00795自學(xué)考試綜合英語二語法知識點匯總

1、系動詞系動詞，亦稱連系動詞(LinkVerb)。作為系動詞，它本身有詞義，但不能單獨用作謂語，后邊必須跟表語，亦稱補(bǔ)語(形容詞)，構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)說明主語的狀況、性質(zhì)、特征等情況。英語除動詞be之外，還有一些動詞也可以做系動詞，如表示狀態(tài)或情況的：keep,look,feel,appear,lie,remain,seem,stay,smell,sound,taste等;以及表示變化的：get,grow,turn,fall,run,become,go,等。1.tobe可以加在seem,prove,remain,appear等系動詞和其后的名詞或形容詞之間，但也可以省略。E.g.Thetaskprov

2、ed(tobe)impossible.E.g.Theyseem(tobe)suchfriendlypeople,buttheyneverrepliedtoourinvitation.注意：在seem,appear等詞后，可加其他非tobe不定式，但這時他們不是系動詞，而是不及物動詞。Courtesy,politeness,supplyneverseemsgoodmanner?Callitwhatyouwill,thetoequalthe非人稱代詞demand.it做句子的形式主語1.代表不定式E.g.2.Itisabsurd代表動名詞tobeafraidundersuchcircumstanc

3、es.E.g.ItisterribletryingtokeepupwiththeJones.3.代表that引導(dǎo)的從句E.g.Itisplaintoeveryonethatshewasoffended.4.代表wh-引導(dǎo)的從句E.g.Aslongashefinisheshiswork,itdoesn'tmatterwhenhecomestotheoffice.做句子的形式賓語1 .代表不定式E.g.Theyfounditdifficult2 .代表從句E.g.Ithinkitbestthattogetalongwithhim.you(should)staywithme.E.g.Heso

4、onmadeitclearwhyhehadaskedaconference.用來改變句子結(jié)構(gòu)，使句子某一成分得到強(qiáng)調(diào)1 .強(qiáng)調(diào)主語E.g.Itwasshewhoputforwardthesuggestion.2 .強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語E.g.itisthatpaintingthathehassoldatagoodprofit.3 .強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語E.g.itwasthroughmethathehasgotthepresentjob.強(qiáng)調(diào)用so表示強(qiáng)調(diào)用so強(qiáng)調(diào)聽者同意說者所言，這種用法只將so提到句首，其他成分位置不變。E.g.-youhavespilledcoffeeonyourdress.-SoIhave.

5、情態(tài)動詞+完成式could+have+過去分詞有時表示過去的時間，說明某事可能已發(fā)生，有時也表示與事實相反，表示本來有能力做某事，但卻未做。E.g.Whathappenedintheairportcouldhavebeentrue.might/may+have+過去分詞表示對已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況進(jìn)行揣測，但語氣相當(dāng)不肯定，表示近乎未實現(xiàn)的行為.E.g.Youmighthavedonetheworkbetter.must+have+過去分詞是對發(fā)生在過去的一種行為的推測，表示過去必定發(fā)生過的事情，語氣相業(yè)生士豐二“生士.士”當(dāng)月7E,表小R7E,7E。E.g.Itmusthaverainedlastn

6、ight.Thegroundiswet.should/oughtto+have+過去分詞表示該做而未做到的事，表示“本應(yīng)”。E.g.Theyshouldhavemadeagoodjobofit.shouldnot/oughtn'tto+have+過去分詞表示做了不該做的事，表示“本不應(yīng)該”。E.g.Youshouldnothavedonesuchthings.can't(couldn't)+have+過去分詞表示對過去的動作進(jìn)行否定性推測。意為“肯定沒有，肯定不是”。E.g.Thepoemcan'thavebeenwrittenbythelittlegirl;s

7、heisonlyfour.would+have+過去分詞經(jīng)常用于虛擬條件句中，表示與過去事實相反的猜測。E.g.Ifshehadknownaboutit,shewouldhavetalkedaboutit.needn't+have+過去分詞表示不必做的事情卻做了，可譯為“原本不必”“其實不必”。E.g.Youneedn'thavedoneallthesecalculations.Wehaveacomputertodealwiththatsortofthing.主謂一致知識點一manya,morethanone+單數(shù)名詞，謂語仍然用單數(shù)。E.g.Manyasoldierhassa

8、crificedhislifefortherevolution.知識點二eitherof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞用單數(shù).E.g.Haseitherofyourparentsvisitedyou?知識點三and;bothand連接兩個單數(shù)形式的名詞詞組，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù).當(dāng)主語在意義上指同一人，同一物或同一概念時，謂語用單數(shù).E.g.Aboyandagirlwanttogo.知識點四eachandeach;everyandevery等結(jié)構(gòu)后，謂語用單數(shù).E.g.Eachmanand(each)womanisaskedtohelp.知識點五主語后面有aswellas;togetherwith;along

9、with;ratherthan等詞組，謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)有主語來決定.E.g.I,togetherwithmymother,wasreadingattenyesterday.oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系分句結(jié)構(gòu)如先行詞為復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語則為復(fù)數(shù).當(dāng)前面有theonly/very等限定詞修飾，謂語用單數(shù).E.g.Joanisoneofthosepeoplewhogooutoftheirwaytobehelpful.靠近原則：由notonly.butalso,either.or,neither.nor或or連接的并列主語。通常根據(jù)就近一致原則，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式由最接近它的名詞詞組的單復(fù)數(shù)形式?jīng)Q定。E.g

10、.Heoryouhavetakenmypen.由“anumberof,atotalof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；由“thenumberof,thetotalof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。E.g.Anumberofstudentsarewaitingforthebus.倒裝句帶有neither,nor,nomore的句子倒裝代詞neither,nor,nomore用于后面分句句首，且前面分句必須是否定句，這時后面分句不僅用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，而且時態(tài)（包括助動詞）必須和前句一致。so被用作句首的分句前面必須是肯定句。E.g.Sheneverlaughed,nordidsheeverlo

11、sehertemper.知識點二虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)中的條件從句省去if時，were,had和should要移至主語之前。E.g.HadIknownit,Ishouldhavetoldhim.句首為否定詞和帶有否定意義的詞或短語作狀語或賓語時，常用部分倒裝。常用于這一結(jié)構(gòu)的詞語有：little,nowhere,rarely,scarcely,seldom,few,hardly,never,undernocircumstances,onnoaccount,innoway,atnopoint,atnotime,innosense,atno/othertime,bynomeans,barely/hardly/s

12、carcelywhen,notuntilmuch/even/stillless,nolonger,notasingleword,notoften,等。帶only的句子的倒裝only位于句子開頭，如果修飾介詞短語或狀語從句，那么句子應(yīng)倒裝。E.g.Onlybyshoutingatthetopofhisvoicewasheablemakehimselfheard.Only引導(dǎo)的從句位于句首，主語應(yīng)倒裝.E.g.Onlywhenshecamehomedidhelearnthenews.so/such-that結(jié)構(gòu)中的so放在句首時，需要倒裝。E.g.Soabsurddidhelookthatever

13、yonestaredathim.E.g.Suchagoodstudentwasshethatalltheteacherslikedher.在as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中形容詞、名詞或副詞常移至從句之首，起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。E.g.Tiredashewas,wedecidednottodisturbhim.E.g.Childasthelittlegirlis,sheknowsseveralforeignlanguages.旬首為manyatime,tosuchanextent,tosuchadegree,tosuchapoint等狀語時，句子需要部分倒裝。E.g.Tosuchadegreewasheexci

14、tedthathecouldn'tgotosleepthatnight.在某些表示祝愿的句子中使用倒裝。E.g.Mayyoulivealongandhappylife!介詞詞組放在句首.E.g.Infrontofthehousestandsatree.強(qiáng)調(diào)句型強(qiáng)調(diào)句：Itis/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+who/whom/that被強(qiáng)調(diào)的主語是人稱代詞時，既可用主格，也可用賓格.知識點四強(qiáng)調(diào)句it和先行詞it的區(qū)別如果把itis(was)that去掉，剩下的仍能組成完整的句子，就是強(qiáng)調(diào)句.E.g.ItisclearthatnotallthestudentslikeEnglish.E.g.Itw

15、asthisplacethatImetTom.notuntil句型的強(qiáng)調(diào)E.g.Itwasnotuntil10o'clockthathewenttobed.E.g.NotuntilhefinishedthehomeworkdidhewatchTV.非謂語動詞分詞分詞的位置：單個分詞作定語一般放在所修飾的名詞前；也可放在名詞后，其作用是強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞的動作性，但一般僅限于過去分詞。E.g.theaspectsconcerned,E.g.theauthorityinvolved分詞的特殊形式1.分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，即分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)分詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致時，分詞必須帶上自己的主語，稱為獨

16、立結(jié)構(gòu)，可以表示原因，時間，伴隨等。1) n.+分詞短語E.g.(time)Thedarkcloudshavingdispersed,thesunshoneagain.E.g.(reason)Themonitorbeingill,we'dbetterwaitforher.2) With+n.+分詞短語/adj./adv/prepE.g.WithMr.Litakingthelead,thegroupaccuseditscompanyofdelayingtheirsalary.E.g.Withthemostpoptelevisionnetworkinhishand,themanhavehi

17、sproductsadvertisedatthegoldentimeforanhour.不定式1.with/without+分詞邏輯主語十分詞1）不定式常在下面動詞后面作賓語：afford,agree,arrange,ask,attempt,beg,care,choose,claim,decide,desire,determine,expect,fail,hope,pretend,promise,refuse,learn,tend,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,etc.2）動詞+it（形式賓語）+形容詞（賓語補(bǔ)足語）+不定式（真正賓語）,適用于止匕結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞：b

18、elieve,consider,feel,find,realize,see,suppose,think,understandetc.E.g.Wefounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime.2 .“Whword+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)advise,decide,discuss,findout,know,learn,see,teach,tell,showunderstand,wonder等E.g.Hedoesnotknowwhentostart.3 .不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語1）動詞ask,advise,allow,beg,cause,command,direct,en

19、able,encourage,expect,feel,force,have,hear,invite,lead,let,make,notice,order,permit,persuade,tell,urge,watch,see,requireetc.2）下列詞組后面的不定式不帶to:wouldratherthan（寧愿也不），hadbetter,can'thelpbut（不得不），may/mightaswell（不妨）務(wù)必注意的是：接不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動詞改成被動形式時必須加tooE.g.Hehasseenninepresidentscomeandgo.E.g.Ninepresid

20、entshavebeenseentocomeandgo（byhim）.4.不定式的時態(tài)1）完成式：不定式的動作在謂語表示的動作之前完成，或想像中過去的動作或事情，但并沒有發(fā)生。E.g.Thisbookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintodozensoflanguagesinthelastdecade.2）進(jìn)行式：E.g.Thechildrenappeartobeenjoyingthemselvesattheparty.注意不定式的邏輯主語ofsb./forsb.E.g.Itisquiteimportantforustolearnaforeignlanguagewell.

21、E.g.Itisverykindofyoutotellmethetruth.動名詞知識點一接動名詞作賓語的動詞admit,avoid,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,finish,appreciate,consider,mind,risk,practise,dislike,resent（怨恨），advise,pardon,require,quit（戒除），suggest知識點二有些動詞后既可以跟動名詞，也可以跟不定式like,love,start,continue,attempt,propose,forget,recall,endure,permit,deserve,regre

22、t,omit（疏忽，省略）etc.知識點三to作為介詞的短語beusedto,beaccustomedto,beopposedto反對，beaddictedto沉溺于,bedevotedto專心于,lookforwardto,objectto,seeto負(fù)責(zé)，留意動詞need,require,want,deserve后面跟動名詞的主動形式表示被動意義。E.g.Allthecarsintheyardneedrepairing.1.plan,like,love,hate后動名詞表示抽象行為和一般動作，不定式表不具體的、特定的動作。E.g.Helikesdancingbuthedoesn't

23、liketodancewithstrangers.知識點五動名詞的邏輯主語1 .動名詞的邏輯主語可以是形容詞性物主代詞或賓格，在句中兩者均可使用，在句首要用形容詞性物主代詞。E.g.Their/Mary'scomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.2 .動名詞的邏輯主語可以是形容詞性物主代詞或賓格，在句中兩者均可使用，在句首要用形容詞性物主代詞。E.g.Their/Mary'scomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.虛擬語氣時間結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)在的情況過凡1過去的情況had+過去分詞/couldhavedone將來

24、的情況would/could+動詞原形知識點一wish引導(dǎo)的賓從時間結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)在，將來的情況的情況過去式過去的情況had+過去分詞E.g.Hewishesthathehadstudiedhardinuniversity.知識點二wouldratherthatE.g.Iwouldratherthatyoudidn'tE.g.Iwouldratherthatyoudidn'tIt's(about/almost/high)timethat從句用一般過去式tellmetheanswernow.gotheretomorrow.E.g.It'stimethatthatclass

25、began.可以省略if,助動詞were,youwenttobed.E.g.It'stimeif條件句had,should要前置，形成倒裝語序。Eg.Hadherfatheralotofmoney,hewouldsendherabroad.Eg.Were“Wereititrainy,wenotfor/Hadwoulditnotbuyanumbrella.beenfor+賓語”表示假設(shè)條件。E.g.Wereitnotfortheirassistance,wecouldn'thavegotoverthedifficulties.E.g.wewouldn'thavebeena

26、bleHaditnotbeenfortopasstheexam.yourhelp,asif(asthough)had+過去分詞表虛擬。引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句中謂語動詞一般用were/E.g.HespeaksEnglishsowellasifhewereEnglish.E.g.Shelookedasifshehadsucceeded.常見的引導(dǎo)賓語從句須用虛擬語氣的動詞advise,desire,maintain,command,demand,direct（命令）insist,order,prefer,propose,request,require,resolve,suggest,urge,reco

27、mmend等常見的引導(dǎo)同位語從句或表語從句須用虛擬語氣的名詞advice,command,desire,order,suggestion,insistence,proposal,用在主語從句中時其結(jié)構(gòu)通常為“It句（用虛擬語氣）”advisable,necessary,urgent,desirable,essential,important,demand,request,is/was+appropriate,natural,recommendation,requirement等；形容詞或過去分詞+主語從compulsory,crucial,properpreferable,strange,vi

28、tal,demanded,required,suggested,desired等。獨立主格獨立主格可以分為四類：不定式獨立結(jié)構(gòu)、現(xiàn)在分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)、過去分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)、無動詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)不定式獨立主格：名詞詞組+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)E.g.Hismothertocometonight,heisbusypreparingthedinner.他母親今晚要來，他正在忙著準(zhǔn)備飯菜。E.g.Theysaidgood-byetoeachother,onetogohome,theothertogotothebookstore.他們道別后，一個回了家，一個去了書店?，F(xiàn)在分詞獨立主格：（介詞十）名詞詞組+現(xiàn)在分詞E.g.With

29、outanyonenoticing,Islippedthroughthewindow.趁著沒人注意，我悄悄的順著窗戶溜出去過去分詞獨立主格：（介詞十）名詞詞組+過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)E.g.Iwouldn'tdaregohomewithoutthejobfinished.工作沒完成，我不敢回家。無動詞獨立主格：（介詞十）名詞詞組+（介詞t組）+（形容詞詞組或副詞詞組或名詞詞組）E.g.Thesummerholidaysover,wewentbacktowork.假期結(jié)束，我們回去工作。E.g.Twothousandpeoplediedintheearthquake,manyofthemchildren.地震中