高產(chǎn)母豬的飼養(yǎng)策略

1、Feeding Strategies for Prolific Sows高產(chǎn)母豬的飼養(yǎng)策略P.A. ThackerDepartment of Animal ScienceUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoon, Saskatchewan加拿大薩斯喀砌溫大學(xué)動(dòng)物科學(xué)系中文翻譯：美國(guó)ADM公司 蔡永久Changes in the Swine Industry (1980-2005)養(yǎng)豬工業(yè)的變化 (1980-2005)Increased Reproductive Efficiency 提高繁殖率Reduced Back Fat Levels 降低背膘厚度Earlie

2、r Weaning 早期斷奶Muti-Site Production 多點(diǎn)生產(chǎn)Larger Operations 規(guī)模變大Lower Profit Margins 利潤(rùn)空間變小Feed Modern Genotypes Differently 現(xiàn)代基因型豬飼養(yǎng)與過(guò)去的不同Conserve Body Tissue體組織儲(chǔ)備Consequences of Poor Sow Nutrition母豬營(yíng)養(yǎng)缺乏的后果Smaller Litter Size 窩重小Increased Piglet Mortality 仔豬死亡率增加Lighter Pigs at Weaning 斷奶體重輕Lower Conc

3、eption Rates 受精率低 Longer Weaning to Rebreeding Interval 斷奶至下一次配種時(shí)間間隔長(zhǎng)Premature Culling 過(guò)早淘汰 Formulate Diets for Specific Stages of Production按生產(chǎn)階段配制日糧Developer diets typically contain higher levels of vitamins and minerals than those fed to market animals since the nutritional requirements for growt

4、h and reproduction are different. 由于生長(zhǎng)和繁殖期的營(yíng)養(yǎng)需要量不同，后備母豬日糧比商品育肥豬的日糧含有更高水平的維生素和微量元素。The higher levels of vitamins and minerals are designed to enhance body reserves of nutrients since breeding animals will remain in the herd for a significantly longer period than market animals. 由于種豬比育肥豬飼養(yǎng)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)，高水平的維生素和

5、微量元素可以保證它們體組織營(yíng)養(yǎng)物的儲(chǔ)備。Gilt Developer Diets后備母豬日糧Locomotor problems are a common reason for culling and it is important to ensure adequate intakes of calcium and phosphorus. 運(yùn)動(dòng)問(wèn)題是造成母豬淘汰的主要原因, 但它對(duì)保證母豬能攝取足夠的鈣磷也非常重要。 Several research trials have indicated that the calcium and phosphorus requirements for m

6、aximal bone mineralization are higher than the requirements for maximal growth rate. 很多實(shí)驗(yàn)研究表明，豬的最大骨質(zhì)礦化要比最快生長(zhǎng)率對(duì)鈣磷的需要量更高。Diets fed to replacement gilts should be at least 0.1% higher in calcium and total phosphorus than diets fed to market animals beginning at approximately 50 kg body weight. 從50kg體重開(kāi)

7、始，后備母豬日糧的鈣磷水平比育肥豬至少要高0.1%。In addition to higher levels of calcium and phosphorus, there is antidotal evidence that supplementing the gilt developer diet with higher levels of copper, zinc, iron, iodine and manganese will increase body reserves of these minerals and may enhance future reproductive pe

8、rformance. 后備母豬的日糧除要求額外高水平的鈣、 磷之外如能再補(bǔ)充高水平的銅、 鋅、鐵、碘、錳微量元素，這將 有助于提高母豬體內(nèi)對(duì)這些礦物 質(zhì)的儲(chǔ)備從而能改善以后的繁殖 表現(xiàn)。Typical Gilt FinisherDeveloper育肥豬 后備母豬常量元素 Macrominerals (Total)鈣 Calcium%0.600.75磷 Phosphorus%0.500.65有效磷 Avail phosphorus%0.200.40食鹽 Salt%0.330.40微量元素 Microminerals (Supplemented)鐵 Ironmg/kg 50 150銅 Copper

9、mg/kg 10 15鋅 Zincmg/kg 90 150碘 Iodinemg/kg 0.14 0.28硒 Seleniummg/kg 0.30 0.30錳 Manganesemg/kg - 20Recommendations for Mineral Fortification of a Gilt Developer Diet Compared with a Typical Finisher Diet與肥育豬日糧相比后備母豬日糧中礦物質(zhì)的推薦添加量The vitamin needs of the reproducing female are also greater than those of

10、 the terminal animal. 繁殖母豬的維生素需要量比育肥豬高。The typical vitamin premix used in the finishing barn should be replaced with a “breeder” vitamin premix. 要用種豬維生素預(yù)混料來(lái)代替常用育肥豬飼養(yǎng)期的典型維生素預(yù)混料。 The breeder premix should contain elevated levels of the fat soluble vitamins A, D, and E and the water-soluble vitamins wi

11、th special attention to choline, biotin, pyridoxine and folic acid which are usually not supplemented in typical finishing rations. 種豬維生素預(yù)混料應(yīng)含高水平的脂溶性維生素A、D、E和水溶性多種維生素，特別注意膽堿、生物素、B6、葉酸這些通常不在育肥豬日糧中添加的維生素。Vitamin Levels for Developer Diets后備母豬日糧的維生素水平 TypicalFinisherGilt Developer 育肥豬 后備母豬Vitamin AIU55

12、008200Vitamin DIU 550 825Vitamin EIU 25 66Vitamin Kmg 2 2Vitamin B12ug 15 25Niacin 煙酸mg 20 20Pantoth Acid 泛酸mg 15 20Riboflavin B2 mg 4 20Choline 膽堿mg 01250Biotin 生物素ug 0 200Folic Acid 葉酸mg 0 1.5Pyridoxine B6mg 0 1.0Recommendations for Vitamin Fortification of a Gilt Developer Compared with a Finishe

13、r Diet與肥育豬日糧相比后備母豬日糧中維生素的推薦添加量The objective of any feeding strategy for gilts should be to introduce replacements into the breeding herd in such a way that their breeding lifetime and reproductive performance are maximized.后備母豬飼養(yǎng)策略的目標(biāo)是引進(jìn)后備豬進(jìn)入繁殖群后它們均能達(dá)到最大程度的繁殖周期和繁殖性能Feeding Gilts 后備母豬的飼養(yǎng)It is importa

14、nt that replacement gilts be of sufficient age, size and physiological maturity before breeding. 有必要在繁殖前就選用好后備母豬具備足夠年齡、大小、生理成熟狀態(tài)。It is also necessary that they have adequate reserves of fat and lean in their body at first mating. 也必需在第一次配種前考慮所選用的后備母豬具備足夠體脂和瘦肉儲(chǔ)備。At least 135 kg live weight 至少135公斤活體重

15、At least 16-20 mm P2 back fat 至少P2背膘厚度16-22毫米At second estrus or later 至少處于第二個(gè)發(fā)情期或更晚Targets for Gilts at First Mating后備母豬第一次配種時(shí)的目標(biāo)指數(shù)Body WeightP2 Backfat at Number of Piglets Bornat Mating (kg)Mating (mm)Parity 1Parity 1 to 5配種時(shí)體重 P2背脂厚度 初胎產(chǎn)仔數(shù) 1-5胎產(chǎn)仔總數(shù)11714.6 7.151.012615.8 9.857.313617.710.356.9146

16、20.010.559.815722.410.551.716625.3 9.951.3Challinor et al., 1996 Reproductive Performance of Sows According to Body Weight and Back Fat at First Mating母豬的繁殖性能與第一次配種時(shí)的體重和背脂厚度相關(guān)Feeding Replacement Gilts From Herd Entry Until Mating后備母豬從進(jìn)入種群到配種的飼養(yǎng)For most genotypes of gilts there is no need to do anyth

17、ing special to manipulate body composition. 對(duì)大多數(shù)品種的后備母豬來(lái)說(shuō)沒(méi)必要故意設(shè)法想改變其身體組分。All that will be required will be to feed a gilt developer diet ad libitum from arrival in the breeding herd until mating. 從進(jìn)入繁殖群到配種，最必需的是用后備母豬專用料并采用自由采食方式來(lái)飼喂后備母豬。This diet should contain about 3000-3200 kcal of DE/kg and 0.70-

18、0.80% lysine. 該日糧應(yīng)含3000-3200大卡/kg消化能和0.7-0.8%賴氨酸。 Body Weight of Gilt 后備母豬體重 10-2020-5050-100DE Intake (Mcal/day) 3.4 6.409.0消化能 （兆卡/天） Crude Protein (%) 粗蛋白 20.918.016.3Total Lysine (%) 總賴氨酸 1.150.950.75Total Lysine (g/day 天) 11.519.022.5g Lysine/Mcal DE 3.382.962.50克賴氨酸/兆卡消化能Adapted from NRC (1998

19、). Assumes ad lib intake and a lean growth potential of 325 g/day假設(shè)自由采食、瘦肉生長(zhǎng)潛力為325克/天。Nutrient Levels to Maximize Lean TissueGrowth Rates in Developing Gilts后備母豬最大瘦肉組織生長(zhǎng)率所需的營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平For genotypes whose growth rate is so rapid that they are likely to be significantly over the target weight before reaching

20、 puberty, it may be necessary to restrict energy intake. 在性成熟階段之前，對(duì)于那些生長(zhǎng)過(guò)快很可能顯著超過(guò)目標(biāo)體重的后備母豬品種，有必要限制它們的能量攝入。The objective of restricting energy intake during rearing is to limit mature body size and reduce feet and leg problems associated with females that become too heavy or too fat. There are two po

21、ssibilities to accomplish this: 飼養(yǎng)管理中限飼能量攝入的目的是限制成熟母豬的體重、減少因母豬超重過(guò)肥引發(fā)的肢蹄病。通常采用兩種方法:1. Restrict Feed Intake (2.4-2.6 kg) 限制日采食量2. Reduce Energy Density 降低能量濃度Effect of High Fibre Gestation Diets on Reproductive Performance高纖維日糧對(duì)懷孕母豬繁殖性能的影響Standard50% Sugar50 % MixedGestation DietBeet PulpFibre Sources

22、 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)懷孕日糧 50%甜菜粕 50%纖維混合物Net Energy Content (MJ/kg) 凈能含量 9.03 8.496.72Gestation Feed Intake (kg) 懷孕豬采食量 281 290368Gestation Energy Intake (MJ NE) 2296 22162287懷孕豬攝入凈能Lactation Energy Intake (MJ NE) 1450 15281438泌乳豬攝入凈能Gestation Weight Gain (kg) 懷孕豬體增重 58.7 61.667.9Lactation Weight Loss (kg) 泌乳豬體失重 8.0

23、 6.3 9.6Pigs Born Alive 出生活仔數(shù) 10.8 10.910.7Birth Weight (kg)出生重 1.6 1.51.7Pigs Weaned 斷奶仔豬數(shù) 9.5 9.39.328 Day Weaning Weight (kg) 8.4 8.18.428天斷奶重_Vestergaard and Danielsen, 1998. Animal Science 68: 355-362.Mixed Fibre= Grass meal, wheat bran and oat hulls. 混合纖維 = 干草+麥麩+燕麥殼Feeding ReplacementGilts Pr

24、ior To Mating后備母豬配種前的飼養(yǎng)Feeding Gilts Prior to Mating后備母豬配種前的飼養(yǎng)The objective of the feeding program immediately before mating is to maximize the number of eggs ovulated.在臨近配種時(shí)飼喂程序的目標(biāo)是促使排卵數(shù)最大化。Ovulation rate is the principle factor limiting litter size in gilts and increasing the level of feed intake

25、prior to mating will significantly increase ovulation rate. 排卵率是限制母豬窩重的主要因子，在配種前提高采食量能顯著性地增加排卵效率。Ovulation rate increases by 1-2 ova in response to increased feed intake during the 14-day period immediately prior to ovulation. This is the well know flushing effect.在排卵前14天立即增加采食量，排卵數(shù)相應(yīng)會(huì)增加1-2個(gè)，這是著名的“沖

26、刷”效果。（最大采食量會(huì)導(dǎo)致胃腸的迅速排空，即催情補(bǔ)飼）Flushing has been shown to increase plasma levels of FSH and increase the pulse frequency of LH suggesting that flushing enhances ovulation rate by stimulating the secretion of gondotrophins. 催情補(bǔ)飼能增加血漿中卵泡刺激素的水平和增加促黃體素的脈沖頻率，這表明催情補(bǔ)飼能通過(guò)刺激促性腺激素的分泌提高排卵速率。The increase in gonado

27、trophin secretion is thought to be mediated through plasma levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). 促性腺激素分泌的增加被看作是血漿中胰島素和胰島素類似生長(zhǎng)因子-1 (IGF-1)的水平調(diào)節(jié)所致。The increase in ovulation rate likely occurs either as result of increased follicle recruitment or a reduction in atresia. 排卵速率的增加很可能

28、是由于卵泡增生加強(qiáng)或是卵泡囊萎縮下降所致。The Effects of Feed Level During the First Estrous Cycle on Litter Size 在第一個(gè)發(fā)情期飼喂水平對(duì)窩重的效果Should feed intake be restricted for any reason during the rearing period, special precautions should be taken to ensure that gilts are fed ad lib (at least 3 kg/day) for the two week period

29、 prior to mating. 如果在飼養(yǎng)過(guò)程中限制飼料采食量，應(yīng)當(dāng)在配種前2周采取特別措施來(lái)確保后備母豬自由采食(至少3公斤/天)。Summary of Feeding Replacement Gilts后備母豬飼養(yǎng)小結(jié)Feed replacement gilts a specialized developer diet rather than a finisher diet to enhance body stores of vitamins and minerals. 飼喂后備母豬要使用專門的日糧而不是育肥豬日糧，以促使體組織中維生素和礦物營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素的貯存。Feed diet cont

30、aining 3000-3200 kcal DE and 0.7-0.8% lysine ad libitum to ensure adequate reserves of fat and lean at mating. 日糧應(yīng)含3000-3200大卡/千克消化能和0.7-0.8%賴氨酸并自由采食,確保配種時(shí)母豬體脂肪和肌肉的儲(chǔ)備。For some genotypes, it may be necessary to restrict feed intake to reduce feet and leg problems associated with females getting too h

31、eavy or fat. 對(duì)某些品種有必要限制采食量，減少由于母豬超重過(guò)肥引起的肢蹄病。If for any reason feed intake is restricted, feed gilts ad libitum (3.0 kg) for two week period prior to mating. 如果由于某種原因采食量受到限制，應(yīng)當(dāng)在配種前2周確保后備母豬自由采食(至少3公斤/天)。Feeding Sows in Gestation懷孕母豬的飼養(yǎng)Objectives of Feeding Program in Gestation懷孕母豬飼喂程序的目標(biāo)Minimize embry

32、o mortality 減少胚胎死亡率Provide nutrients for fetal growth 提供胎體生長(zhǎng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)Provide nutrients for the growth of the uterus and mammary glands 提供子宮和乳腺生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育營(yíng)養(yǎng)Allow for maternal growth 維持母豬的生長(zhǎng)Replenish body reserves depleted during the previous lactation 補(bǔ)充泌乳前期體儲(chǔ)存營(yíng)養(yǎng)物的損失Set the sow up metabolically for the ensuing lac

33、tation調(diào)節(jié)母豬身體代謝狀況為隨后的泌乳做準(zhǔn)備Goal is to have the sow produce a large, healthy litter with a high probability of survival and with the potential for rapid and efficient growth. 目標(biāo)是確保母豬產(chǎn)仔窩重大、健康、成活率高、具快速生長(zhǎng)效率的潛力。Approaches to Gestation Feeding懷孕母豬的飼養(yǎng)方法North American System 北美系Danish System 丹麥系Feeding Patter

34、n During Gestation(North American System)懷孕母豬飼喂模式（北美系）North American System北美模式In this system , there are three major phases where feed intake is adjusted . They are: 其中有三個(gè)調(diào)整采食量的主要階段，它們是：Early gestation where the focus is on embryo survival (first two weeks) 懷孕早期關(guān)注胚胎成活率（0-2周）Mid-gestation where the

35、focus is on sow body condition (days 14 to 100) 懷孕中期關(guān)注母豬體況（14-100天）Late gestation where the focus is on fetal growth and setting the sow up for the ensuing lactation (last 2 weeks)懷孕后期關(guān)注胎兒生長(zhǎng)和調(diào)整身體狀況，為隨后的泌乳做準(zhǔn)備（最后兩周）。Feeding During Early Pregnancy(North American System)懷孕早期的飼養(yǎng)（北美系）Approximately 20-30%

36、of all embryos die during the first 30 days of gestation. 懷孕早期的前30天約有20-30%的胚胎死亡。Research has shown that high levels of feed intake following mating are associated with an increase in embryo mortality. 研究表明配種后的高采食量與 高胚胎死亡率密切相關(guān)。The principle mechanism controlling the development of embryos and their

37、subsequent survival is the secretion of uterine specific proteins. 控制胚胎發(fā)育即后成活率的主要機(jī)理是子宮特殊蛋白的分泌These proteins are stimulated by ovarian steroid hormones particularly progesterone. A rise in progesterone early in pregnancy enhances the uterine environment and makes it more supportive of the embryo. 這些特

38、殊蛋白被卵巢類固醇激素尤其黃體酮激發(fā)。懷孕早期黃體酮的升高會(huì)改善子宮環(huán)境，為胚胎提供更適宜的營(yíng)養(yǎng)。Increased feed intakes have been shown to be associated with a decrease in plasma progesterone as a result of increased metabolic clearance of progesterone leading to a subsequent reduction in embryo survival. 采食量增加已經(jīng)證明與代謝分解加快、血漿黃體酮降低有關(guān)，結(jié)果導(dǎo)致胚胎存活率降低 Fe

39、eding Level OvulationTotalEmbryoProgesterone Day 1-3Day 3-15 Rate EmbryosSurvival (%) (ng/ml)1-3天飼喂量 3-15天飼喂量 排卵數(shù) 胚胎數(shù) 胚胎成活率 黃體酮濃度1.9 kg1.9 kg14.512.485.9 10.52.5 kg1.9 kg14.911.577.3 3.72.6 kg2.6 kg14.910.266.9 4.5_Jindal et al., 1996Effect of Feed Level in Early Gestation on Plasma Progesterone Lev

40、els and Embryo Survival 懷孕早期的飼喂水平對(duì)血漿黃體酮和胚胎存活率的影響High-planeFeeding高水平飼喂量Increased hepaticblood flow增加肝中血漿流動(dòng)Increased metabolicclearance rate ofProgesterone黃體酮分解代謝速度增加Decreased plasmaprogesterone Concentration血漿黃體酮濃度降低Suboptimal secretionof “uterine specificproteins”子宮特殊蛋白分泌不適Decreased embryosurvival

41、rate胚胎成活率降低As a result of this research, it is generally recommended that low (1.8-2.0 kg) level feeding be conducted for the first two weeks of gestation. 研究結(jié)果表明，通常建議懷孕頭兩周采用低飼喂量（1.8-2.0公斤) 。Feeding DuringMid-Pregnancy(North American System)懷孕中期的飼養(yǎng)(北美模式)The underlying objective of feeding sows durin

42、g mid-gestation is to allow for a moderate weight gain and to achieve a target level of body fat at farrowing (18-22 mm). 懷孕中期母豬飼喂的目標(biāo)是獲得適宜的體增重、產(chǎn)仔時(shí)體脂肪達(dá)到目標(biāo)水平（18-22mm)BreedingBack Fat at Breeding (mm) 繁殖時(shí)背膘厚度Wt (kg) 8 91011121314151617181920115-1192.62.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.81.71.71.71.7120-1242.62.52.4

43、2.32.32.22.12.01.91.81.71.71.7125-1292.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.81.71.71.7130-1342.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.91.81.71.7135-1392.72.62.52.42.42.32.22.12.01.91.81.71.7140-1442.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.81.71.7145-1492.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.02.01.81.81.7150-1542.82.72.62.62.52.42.32.22.12.01.9

44、1.81.8155-1592.92.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.81.8160-1642.92.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.22.11.91.91.8165-1692.92.82.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.9170-1743.02.92.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.9175-1793.02.92.82.72.62.52.42.42.32.22.02.01.9180-1843.02.92.92.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.02.0185-1893.13.02.92.

45、82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.02.0190-1943.13.02.92.82.72.62.52.52.42.32.22.12.1195-1993.13.13.02.92.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.1200-2043.23.13.02.92.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.1205-2093.23.13.02.92.82.72.72.62.52.42.32.22.2Target Feed Intakes for Gestating Gilts (Days 14 to 100)14 - 100天懷孕母豬的目標(biāo)采食量Feeding Sows

46、in Late Gestation懷孕后期母豬的飼養(yǎng)The nutrient requirements of gestating sows are greatest in late gestation when fetal growth is at its peak. 懷孕后期母豬體內(nèi)胎兒生長(zhǎng)處高峰期、對(duì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)需要量最大。If feed intake is not increased during this period, the sow will lose back fat during the last two weeks of gestation. 如果這個(gè)時(shí)候不增加采食量，在懷孕最后兩周

47、母豬的背脂厚度將降低。In addition, there is evidence that this catabolic state will contribute to sows gorging and then going off feed in early lactation. 此外，有證據(jù)表明分解代謝狀態(tài)將導(dǎo)致母豬暴食，然后泌乳早期采食量下降。 Sows should receive an additional 1.5 kg of feed per day on top of their normal daily allowance from day 100 to 112 of ge

48、station. 懷孕母豬100-112天應(yīng)當(dāng)每天比正常采食額外增加1.5公斤飼料。Performance of Sows Fed at Normal or High Levels in Late Gestation (day 100-114)懷孕后期母豬采食量正?；蚋咚綍r(shí)的生產(chǎn)表現(xiàn)Feed Intake (kg/day)2.33.9Lactation Intake (kg/day) 泌乳豬采食量6.616.67Piglet Growth (g/day) 仔豬日增重237240Wean to Estrus Interval (days) 6.25.4斷奶到再發(fā)情間隔時(shí)間Subsequent

49、Litter Size 窩重12.012.4_Miller et al., (1996)On some farms, continuing to feed the additional 1.5 kg of feed all of the way to farrowing can cause udder problems such as agalactia and mastitis. 在某些豬場(chǎng)，懷孕全程中都多飼喂1.5公斤飼料會(huì)導(dǎo)致乳房問(wèn)題，如無(wú)乳癥和乳房炎。In addition, feed intake may be reduced in early lactation. 另外，泌乳早期采

50、食量可能降低If this proves to be the case, then the additional feed should be discontinued approximately 2 days before the expected due date of the sow. 如果事實(shí)是這樣的話，在母豬預(yù)產(chǎn)期前大約2天應(yīng)當(dāng)停止加料。Feeding Pattern in Gestation(Danish System)懷孕母豬的飼喂模式(丹麥系)Early gestation (days 0 to 28) provide sows with high levels of feed

51、 (3.0 kg/day). 懷孕早期0-28天提供母豬高采食量(3.0 kg/day)。Mid gestation (days 28 to 90), feed 1.8 to 2.4 kg of feed, depending on sow condition 懷孕中期28-90天根據(jù)母豬體況，每天供食1.8-2.4 kg。Late gestation (days 90 to 110), feed 3.0-3.5 kg of feed/day 懷孕后期90-110天,每天喂食3.0-3.5 kg。Comparison of Systems兩種飼喂模式的比較The total feed prov

52、ided to sows in gestation is approximately the same in the two systems. 兩種模式中母豬懷孕階段的總飼喂量是相同的。However, the pattern of intakes differs dramatically, with the two systems being completely contradictory in recommendations during early and mid gestation. 但是，二者之間喂食模式顯著不同，在懷孕早期和中期的建議喂食量完全相反。Under North Ame

53、rican conditions and using traditional genotypes, high feed intakes in early gestation have been shown to be detrimental to reproductive performance. 在北美養(yǎng)殖條件下的傳統(tǒng)品種，懷孕早期的高采食量已經(jīng)證明會(huì)對(duì)繁殖性能產(chǎn)生有害的影響。Effect of Feed Intake in Early Gestation (day 0-25) on Sow Reproductive Performance懷孕早期的采食量對(duì)母豬繁殖性能的影響High 高Lo

54、w 低(3.5 kg)(1.5 kg)Weight change early gestation (kg)懷孕早期的體重變化11.600.57Backfat change early gestation (mm)懷孕早期的背脂變化 1.870.76Litter size 窩重大小10.9512.05_Prime et al., 1988. Animal Production 46: 499Comparison of Systems兩種飼喂模式的比較Danish producers using the Danish system are achieving very high levels of

55、 productivity (30 pigs/sow/year). 丹麥模式生產(chǎn)者獲得非常高水平的生產(chǎn)成績(jī)(30 頭小豬/母豬/年)。However, it is not known whether or not the system can be applied to North American genotypes. 但是，這個(gè)模式能否適用于在北美品種還不知道。Research should be conducted to determine the productivity of the system under North American conditions using diffe

56、rent genotypes. 研究應(yīng)當(dāng)在北美條件下、用不同品種進(jìn)行測(cè)試，以決定這個(gè)養(yǎng)殖模式的生產(chǎn)成績(jī)。Feeding in Gestation懷孕母豬的飼養(yǎng)Regardless of the system used, the principle goal of the feeding program during gestation is to try to keep the sows in the breeding herd “fit not fat”. 不管用哪個(gè)模式，懷孕階段飼喂程序的基本目標(biāo)是保持母豬體況適中而不過(guò)肥。 Clearly both under conditioning

57、and over conditioning are detrimental to the future reproductive performance. 很明顯，母豬體況偏瘦和過(guò)肥對(duì)將來(lái)的繁殖性能都是有害的。Consequences of Thin Sows母豬體況偏瘦的后果Failure to recycle after weaning 斷奶后很難再發(fā)情L(zhǎng)ower subsequent conception rates and litter size 隨后懷孕率低、并且窩仔少Increased susceptibility to bone fractures 增加骨折的可能性Prematu

58、re culling 過(guò)早淘汰increased farrowing difficulty 增加產(chǎn)仔困難increased incidence of crushed piglets 增加踩壓小豬的發(fā)生機(jī)率decreased lactation feed intake 減少泌乳期采食量lower milk production 降低泌乳量increased susceptibility to heat stress 提高了對(duì)熱應(yīng)激的敏感性Consequences of Fat Sows母豬體況過(guò)肥的后果Methods to Assess Adequacy of Gestation Feeding

59、 Program評(píng)價(jià)懷孕母豬飼喂程序恰當(dāng)如否的方法Weigh Sows (target 45-60 kg gain) 母豬增重（目標(biāo)45-60公斤）Condition Score (target for score of 3)體況評(píng)分（目標(biāo)3分）Measure Backfat (target 18-22 mm) 背脂檢測(cè)（目標(biāo)18-22 mm）Effect of Sow Body Condition on Reproductive Performance 母豬體況對(duì)繁殖性能的影響Farm農(nóng)場(chǎng)編號(hào)% Sows in Correct Body Condition母豬體況達(dá)標(biāo)率 % Sow Mort

60、ality死亡率Pigs Weaned/Sow/Year斷奶豬數(shù)/年/母豬 159.313.420.6261.717.719.7375.25.721.1478.88.722.8579.18.423.5679.36.522.2784.37.824.61Sows with more sows in correct body condition had lower mortality (r2=-0.83) and weaned more pigs (r2=-0.88)2Scharlach, 2005 母豬體況達(dá)標(biāo)率越高，母豬死亡率越低，斷奶小豬頭數(shù)越多。FeedingSowsDuringLactat