細胞生物學(xué)20第一章

TheThe導(dǎo)、工作總評成績=理論考70%驗課15%驗ChapterTHEOVERVIEWOFDiscoveryofCellandFormationOfCellBasicPropertiesofMolecularCompositionofTypesandStructureSystemsofes-noncellularEvolutionOfCellular1.1DiscoveryOfCellsAndOfTheCellCell醫(yī)學(xué)遺傳學(xué)與細胞，，，：A2E （）DiscoveryofThefrstscentstwhofoundce-RorbertYear1665，Hewrotethebook《Micrographia》,tointroducehowtouseself-mademicroscope30toobservetheslideofoak,thenfoundthe“cella”。 anAntonvanLeeuwenhoekusedahandmademicroscope(300倍左右toobservepondscum&discoveredsingle-celled AntonAntonvan1673- 的顯微鏡觀察并發(fā)現(xiàn)了 Healsoobservedbloodcellsfromfish,birds, ,Healsoobservedbloodcellsfromfish,birds, ,dogs,andhumans.Therefore,itwasknownthatcellsarefoundinanimalsaswellasplants1.1.2FormationoftheCell1.1.2FormationoftheCell?1838botanistMathiasSchleiden施來登plantismadeupwithcell;Magnificationrangesat50-?1839,zoologist

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)TheRobertonetoproposenameofRobertthefirsttwotenetofcell（1）Alltheorganismsareconsistedwithoneormorethanonecells;（2）Allthecellsaresimilaraccordingtotheirstructure（cellisthebasicunitoflife）;theimportantcompletetheimportantcompleteforthecytologist?1858,PathologistRudolfVirchow1.1.3BriefHistoryofCell?Cell’sdiscoveryandthefoundationofcelltheory細胞的發(fā)現(xiàn)和細胞學(xué)說1875年，O.Hertwig發(fā) 卵中兩個親本核的融合

?ClassicalperiodofCytology細胞學(xué)的protoplasm(原生質(zhì))Foundtheflesh-likematerialinsideandplant,thennamedas “細胞是具有細胞核和細胞膜的活物質(zhì)”ImportantImportantorganelle細胞器)’s1883,范.貝內(nèi)登和博費 ;體1894年范體proposedchromosome曼foundmitochondria(?ExperimentalCytology實驗細胞學(xué)時(1900-experimental生Molecular1953,WatsonandCrickproposedDNAdoublehelixstructure,symbolforthestartofMolecularBiologyuCell1965DPDerobetisChangedhisbookBiology(《普通細胞學(xué)》)toCellBiology《細胞生物學(xué)》symbolforthestartofCelluMolecularCell80th,MolecularCellBiology

1953 1953 建成DNA分子雙螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)七十七十年代是細胞生物學(xué)研究成果豐碩的時期1970年Baltimore發(fā)現(xiàn)反轉(zhuǎn)錄酶1991獎1977年Itakuru首次將高等動物的生長激素釋放抑制明了同源異型在控制生物發(fā)育中的作用，并獲1996獎里程碑1997,Wilmut:2002,人 GenomeProject 組時代Postgenomeproject開1.21.2BasicPropertiesOfCellsHaveMembraneProtoplasm被質(zhì)膜包裹在細胞內(nèi)的所有的生活物質(zhì)，核和細胞質(zhì)。CellPlasma細胞質(zhì)是指細胞內(nèi)除核以外的原生質(zhì),即細胞中細胞核外和細胞膜以內(nèi)的原生質(zhì)部分,其中的細胞器1.2.2CellsPossessaGeneticsGeneticInformationFlow1.2.5CellsCarryOut1.2.6Cell1.2.7OtherPropertiesofCellsShapesAndCellsCells1.2.31.2.3CellsHaveRibosomesofThemselves細胞能夠用一分為二 方式進行增殖CellssizeCellssizeTypcaprokaryoticcells原核細胞havedameterat1～10μm，andeukaryoticcells真核細胞at3～30μm;Sametype’sceshavesmarvoumeNotdfferentTheszedffererceofdfferentorgansdecdedbynumberofcesnotbytheszeofcesthsphenomenonscaedCell’sVolume’sConservationLaw“細胞體積的RelationshipBetweenCellsVolumeAndCellSurfaceAreaConcentrationofConcentrationofSomeImportantMolecules限度需要500～1000種不同類型的酶和蛋白質(zhì)細胞的計量單Sizeofcell---μm(微米AftertheinventionofEM---Angstrom?(埃Mostcommonunit 1mm=1000μm1μm=10000=10001nm=101.3MolecularCompositionOfMolecularBasisMolecularBasisofOrganizationOfOrganizationOfMoleculesInInorganicSmallmonosaccharide單糖：(CH2O)n,n=3～７fattyacid脂肪酸：CH3(CH2)nCOOH,n=2～10aminoacids氨基酸nucleotidePolysaccharides多糖Lipids脂質(zhì)Protein蛋白Nucleicacid4.Macromolecular1.3.1.SmallBiological?InorganicSubstanceInsidecellsWaterandinorganicsalts水和無機鹽ChemicalReactantandTwoformsofwaterinsideBoundedWaterandfree形成溶Hydrophilic水-waterHydrophobicwater?Inorganic?InorganicCompositionoflargemolecules∶mainlyC、HReactionofdifferentenzymeCa2+、Cu2+、Mg2+、K+、Na+、Cl-etal；ActivitiesofdifferentenzymesCo2+、Cu2+、Fe3Mn2+、Zn2+etal；Specialneededforsomeorganism，IFattyAminoC6H12O6+ 6CO2+6H2O+Sugarisasousedasaformofenergystorageinces nanimaces,polysaccharides多糖(ongrepeatingstructurecontaininggucoseintheformofglycogenareusedtostoreenergyPantcesusestarch淀粉tostoreenergyFattyFattyAcid脂肪磷脂酰膽Compoetofgyceo 油磷脂兩條脂肪酸鏈甘油磷酸、含氮化合疏水 親水兼性分子（雙親媒性分子CH3(CH2)nAminoAcid氨基酸(20Structure：carboxylConnectbyα-amino Function：Subunitsofpeptidesand細胞細胞利用少數(shù)種類小分子合多種大分（由小分子到大分子NucleotidesNucleotidesStructure BaseSugarpentosePhosphateDeoxyribonucleicacid,Ribonucleicacid,1.3.21.3.2Biological大分復(fù)合大單多糖蛋氨基蛋白糖核苷核脂蛋脂肪脂?多?多糖與糖蛋白，糖celltypetocelltypewithinthesameCellCoat–Glycocalyx細胞外被（糖cellUsedforcelltocellrecognition,theabilityofacelltodistinguishonetypeofneighboringcellfromanother.Membranecarbohydratesareusuallybranchedoligosaccharideswithfewerthan核苷 DNA雙螺旋結(jié)功舉結(jié)構(gòu)材料膠原角蛋功激運營肌動蛋酪蛋白 抗肌球蛋白物質(zhì)運輸信號轉(zhuǎn)調(diào)滲透壓調(diào)毒舉電子轉(zhuǎn)移細胞色 酶催化作用)氧化還原連接酶GlycolipidsGlycolipidsBloodA,B,andA,B,andObloodtypesaredeterminedbytheaddition(orlackof)N-乙酰半乳 eitheraterminal(Aantigen)orGal(Bantigen)orneither(O:BloodBlood??NucleicAcids核核酸的化學(xué)連接ProteinStructureCanProteinStructureCanBeDescribedAt4LevesOrganization:Primary,Secondary,Tertiary,（1）PrimaryTheprimarystructureoapolypeptideisthespeciiclinearsequenceoAAs.ThemolecularbasisofsicklecellPeptidBond&PeptidBond(CON) theinkageofthecarboxygroupofoneAAtotheaminogroupofitsneighbor,withtheeiminationofamoecue（）子通過肽鍵，依次縮合而形成的多肽鏈amino-acidresidues10oligopeptide寡肽amino-acidresidues>10:polypeptide多肽Example:Example:ChangeInTheAminoAcidSequenceHemoglobinThatCausesTheDiseaseSickleAnemia（鐮刀細胞性貧血NormalHemoglobinWithAPeptideNormalHemoglobinWithAPeptideThatContainsGlutamicsicklecellhemoglobinwhichcontainsavalineinthatpeptideinsteadofglutamicacid.Changeintheprimarystructureoftheprotein.（2）Secondary（2）SecondarySecondarystructuredescribestheconormationoportionsothepolypeptidechain:Twotypicalconformations:helix(α螺旋)andβpleatedSecondarystructureisstabilizedbyhydrogenbondsbeweenaomsorm（3）TERTIARYFoldingofthepolypeptidechainasaresultofinteractionsbetweenthesidechainsofaminoacidsthatlieindifferentregionsoftheprimaryIsstabilizedbyanarrayofnoncovalentbondsbetweenthediversesidechainsoftheTypesofTypesofnoncovalentbondsmaintainingtheconformationofThethreedimensionalstructureofwhale(4)QuaternaryProteinscomprisedofmorethanoneorThesubunitsmaybelinkedbycovalentdisulfide(二硫)bondsbutmoreoftenareheldtogetherbynoncovalentbondssuchashydrophobic“patches”疏水性斑塊1.3.3AssemblyofCellStructure第一級:小分子有機物的形成第二級:小分子有機物組裝成生物大分子第三級:由生物大分子進一步組裝成細胞1.4TypesAndStructureSystemsOfCell1.4TypesAndStructureSystemsOfCellProkaryoticcell原核細胞-fromtheGreekwords,pro,meaning“beforeandkaryon,meaning“kernelor“nucleus”?Archaebacterial古細菌（甲烷菌、嗜熱菌）?Eubacteria真細菌（包括Mycoplasma支原體，Eukaryoticcell真核細胞-fromtheGreekwords:eu,meaning“well”or“trulyandkaryona“kernel”or“nucleus”.?Fungus(真菌,蕈類，霉菌?Animal?Plant?Protist（原生生物，變形蟲、草履蟲、藻類、粘1.4.11.4.1ProkaryoticCellsandStructuralMostprocaryotesiveassingeceedorganisms,athoughsomejointogethertoformchains,custers,orotherorganizedmuticeuarstructuresaspasmamembranebutacksadefinednuceus,andhasareativeysimpeinternaorganizationasnomembraneboundedhowevermanyproteinsarepreciseyocaizedintheiraqueousinterior,orMycoplasma（支原體Smaestce,usuaysizeat02~0μm，canbacteriafiterasribosomesandcircedoubestrainDNAasnoce wa,notabetokeepcertainshape1.4.21.4.2EukaryoticCellsandStructuralEucaryotes-fromtheGreekwords:eu,meaning“well”“truly,”andkaryon,a“kernel”orSomeliveindependentlivesassingle-celledorganisms,suchasyeasts;othersliveinmulticellularassemblies.Thenucleusisthemostprominentorganelleinmostplantandanimalcells.Itcontainsthegeneticinformationoftheorganism,storedinthestructureofDNAmolecules.Therestofthecell’scontents,apartfromthenucleus,constitutetheWithinthecytoplasm,plantandanimalcellscontainavarietyofinternalmembrane-enclosedorganelleswithspecializedchemicalfunctions.真核細胞內(nèi)的結(jié)構(gòu)體?BiologicalMembraneStructure?BiologicalMembraneStructure體系andMembranesDefineBoundariesandServeasPermeabilityBarriersMembraneAreSitesofMembraneRegulatetheTransportofMembraneDetectandElectricalandChemical細胞內(nèi)?BiologicalMembraneStructure生膜體系and細胞膜(質(zhì)膜核生物 內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)復(fù)合Bacterial(Bacterial(CellWall細胞壁：enclosingoutsideofbacterial，mainlycomposedbyPeptidoglycan肽聚糖。Cellmembrane細胞膜：mainlycomposedbylipidandprotein，有時可內(nèi)陷形成mesosome中膜體或間體CellPlasma細胞質(zhì)?DNA：Circledmolecule，seldomsequences，no?plasmid質(zhì)粒：independentlyfromgenomicDNA，self-replicatedcircledstructure。ATypicalProkaryotic溶酶體??GeneExpressionSystem遺信息該系統(tǒng)又稱為顆粒纖維結(jié)構(gòu)纖維結(jié)構(gòu)顆CytoskeletalServeaslociforspecificServeaslociforspecificDefineDefinetheboundariesofthecellanditsprovideprovideforandregulatetransportprocesses.containthereceptorscontainthereceptorsneededtodetectexternalcell-to-cellcontact,communicationand?CytoskeletalSystem細胞骨架系細胞骨架是蛋白與蛋白搭建起的網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu),包括細胞質(zhì)骨架和細胞核骨架。l細胞骨架系統(tǒng)首要作用是維持細胞的一l細胞內(nèi)物質(zhì)的動脈l細胞內(nèi)基質(zhì)區(qū)域化；l幫助細胞移動或行l(wèi)主要成分:微管、微絲和中間纖維原核細胞與真核原核細胞與真核細胞比較(不同原核細 真核細代表生物細菌、藍藻和支原體 細胞大小較小(1-10μm) 細胞 有(多功能性 核糖 70S(由50S和30S兩 亞基組成細胞 極 有細胞核、線粒體葉綠體,內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng),溶酶體細胞 無核膜和核 有核膜和核一個細胞只有一條雙 一個細胞有兩條以上的染環(huán)狀，存在?ComparisonofSomePropertiesProkaryoticandEukaryotic

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