10視頻配套講義語言學(xué)_第1頁
10視頻配套講義語言學(xué)_第2頁
10視頻配套講義語言學(xué)_第3頁
10視頻配套講義語言學(xué)_第4頁
10視頻配套講義語言學(xué)_第5頁
已閱讀5頁,還剩106頁未讀, 繼續(xù)免費閱讀

下載本文檔

版權(quán)說明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請進(jìn)行舉報或認(rèn)領(lǐng)

文檔簡介

1、資格筆試-學(xué)科知識與教學(xué)能力語言學(xué)篇粉筆教師招考粉筆教師1語言學(xué)概述 (P115)2微觀語言學(xué)3語言學(xué)跨學(xué)科分支第一節(jié) 語言學(xué)( linguistics )概述1. 概念:通過研究語言的各方面,揭示其本質(zhì)及存在和發(fā)展的規(guī)律。第一節(jié) 語言學(xué)( linguistics )概述2. 分類:微觀語言學(xué)宏觀語言學(xué)語音學(xué)(phonetics) 音系學(xué)(phonology) 形態(tài)學(xué)(morphology) 句法學(xué)(syntax)語義學(xué)(semantics)語用學(xué)(pragmatics)語言學(xué) (socio-linguistics) 心理語言學(xué) (psycho-linguistics) 應(yīng)用語言學(xué) (appl

2、ied linguistics)語音學(xué)音音系學(xué)形態(tài)學(xué)語言學(xué)形句法學(xué)義語義學(xué)語用學(xué)3. 語言的本質(zhì)特征 (P117)(1) 任意性 Arbitrariness:叫什么都可以(2) 二重性 Duality:兩種結(jié)構(gòu)組成(語音+意義)(3) 能產(chǎn)性/創(chuàng)造性 Productivity:組成無數(shù)句子(4) 移位性 Displacement:站在草原望北京(5)Cultural transmission:的通過語言4. 語言的主要功能(functions of language)(1)信息功能 Informative function(2)人際功能 Interalfunction(3) 施為功能 Perf

3、ormative function(4) 情感功能 Emotive function(5) 寒暄功能 Phatic function(6)功能 Recreational function(7)元語言功能 Mingal function練Linguistics is the scientific study of.A. a particular languageC.human languages in generalB.the English languageD.the system of a country練習(xí)2_makes it possible for language users to

4、overcome thelimitations of time and space in communication.A. ArbitrarinessB. Duality CProductivity DDisplacement練習(xí)3That a wolf-child could never speak or think like a normalindicatesof human language.A. dualityB. cultural transmission Carbitrariness Dcognitive creativity4. 幾對重要概念(1) Prescriptive &

5、Descriptive(規(guī)定性和描述性)(2) Synchronic & Diachronic(共時性和歷史性)(3) Langue & Parole(語言和言語)語言:成員共有的語言系統(tǒng)?!叭恕毖哉Z:這些語言系統(tǒng)的具體表現(xiàn)。“張三李四王二麻子”(4)Compentence & Performance(語言能力和語言表現(xiàn))語言能力:識別并理解句子的能力 (know)語言表現(xiàn):應(yīng)用語言能力的行為 (do)練習(xí)Which of the following may illustrate the difference between “competence” and “performance”?A.

6、What aB. What aC. What aD. What a“knows” and what he/she “ does”. “can do” and what he/she “does”. “does” and what he/she “knows”.“does” and what he/she “can do”.英語語言學(xué)概述微觀語言學(xué)(P120)語言學(xué)跨學(xué)科分支語音學(xué)音音系學(xué)形態(tài)學(xué)語言學(xué)形句法學(xué)義語義學(xué)語用學(xué)一、語音學(xué) (Phonetics)1.概念:研究語言聲音媒介的語言學(xué)分支學(xué)科。語音如何產(chǎn)生、轉(zhuǎn)化以及被感知。2. 語音分類(1)音素(phone/phoneme)的概念語音的最

7、小。(2)音素的分類 vowels(元音)單元音(Pure vowel/monophthong)/:/ /:/ / :/ /i:/ /u:/ / / / / / / /e/ /雙元音(diphthong)/a/ /e/ /a/ / / / /e/ /單元音的分類方式(1)舌頭最高部分的位置(position of the highest part of the tongue)前元音(front vowel) /i:/ / /e/ /中元音(central vowel) / :/ / /后元音(back vowel) /:/ /:/ / /u:/ /(2)舌頭抬起的高度(the highest

8、tongue rising)高元音(high vowel) /i:/ / /u:/ /半高/半低元音(middle vowel) /:/ / /e/ /:/ /低元音(low vowel) /:/ / /(3)元音的長度(length)或緊度(tenseness)長元音(long vowel)短元音(short vowel)(4)嘴唇的圓展度(Roundness)圓唇音(rounded vowel) /u:/ / /:/ /非圓唇音(unrounded vowel) 輔音(Consonant)分類:a. 發(fā)音方式(Manner of articulation)b. 發(fā)音部位(Place of

9、articulation)c. 帶聲性(Voicing; vibration of the vocal cords)若兩個輔音的發(fā)音方式和發(fā)音部位都一樣,可用帶聲性區(qū)分。清輔音(Voiceless sound)/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ / /s/ / /h/ /tr/ /ts/ /t/濁輔音(Voicing sound)發(fā)音部位(Place of articulation)發(fā)音方式(Manner of articulation)雙唇音Bilabial唇齒音Labiodental齒間音Dental齒齦音Alveolar硬腭音Palatal軟腭音Velar聲門音Glottal音Stops/P

10、losivesptkbdgfsh摩擦音Fricativesvztr tst塞擦音Affricatesdr dzd鼻音Nasalsmn流音Liquids/Laterall r滑音Glideswj練In terms of the place of articulation, /t/ /d/ /s/ /z/ /n/ are all.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental練習(xí)2/s/ and / can be distinguished by.A.B.C.D.manner of articulation place of articulation vibra

11、tion of the vocal cordsaspiration of articulation練習(xí)3The pair of English phonemesdiffer in the place of articulation.A. / and /B. / and /C. /d/ and /z/D. /m/ and /n/3. 語音變化(Vocal Variety)(1)連讀(Liaison)相鄰的兩個詞朗讀時連起來讀。 前一個詞以輔音結(jié)尾,后一個詞以元音開頭例:pick up; check it out/pikp/tekitaut/ 前一個詞以r結(jié)尾,后一個詞以元音開頭例:for exa

12、mple; remember it/frgzmpl/ /rmembrt/ 前一個詞以元音結(jié)尾,后一個詞以元音開頭例:who else; go away/huels/ /gwei/練In which of the following sentences does liaison ofsound appear most?A. Ms Black worked in an office last yesterday.B. I kissed it half an hour ago.C. Will you help us?D. Can you see the building?練習(xí)2How many li

13、aisons of sound are there in the sentence “Hebought an interesting book”?A. 0C. 2B. 1D. 3(2)失去(Loss of Plosive)/(incomplete plosive)全兩個音相連時,第一個“引而不發(fā)”,第二個。 六個音中任意兩個相鄰時,前一個音失去。例:doctor; blackboard 六個音后出現(xiàn)摩擦音或塞擦音時,音失去。/f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ / / / / /t/ /d/ /h/例:a big chance; good friend音/t/ /d/ 后面是/m/ /n/時,要改為

14、鼻腔。例:written; good morning音/t/ /d/后面是/l/時,失去。例:little; handle(3)同化(Assimilation)一個音受到的音影響變成了第三個音 /j/ 受到/s/ /z/ /t/ /d/ 的影響/d/+/j/=/d/t/+/j/=/t/s/+/j/=/z/+/j/=/例:would you; meet you; miss you; heres your book /n/ 受到/k/ /g/ /b/ /m/ /p/的影響/n/+/k/=/k/n/+/g/=/g/n/+/b/=/mb/n/+/m/=/mm/n/+/p/=/mp/例:pancake

15、; can go; ten men; ten people /z/ 受到/k/ /p/ /t/ 的影響/z/+/k/=/sk/z/+/p/=/sp/z/+/t/=/st/例:as can be seen; has to; newspaper /v/ 受到/k/ /p/ /t/ /g/的影響/v/+/k/=/fk/v/+/p/=/fp/v/+/t/=/ft/v/+/g/=/fg/例:have to; five past ten; I love girls練Which of the following is the proper pronunciation of “have to” as a re

16、sult of assimilation?A. /hef tu/B. /hev tu/C. /hf tu/D. /hv tu/練習(xí)2Thephoneme/ n/inthefirstwordofallthefollowing phrases changes to /m/ except.A. Open bookB. Open marketC. Brown paperD. Brown hat練習(xí)3The phrase “in bed” is pronounced asin real speech.A. /nbed/B. /mbed/C. /nbd/D. /mbd/語音學(xué)音音系學(xué)形態(tài)學(xué)語言學(xué)形句法學(xué)意

17、語義學(xué)語用學(xué)二、音系學(xué) Phonology1. 概念:研究語音模式和語音系統(tǒng),并發(fā)現(xiàn)支配語音組合方式的規(guī)律并解釋語言變化的學(xué)科。2. 相關(guān)術(shù)語(1)音位(phoneme)語言中能辨別意義的最小的語音。(2) 最小對立體(minimal pairs):當(dāng)兩個單詞除了出現(xiàn)在同一位置上的同一個音之外,其它的音都相同,這兩個單詞就是最小對立體。例:bag與beg, bag與back(3) 音位對立(phonemic contrast):最小對立體中的兩個音位出現(xiàn)在同一位置并能夠區(qū)別意義,這兩個音位例:wet與vet中的/w/與/v/即為音位對立。對立。練Sip and zip, tip and dip

18、, map and nap are all.A. minimal pairs B. diphthongsC. allophonesD. phonemes練習(xí)2Which of the following is NOT a minimal pair?A. cat/batB. put/butC. jig/pigD. sit/bit(4)音位變體(Allophone)同一個音位在不同語音環(huán)節(jié)中的實現(xiàn)方式。存在變體的典型音位:/p/ /t/ /k/ /l/例:peak /p/speak /p/team /t/steam/t/can /k/scan/k/ 互補分布(complementary distr

19、ibution):同一個音位的兩個不同讀音不能出現(xiàn)在一個語音環(huán)境中,并且不具有區(qū)別意義的作用,這兩個不同的讀音叫做互補分布。例如:lake milk 自由變體 (Free variation)相同的語音環(huán)境中出現(xiàn)了兩個音素,讀音不同,但不影響意義。例:either的英音/i:/ 美音/ai(r)/以及:pass, data, tomato,last, water3. 音系規(guī)則(phonological rules)(1) 序列規(guī)則(Sequential rule):支配音素組合順序的音系規(guī)則。例:如果一個單詞以/l/或/r/開頭,后面的一定是元音。(2) 同化規(guī)則(Assimilation r

20、ule)(3) 省略規(guī)則(Deletion rule):某個音拼寫存在但并不發(fā)音。例:knife; design4. 超音段特征(1)音節(jié)(syllable) 音節(jié)的劃分: 每個音節(jié)中必須有一個元音音素。tea, Chi-na, im-pos-si-ble 如果兩個元音字母之間只有一個輔音字母,輔音字母劃給al onset principle)。后面的音節(jié)。即節(jié)首最大化原則(例:la-ter; stu-dent 兩個元音字母中間有兩個輔音字母,第一個輔音歸前,第二個歸后。例:let-ter; cor-ner 兩個元音字母并列且無固定發(fā)音,各自劃為前后兩個音節(jié)。例:flu-ent; cre-at

21、e練習(xí):劃分下列單詞的音節(jié)teacher professorcongratulation(2)重音(Stress) 單詞重音(word stress) 句子重音(sentence stress)a. 一般規(guī)律:實詞重讀,虛詞弱讀。實詞:名詞、實義動詞、形容詞、副詞、部分代詞、數(shù)次、感嘆詞等虛詞:冠詞、介詞、連詞、大部分代詞和非實義動詞b. 特殊情況:重讀想要強調(diào)的部分。例:Mary kissed Jim in the teachers office!練In teaching pronunciation, the teacher should tell the students that_can

22、 be used to convey more important messages.Arhyme Bstress Cdevoicing Drhythm練習(xí)2Which of the following shows the proper rhythmic pattern of the sentence?A. This is a question for Doctor Carrington.B. This is a question for Doctor Carrington.C. This is a question for Doctor Carrington.D. This is a que

23、stion for Doctor Carrington.練習(xí)3When a lady customer intends to buy a coat with white stripes, what is she supposed to place an emphasis on if she says to theshop assistant?A.B.C.D.Id like a red coat with white stripes. Id like a red coat with white stripes. Id like a red coat with white stripes.Id l

24、ike a red coat with white stripes. 語調(diào)(intonation)英語語調(diào):升調(diào)(rising tone)、降調(diào)(falling tone)、降升調(diào)(falling- rising tone)、升降調(diào)(rising-falling tone)、平調(diào)一般規(guī)律:a. 一般疑問句讀升調(diào);( ) 例:Are they playing tennis?b. 陳述句、特殊疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句讀降調(diào);( ) 例:Tom went to school.How old are you? Give me the hat.How beautiful she is!c. 選擇疑問句和并

25、列句讀升降調(diào);()例:Is that a bus ( ) or a car ( )?She bought an apple ( ) , two bananas ( )and ten eggs( ).d. 反義疑問句讀降升調(diào)。()例:Youre Tom ( ), arent you ( ) ?練習(xí)Which of the following words in bold is pronounced with a falling tone?A. Do you have any ideas?B. Therere few apples in the basket, are there?C. How ma

26、ny people, two or three?D. The flat has a kitchen, a living room, two bedrooms, and a bath.語音學(xué)音音系學(xué)形態(tài)學(xué)語言學(xué)形句法學(xué)意語義學(xué)語用學(xué)三、形態(tài)學(xué) Morphology1. 概念:研究語素和構(gòu)詞過程。2.詞素(Morpheme)(1)含義最小的有意義的語言,不能再分。詞素的功能就是單詞。(2)分類自由詞素和黏著詞素自由詞素(free morphemes) 可以單獨出現(xiàn),能夠例如:dog, mooncake單詞。粘著詞素(bound morphemes)無法單獨出現(xiàn),必須依賴于其它詞素,只能成為詞的一部

27、分。 詞根、詞綴和詞干詞根(root)是一個單詞去掉所有詞綴之后剩余的部分。不能在不破壞意義的前提下繼續(xù)拆分。例如:friendships,詞根為friend詞綴(affix)是只能附加在另一個詞素上單詞的詞素。分為前綴(prefix)、后綴(suffix)和中綴(infix)詞干(stem)是某個單詞去掉所有的曲折詞綴后剩下的部分。詞干詞根例: friendships ,詞干可以為friend, 也可以為friendship 屈折詞綴和派生詞綴屈折詞綴(inflectional affix):在詞干后添加,形成該詞干不同形式的詞綴,改變該詞的語法屬性,不例:-s, -ing, -ed, -e

28、r, -est。新詞匯。apple-apples; work-works; do-doing; work-worked; fast-faster- fastest屈折詞綴只有后綴形式。派生詞綴(derivational affix):在詞干前后添加的詞綴,通常能夠改變原詞干的意義和詞性。例:in-, dis-, un-, -ness, -ful, -able direct-indirectable-disable happy-unhappy happy-happiness use-usefulsound-soundable練Whichofthefollowingwordscontainsani

29、nflectionalmorpheme?ADisappear.BBlacken. COxen.DAnti-pollution.練習(xí)2In which of the following words does the affix “un-” play a different role?A. unlikeB. unbalance Cunearth Dunluckily練習(xí)3Whichofthefollowing sentences does NOT containderivational affix? AShe is a good teacher.BHer bravery is admirable.

30、CI value the brotherhood between us.DI loved him when I was young.(3)詞的形成(word formation):復(fù)合詞和派生詞 復(fù)合法 (compounding)。兩個或兩個以上自由詞素組合而成。a.向心復(fù)合詞(endocentric compound)的部分中,有一個詞是,其它部分用來修飾該詞匯。例:steamboat, foot-warmer, self-controlb.離心復(fù)合詞(exocentric compound)沒有詞匯。例:egghead, breakthrough, take-home 派生法 (deriv

31、ation)。在詞干加上詞綴得到新詞a. 加前綴 (Prefixation)前綴一般改變單詞意義,不改變詞性。例:agreedisagree;fairunfair;writerewriteb. 加后綴 (Suffixation)后綴一般改變詞性,少數(shù)改變詞義。例:differdifference; nationnational; teachteacher練習(xí)Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. rainbowB. devalueC. withoutD. tablecloth(4)詞匯變化 創(chuàng)新詞 (invention)例: nylon

32、bokchoi 混成詞(blending):由兩個單詞各取一部分混合而成例:smoke + foog; modulator + demodulatormodem 截斷詞(clipping/abbreviation):截取舊單詞例:advertisementad; aeroplaneplane; influenzaflu 首字母連寫詞(initialism): 例:WTO; GRE讀 首字母拼寫詞(acronym):連讀例:APEC; PETS 逆構(gòu)詞法 (back-formation)改造已有詞語。例:editoredit; emotionemote 類推構(gòu)詞(analogical creat

33、ion)以一個或幾個形式為模型構(gòu)詞的形式。例:white collarblue collar; gold collar; open collar; bright collar 借詞法(borrowing/loanword)可分為直接借詞、混合借詞、轉(zhuǎn)移借詞、翻譯借詞等。練習(xí)Which of the following is NOT an acronym word?A. SIMB. SARSC. GPSD. TOEFL語音學(xué)音音系學(xué)形態(tài)學(xué)語言學(xué)形句法學(xué)意語義學(xué)語用學(xué)四、句法學(xué)(Syntax)1. 概念:研究句子構(gòu)造,解釋句子的內(nèi)在規(guī)則。2. 句法范疇 (syntactic categories)

34、名詞/名詞短語(noun/noun phrase) 動詞/動詞短語(verb/verb phrase) 限定詞(determiner)形容詞(adjective) 副詞(adverb)代詞(pronoun)助動詞(auxiliary verb)介詞短語(prepositional phrase)語音學(xué)音音系學(xué)形態(tài)學(xué)語言學(xué)形句法學(xué)意語義學(xué)語用學(xué)五、語義學(xué)(Semantics)1.概念:研究語言的意義。2. 單詞間涵義關(guān)系(sense relations between words)(1)同義關(guān)系(synonymy):詞語意義上的相同或相近。盡管屬于同義詞(synonym),也會有一定的差別。 文

35、體(stylistic)差別。如buy和purchase 地域(dialectal)差別。如fall和autumn 搭配(collocational)差別。如accuse (of)和charge (with) 情感(emotive)差別。如thrifty和stingy語義(semantic)差別。如enough和ample練習(xí)Which of the following pairs is semantic synonym?A. statesman and politicianB. blow up and explodeC. lift and elevatorD. position and lo

36、cation(2)反義關(guān)系(Antonymy)反義詞(antonym)的關(guān)系: 等級反義(gradable antonymy)兩個詞之間存在中間狀態(tài),如 long-short; bi 互補反義(complementary antonymy)all肯定一方的同時是對另一方的。如boy-girl; absent-present 反向反義(converse antonymy)從兩個不同角度看同一種關(guān)系。如buy-sell; employer-employee練習(xí)The words “male” or “female” areantonyms.A. gradableB. complementaryC.

37、 converseD. complete(3)上下位關(guān)系(Hyponymy):種類和成員的關(guān)系。 上位詞( hypernym):vegetable; flower 下位詞(hyponym):carrot, cabbage; rose, violet(4)一詞多義(Polysemy)例: credit:學(xué)分;信用miss:丟失;錯過;想念date:日期;棗(5)Homonymy(同音/同形異義)同音異義(homophone)讀音相同,拼寫和意義不同。例:night & knight同形異義(homograph) 拼寫相同,讀音和意義不同。例:lead; research; bow; tear同形

38、同音異義(complete homonym) 拼寫和讀音相同,意義不同。例:bark; date3. 句子間涵義關(guān)系(Sense relations between sentences)(1) X is synonymous with Y (X與Y同義)X與Y在意義上是等同關(guān)系。若X為真,則Y為真;若X為假,Y也為假?!巴嫱佟?例:X: He was a bachelor all his life.Y: He never got married all his life.(2)X is inconsistent with Y (X與Y不一致)X與Y在意義上相互則X為假?!罢?假,假-真”,

39、若X為真,則Y為假;若Y為真,X: I live in.Y: I have never been to.(3)X entails Y/ Y is an entailment of X (X蘊含Y)當(dāng)X為真,Y一定為真;當(dāng)X為假,Y可真可假?!罢?真,假-真假”例:X: Sue and Fred went to the party. Y: Sue went to the party.X: Leo has been toNew York.Y: Leo has been to the US.4.X presupposes Y/ Y is a prerequisite of X(預(yù)設(shè)關(guān)系)Y是X的前提

40、條件。說話者假設(shè)聽者已經(jīng)知道的信息?!罢?真,假-真”例:X: Johns girlfriend is angry to him. Y: John has a girlfriend.另一種情況是出現(xiàn)在問句或祈使句中,話里有潛臺詞。例:“說!你什么時候偷的東西?”Dont step on my blanket!練X: John is married. Y: John is a bachelor.Whats the relation between these two sentences?A.B.C.D.X is synonymous with Y Y presupposes XX is inco

41、nsistent with YY is an entailment of X練習(xí)2X: My father is in the kitchen.Y: My father is at home.Whats the relation between these two sentences?A.B.C.D.X entails YX is a presupposition of Y X is an entailment of YX presupposes Y練習(xí)3X: My father is at home.Y: I have a father.Whats the relation between

42、these two sentences?A.B.C.D.Y entails XX is a presupposition of Y Y is an entailment of XX presupposes Y練習(xí)4“Can I borrow your car?”“You have a car.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes語音學(xué)音音系學(xué)形態(tài)學(xué)語言學(xué)形句法學(xué)意語義學(xué)語用學(xué)六、語用學(xué) (Pragmatics) (P136)1. 概念:研究語言符號與使用者之間的關(guān)系。2. 言語行為(speec

43、h acts)(1)言內(nèi)行為/發(fā)話行為(locutionary act)身。如:Today is Double 11.指說話這一行(2) 言外行為/行事行為(Illocutionary act)指話語之外的潛臺詞。如:Today is Double 11. (潛臺詞:我要買買買了)(3) 言后行為/取效行為(Perlocutionary act) 指說話后相應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的影響或效果。例:Today is Double 11. (影響:老公清空了購物車)(4)直接言語行為(direct speech act)話語與使用語言完成目的之間有直接關(guān)系。如:Close the door, please.(5)

44、間接言語行為(indirect speech act)不直接說出間接完成。要表達(dá)的含義,而是通過另外的語言行為如:Im hungry.練習(xí)On hearing the utterance “ Its noisy outside”, the listener closed the door. It is a(n).A. locutionary actB. illocutionary actC. direct speech actD. perlocutionary act3. 會話含義理論 (Conversational implicature)(1)合作原則 (Cooperative princ

45、iple)。參與交談?wù)弑仨氉裱撛瓌t,否則(2)合作原則的準(zhǔn)則 數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則( The將無法進(jìn)行。of quantity):所提供信息的量。a. 所說的話應(yīng)包含交談所需要的信息;b. 所說的話不應(yīng)包含多于需要的信息。質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則 (Theof quality)所說的話應(yīng)力求真實,尤其是:a. 說話者要說真話,不要說假話;b. 不要說缺乏證據(jù)的話。例如: Were already working 25 hours a day, eight days a week.關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則( Theof relevance)所說的話是相關(guān)的,不能答非所問。例:How old are you?Im fine, thank

46、you. 方式準(zhǔn)則( Theof Manner):清楚明白地說出要說的話,尤其要:a. 避免晦澀;b. 避免歧義;c. 簡明扼要;d. 語言有序。總結(jié)數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則:少說話質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則:說真話關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則:沾邊話方式準(zhǔn)則:說人話練Which of the following might be Janes primary concern when she sincerely asks her friend “Does your farm contain 500 acres?”A. QuantityB. Quality.C.Relevance.DManner.練習(xí)2The expression “As far

47、as I know” suggested that peopleusually observe conversations.A. quantityB. qualityC. relevanceD. mannertheof_intheirdaily練習(xí)3A: Where does C live ?B: Somewhere in the south of France .If A wants to pay a visit to C, What to Bs reply?is flouted accordingA. TheB. Theof quantity. of quality.of relevanc

48、e.of manner.C.TheDThe4. 修辭學(xué)(Rhetoric)(P138)(1)明喻(Si)表達(dá)兩種不同事物之間的相似關(guān)系,一般用as或like連接。例:The snow was like a white blanket drawn over the field.(2)暗喻(Metaphor)兩種不同事物的對比是隱含的。He has a heart of stone.(3)轉(zhuǎn)喻/換喻/借代(Metonymy)一個詞或詞組被另一個與之有緊密辭方法。例如:一群紅領(lǐng)巾跑過來了。Only a knife could save him.的詞或詞組替換的修(4)提喻(Synecdoche)用局部代替整體或反之;以抽象代替具體或反之。例:They share the same roof.China beat Korea in a soccer game yesterday.轉(zhuǎn)喻主要借助于密切的關(guān)系與聯(lián)想,而提喻則是借助于部分相似。(5)隱喻/ 典故( Allusion)含義:

溫馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有資源如無特殊說明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
  • 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容里面會有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒有圖紙。
  • 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文庫網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲空間,僅對用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
  • 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
  • 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。

最新文檔

評論

0/150

提交評論