動(dòng)詞優(yōu)勢(shì)與名詞優(yōu)勢(shì)

1、1.有關(guān)漢英的動(dòng)態(tài)和靜態(tài)有關(guān)漢英的動(dòng)態(tài)和靜態(tài)在談及名詞的靜態(tài)和動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)態(tài)時(shí)候，在談及名詞的靜態(tài)和動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)態(tài)時(shí)候，R.Quirk 曾這樣論述：曾這樣論述：Broadly speaking, nouns can be characterized naturally as “stative” in that they refer to entities that are regarded as stable, whether these are concrete like house, table, paper, or abstract (of the mind) like hope, botany

2、, length. At the opposite pole, verbs can be equally naturally characterized as “dynamic”: they are fitted (by their capacity to show tense and aspect, for example) to indicate action, activity and temporary or changing condition. 在任何語(yǔ)言中，名詞和動(dòng)詞都是最重要的詞類；任何語(yǔ)言中的句型都可以歸納為靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)兩大類。究竟是名詞用的多，即名詞優(yōu)勢(shì)(noun domin

3、ance)還是動(dòng)詞優(yōu)勢(shì)(verb dominance)，不僅取決于這個(gè)民族認(rèn)識(shí)世界和反映客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)的方式特點(diǎn)，還取決于語(yǔ)言本身的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)。 就漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)對(duì)比來(lái)看，在語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用中，英語(yǔ)傾向于多用名詞，因而敘述多呈現(xiàn)靜態(tài)（stative),而漢語(yǔ)多用動(dòng)詞，因而敘述多呈現(xiàn)動(dòng)態(tài)(dynamic)。例如：Hard pressed by his father, John told the truth in spite of his wifes warning.約翰被他老子追急了，也就顧不得老婆的叮囑，說(shuō)出了真情。 名詞化名詞化(norminalization)是英語(yǔ)中常見(jiàn)的現(xiàn)象。名詞化主要指用名詞來(lái)表達(dá)原來(lái)屬

4、于動(dòng)詞（或形容詞）所表達(dá)的概念，比如可以用抽象名詞來(lái)表達(dá)動(dòng)作、行為、變化、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、情感等概念。 運(yùn)用名詞表達(dá)法可以使敘述較為準(zhǔn)確、貼切，但同時(shí)也會(huì)使語(yǔ)言抽象、難解。 過(guò)分使用名詞會(huì)使文句冗長(zhǎng)和含糊。在談及英語(yǔ)名詞化特性時(shí)，在談及英語(yǔ)名詞化特性時(shí)，O.Jespersen這樣說(shuō)道：這樣說(shuō)道：It seems possible to express ideas with greater precision and adequacy by means of nouns than by means of the more pictorial verbs. When we express by mea

5、ns of nouns what is generally expressed by finite verbs, our language becomes not only more abstract, but more abstruse, owing among other things to the fact that in the verbal substantive some of the life-giving elements of the verb (time, mood, person) disappear.（O.Jespersen,1951,The Philosophy of

6、 Grammar,p139)For example：The effect of the overuse of nouns in writing is the placing of too much strain upon the verbs and the resultant prevention of movement of the thought.如果將部分名詞改為動(dòng)詞，可以化靜態(tài)為如果將部分名詞改為動(dòng)詞，可以化靜態(tài)為動(dòng)態(tài)：動(dòng)態(tài)：One who overuses nouns in writing places too much strain upon the verbs and as a

7、result prevents the thought from moving along.Compare the following pairs:醫(yī)生迅速到達(dá)，并非常仔細(xì)地檢查了病人，因此病人很快就康復(fù)了。The doctor arrived extremely quickly and examined the patient uncommonly carefully; the result was that he recovered very speedily.The doctors extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examin

8、ation of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery.2.2.英漢靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)比英漢靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)比（1）動(dòng)詞）動(dòng)詞英語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞大部分都是靜態(tài)的，所以英語(yǔ)中就謂語(yǔ)性質(zhì)而言表示靜態(tài)的句型主要有：i.謂語(yǔ)表示感覺(jué)和認(rèn)識(shí)的句子： Tom knows Chinese well. Lily loves her country.ii.謂語(yǔ)表示關(guān)系的句子： Tom is a good student. The shirt suits her very much.2.2.英漢靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)比英漢靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)比iii. Be + 感官?gòu)?fù)數(shù)式表示狀態(tài)：

9、 We were all smiles when they arrived. They were all eyes when I opened that box.iv. Be + 介詞短語(yǔ)： Are you for or against his plan? The highway is under construction.v. 被動(dòng)句： The window was broken. but: The window was broken by John.2.2.英漢靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)比英漢靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)比漢語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞也可以分為動(dòng)態(tài)和靜態(tài)兩種，但大部分動(dòng)詞是動(dòng)態(tài)的，只有一少部分是靜態(tài)的。主要的靜態(tài)句型可以

10、分為三種：i.表示主體性質(zhì)特征類屬： 她是位老師。/ 他真帥氣。/這本書(shū)屬于我。ii. 表示主體處于某種感覺(jué)認(rèn)識(shí)狀態(tài)： 他很懂禮貌。/ 我懷疑你的來(lái)歷。iii. 名詞、形容詞作謂語(yǔ)表示主體性質(zhì)狀態(tài)： 花紅柳綠草青青。這個(gè)人聰明又能干。2.2.英漢靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)比英漢靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)比（2）名詞）名詞英語(yǔ)中多用名詞，傾向于用靜態(tài)的敘述來(lái)表現(xiàn)和反映客觀事實(shí)，其中使用一個(gè)重要的方法就是把動(dòng)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞、動(dòng)名詞換成靜態(tài)的動(dòng)詞、動(dòng)名詞。如：We watched with delight how deftly Brown painted his daughter.(動(dòng)態(tài)）We were delighted to w

11、atch Browns deftly painting his daughter.(動(dòng)名詞）Brown deftly painting his daughter is a delight for us to watch.(表示靜態(tài)的分詞）2.2.英漢靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)比英漢靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)比英語(yǔ)中多見(jiàn)用名詞表示施事者（英語(yǔ)中多見(jiàn)用名詞表示施事者（Agentive noun），），來(lái)代替動(dòng)詞。來(lái)代替動(dòng)詞。大量的由動(dòng)詞派生的名詞既表示施事者，又保留了大量的由動(dòng)詞派生的名詞既表示施事者，又保留了原來(lái)的動(dòng)詞的意義。這類名詞常常與前置形容詞原來(lái)的動(dòng)詞的意義。這類名詞常常與前置形容詞構(gòu)成靜態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)。如：構(gòu)成靜態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)。

12、如：A hard worker=sb who works hard工作勤奮的人A good thief=sb who thieves well很會(huì)偷竊的人2.2.英漢靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)比英漢靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)比比較下列英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)翻譯：He is a good eater and a good sleeper.他能吃能睡。The computer is a far more careful and industrious inspector than human beings.計(jì)算機(jī)比人檢查得更細(xì)心、更勤快。He was a clever man; a pleasant companion; a carel

13、ess student; with a great propensity(傾向) for running into debt, and partiality(偏愛(ài)) for the tavern(pub).他是個(gè)聰明人，很好相處，可是學(xué)習(xí)不肯用功；他老是東挪西借，又喜歡上酒店喝酒。2.2.英漢靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)比英漢靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)比英語(yǔ)中常見(jiàn)用名詞代替形容詞，構(gòu)成標(biāo)題性短語(yǔ)(headline phrase)。如：Sino-American Trade Review Talks Start.中美貿(mào)易回顧會(huì)談開(kāi)始。January Crude Oil Output Beats Target.一月份原油產(chǎn)量超

14、過(guò)指標(biāo)。figure control problem保持優(yōu)美身材的問(wèn)題job opportunity discrimination（因種族或性別等）就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)歧視2.2.英漢靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)比英漢靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)比（3）形容詞）形容詞形容詞和名詞一樣，一般為看作是靜態(tài)的。但是有兩類形容詞可以表示動(dòng)態(tài)：第一：表示舉止或活動(dòng)的：naughty, arrogant 第二：表示自我衡量：ambitious, brave, careful, patient, jealous區(qū)別形容詞的動(dòng)態(tài)和靜態(tài)意義主要看能否用于祈使句和進(jìn)行體。動(dòng)態(tài)意義的形容詞可以，而靜態(tài)不可以。如：Be careful. / Be tall*.

15、Dont be naughty. He is being tall. He is being patient.2.2.英漢靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)比英漢靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)比（3）形容詞）形容詞在漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中沒(méi)有把形容詞分為靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)之分。如果形容詞具有了動(dòng)態(tài)意義，那它就是動(dòng)詞了。如：花很香。(形容詞，靜態(tài)）花香了。(動(dòng)詞，動(dòng)態(tài)）3.3.英漢翻譯中的靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換英漢翻譯中的靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換由于靜態(tài)表述句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，不容易產(chǎn)生歧義，所以英語(yǔ)的靜態(tài)多用于正式文體（科技文體、政論文體等）。如：The heart, which is muscular pump, beats about 72 times a min

16、ute through a continuous and automatic process of muscular contraction and relaxation. The purpose of the heart beating is to supply a steady flow of oxygen to all the body cells and to return carbon dioxide to the lungs.（基本上靜態(tài)）心臟是一個(gè)肌肉構(gòu)成的泵。他通過(guò)心肌的收縮和舒張這一連續(xù)不斷的自動(dòng)過(guò)程每分鐘大約搏動(dòng)72次。心臟搏動(dòng)的目的是向身體所有的細(xì)胞提供氧氣，并將二氧化碳收回肺里。（部分動(dòng)態(tài)，部分靜態(tài)）從整體上看，漢語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)態(tài)句子比靜態(tài)句子用得多。如：Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring, for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgeme