,10,191Mt-CO?,32%

5

0

Source:IEA"GHGEmissionsfromEnergy2022”

1990199520002005201020152020

Aimingforcarbon-neutralandenvironmentallyfriendlyplastics

Theissueofmarinepollutionresultingfromimproperdisposalofplasticsis

drawingattention,ande?ortsareadvancingtoreducetheuseofsuchplastics.

Researchanddevelopmentareunderwaytoaddresstheenvironmental

problemsrelatedtoplastics.

https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/about/special/johoteikyo/plastics_01.html

UsethisQRcodeto

viewthearticle.

(Japaneseonly)

6

7

TheElectricityBusinessAct

TheActonRenewableEnergySpecialMeasures

4.Safety

Ensuringsafety

Q

A

thefaceofintensifyingnaturaldisasters?

Whatstepsarebeingtakentoensureastablesupplyofenergyandsafetyin

InJune2020,aCabinetdecisionwasmadetoenacttheActofEnhancingEnergySupplyResilience,andapartial

revisionoftheElectricityBusinessActwasmade.

Theywillhelptoenhancecollaborationsincaseofnaturaldisasters,enhanceresilienceoftheelectricity

transmission/distributionnetworks,andbuilddisaster-resilient,distributedpowersystems.

Damagetothefuelandelectricpowerinfrastructurecausedbytyphoonsandtorrentialrains

HyogoPrefecture(DuetoatyphooninAugust2018)

CollapsedwindturbineinAwajiCity,

ChibaPrefecture(DuetoatyphooninSeptember2019)

Damaged?oatingsolarpowerplantinIchiharaCity,

ChibaPrefecture(DuetoatyphooninSeptember2019)

CollapsedpowertransmissiontowerinKimitsuCity,

inOctober2019)

(Duetoatyphoon

Floodedre?neryfacilities

inJuly2020)

(Duetotorrentialrain

Submergedtanklorries

Damagecausedbytsunamis

FukushimaDaiichiNuclearPowerStation,

whichsu?eredasteamexplosionduethee?ectsoftsunamisfollowingtheGreat

EastJapanEarthquake(March2011)

Photo:TokyoElectricPowerCompanyHoldingsPhoto&VideoLibraryhttps://photo.tepco.co.jp

ActforEnhancingEnergySupplyResilience

TheActforEnhancingEnergySupplyResilienceisformallynamed“theActofPartialRevisionoftheElectricityBusinessActandOtherActsforEstablishingResilientandSustainableElectricitySupplySystems”.Asstatedinthename(“theElectricityBusinessActandOtherActs”),thisactcontainspartialrevisionsnotonlyfortheactgoverningtheelectricitybusiness,whichiscalled“theElectricityBusinessAct,”butalsofor“theActonSpecialMeasuresConcerningProcurementofElectricityfromRenewableEnergySourcesbyElectricityUtilities”(“theActonRenewableEnergySpecialMeasures”)and“theActontheJapanOil,GasandMetalsNationalCorporation”(“JOGMECAct”).

TheJOGMECAct

Anti-terrorism

measures

(newlyintroduced)

Severeaccident

measures

(newlyintroduced)

Tideembankmentheight:

29m

30

13m

Typicalnewrequirementsdemandingstrictermeasures

Earthquakes:Thereferencevalueforseismicvibrationhasbeenrevisedfrom580Galto1,000Gal.

Tsunamis:Basedonthepreviousexperienceofearthquakedisasters,potentialtsunamiheightisestimatedtobe23.1mandtherequiredheightoftideembankmentshasbeenrevisedfrom14.8m

to29m.

(Gal)

1000

500

0

(Requirement)

Seismicvibration:

1,000Gal

(Requirement)

(m)

14.8m

15

0

OLDNEW(Reference*)

*DatafromtheGreatEastJapanEarthquake

580

570

OLDNEW(Reference*)

Conventional

regulatoryrequirements

Standardsforprevention

ofsevereaccidents

(designstandards)

phenomena

instruments

eathquakesandtsunami

Preparednessfornatural

Preparednessfor?res

Reliabilityofpowersources

Performanceofother

Performanceagainst

Strengthened

ornewly

introduced

Strengthened

E?ort1:Enhancingtheresilienceofelectricpowerinfrastructure

Inthecontextofpotentialrisksoflarge-scaledisasters,suchasmassivetyphoonsorearthquakesdirectlybeneaththeTokyoMetropolitanArea,aswellasincreasingdemandsfordecarbonization,itisessentialtodrasticallyenhancetheresilienceofelectricpowernetworksinJapan.Thereisalsoahighdemandtomakethetransitiontonext-generationnetworkssuitablefortheintroductionoflargevolumesofrenewableenergy.Wewillstrivetoduplicatethenationwidenetworkstoenhancethebackupstructureforthosesystemsandensuretheresilienceofthepowerinfrastructure.

Newtrunktransmissionlinestobe

constructed

-Increaseby0.9millionkW

(around2031)

duplicationoftransmissionlines

Statusofenhancingcross-regionalinterconnectionlines

Backupstructuresofpower

areatobeenhancedincluding

supplytotheMetropolitan

BetweenHokkaidoandTohoku:

-Increaseby0.3millionkW(2028)

-Duplicationoflines(2019)

BetweenTohoku

andTokyo:

Duplicationoflines

(2027)

-Triplicationoflines(2020)

(2028)

BetweenTokyoandChubu:

Relaxingcurtailmentof

renewableenergypower

outputinKyushu

○Projectsforwhichenhancementpolicieshavealreadybeendetermined

○Potentialprojectsforwhichfuturemeasuresareexpected(examples)

Source:Interimreportforbuildingnext-generationpowernetworks(PublishedonSeptember3,2021)

Resilience:meanssturdiness,recuperativepowerorelasticity.Cross-regionalinterconnectionlines:powertransmissionlines,frequencyconvertersandAC/DCconvertersthatconnectdi?erentcontrolareas,allowingtheexchangeofpoweracrossareaborders.

E?ort2:Conformingtonewregulatoryrequirementsforhigherlevelsofsafety

Examplemeasuresagainstsevereaccidents

Inpreparationforaseriousincidentin

whichvaporinthecontainmentvessel

mustbedischargedintothe

atmospheretoreducethepressurein

thecontainmentvessel,thenuclear

powerplantsmustmaintainsystems

thatcanlimitthevolumeofdischarge

ofradioactive