外文翻譯我國大學生就業(yè)

附件：1.外文資料翻譯譯文；當前全球金融危機的背景下，大學畢業(yè)生就業(yè)政策Orlando Tucker ，Keele University（奧蘭多 塔克，基爾大學）在當前全球金融危機，大學生“就業(yè)難”問題已成為學生，家長，學校和社會共同關注的話題。困難通過大學生就業(yè)產生的原因是多方面的，只有仔細研究的原因從而為大學生就業(yè)難制定有效的解決社會問題的對策。一2009金融危機更為嚴峻的就業(yè)形勢大學的學生。自2008下半年目前的全球金融危機，巨大的自就業(yè)壓力。這樣的就業(yè)壓力來自于就業(yè)金融危機這兩個群體的影響，對農民工就業(yè)的影響，和第二，大學畢業(yè)生就業(yè)。定量的角度來看，金融危機的影響，農民工大得多的大學畢業(yè)生，然而，在中國典型的二元經濟結構，使農村水庫作為城市就業(yè)起到了緩沖作用，失業(yè)，移民工人可以返回不久的農村地區(qū)。對于大學畢業(yè)生來說，情況就不同了，他們需要中學畢業(yè)后找到一份工作。農民工在兩個大學畢業(yè)生就業(yè)群體，農民工的就業(yè)與經濟增長和增加迅速緩解，或對農民工短缺的現象甚至出現。然而，大學畢業(yè)生，情況并非對金融危機爆發(fā)前的幾年那么樂觀，盡管經濟形勢是好的，然而，大學生就業(yè)難的問題畢業(yè)生一直更優(yōu)秀。事實上，自2003以來，大學生的難題就業(yè)一直是社會關注的熱點問題。2009近年來大學畢業(yè)生的在今年最為不利的條款。從供應方面，數據顯示，中國將在2009有的大學畢業(yè)生，比2008增加。此外，作為2008，有的大學生畢業(yè)找不到工作，他們要尋找的畢業(yè)生提供就業(yè)機會，這使得大學畢業(yè)生2009面臨更為激烈的競爭。從需求方面，受金融危機和經濟周期的影響，與企業(yè)對大學畢業(yè)生的主要雇主的需求將明顯下降。大學畢業(yè)生失業(yè)率在2009的現象，更突出。二大學生就業(yè)難的數量分析（一）學生自身的原因1，對就業(yè)有很高的期望就業(yè)期望值高的難以形成一所大學的主要就業(yè)畢業(yè)生就業(yè)，這導致高的預期，主要原因是大學本科教育的投入產出不平衡的學生和家長就業(yè)后的成本工資高的期望放在以盡快恢復可能在人力資本投資。尤其是那些有水平的人收入低，食物和衣服，多年來，甚至不惜負債為了支持他們的孩子去上大學的希望自己的孩子畢業(yè)后的工作得到相應的回傳球改變他們的地位，身份，找到一個體面的工資工作。一些大學學生沒有找到工作，但找不到滿意的工作。在職業(yè)生涯中，他們的工資，住房條件，推廣，無論是在省會城市和沿海城市，作為一個就業(yè)的先決條件。一些學生，如盲目的公務員，公共機構和其他的“體面”的帖子擠壓，忽視和歧視更“謙虛”的職業(yè)；也有很多人擔心到基層和邊遠貧困地區(qū)，是不情愿的企業(yè)，特別是中小企業(yè)和民營企業(yè)工作。事實上，有更多的就業(yè)機會往往是中部和西部地區(qū)，私人或私人小中小企業(yè)，但這往往不是學生選擇一個對象，在這些更能發(fā)揮的作用，地方高校學生卻很難雇用大學生，這是一個更專業(yè)的工作比供應和需求的高和低的Qianyue LV的主要原因。對專業(yè)市場需求，沒有任何限制，“在西部地區(qū)的“大學生志愿服務計劃，”農村教師資助行動等等，就業(yè)，學生仍不高的期望選擇。這些都不是就業(yè)和職業(yè)態(tài)度的正確觀念，使畢業(yè)生漏時間，時間如此高的期望為就業(yè)再就業(yè)機會很多高校畢業(yè)生的就業(yè)成功地創(chuàng)建了一個很大的障礙。2，高估”專業(yè)對口一些學生看到自己的專業(yè)太重，這在“專業(yè)對口的重點，”亦是造成就業(yè)難的原因。專業(yè)對口的現象是不可避免的，如果他固執(zhí)地不愿意被轉移到強調專業(yè)同行，會給自己受阻的就業(yè)機會。高校不能準確地預測市場幾年后需要的人才，但只有在當前或預測對人才的需求在未來幾年的社會狀況和確定專業(yè)教學條件。學生申請的時間擠“熱”，放棄“火爆”，但目前的快速經濟的發(fā)展，使人才市場的需求是不斷變化的，幾年后原本看好專業(yè)現在可以成為“涼都”，沒有人需要。因此，大學畢業(yè)生不必拿自己的專業(yè)和職業(yè)相關的鏈接，可以試試，甚至在職業(yè)生涯；專業(yè)對口，不應主要依據選擇職業(yè)，可以發(fā)揮自己的專業(yè)特長是一個理想的職業(yè)。為雇主，其用人單位也應該改變標準，既要看行業(yè)，應該更關心人才整體素質：工作，創(chuàng)新能力，人格特質等。 3，對于競爭，缺乏能力學生缺乏就業(yè)競爭力可以分為“智商”和“情商”不高缺乏類別。”智商”是不是在學術裝備不良，主要是高例如，課程的分數很低，知識結構不合理，專業(yè)知識不系統(tǒng)，沒有一個堅實的，綜合技能水平不高，創(chuàng)新能力和解決實際問題的能力較差等。“情商”主要表現在缺乏就業(yè)，面試技巧的缺乏，不明白招聘過程中，面試技巧和溝通的藝術，在一些招聘在會議上，一些學生產生良好的工作，保持信息或恢復，包含有各種證書的品種，在招聘人員面前顯得缺乏自信，或不連貫的，無奈的，或答非所問，讓一個人能夠積極的市場自己，結束了自己喜愛的工作通過與遺憾。（二）社會造成了大學生就業(yè)困難1，供應與大學生的需求之間的矛盾當前中國高等教育的教學模式，專業(yè)設置，招生，教學內容，等，等，或拿過去，項目管理模式，教育當局向學校招生指標，教學計劃的發(fā)展，高校無權增加或在各專業(yè)計劃招生人數減少的確定專業(yè)的課程也由方案確定，大學不能實現根據在他們的錄取人才市場的需求，不能調整教學計劃。在這種方式中，作為一個學校校長的高校辦學自主權，不能缺少的人員在市場需求的變化及時調整招生，專業(yè)，教學內容。學校知道相對過剩的專業(yè)，專業(yè)人才短缺，但由于限制不能調整。2，就業(yè)渠道相對減少高校招生的同一時期，政府實施精簡的機構和人員，在業(yè)主的承受能力，在信道的大幅下降的學生；此外，國有企業(yè)實施減員增效措施。這兩個原因在高校畢業(yè)生就業(yè)市場帶來了變化，由賣方市場向買方市場，對大學畢業(yè)生就業(yè)難的問題日益突出。3，就業(yè)市場的不完善目前的就業(yè)市場，高校學生的相關政策不建設與管理足夠強健，誰可以進入市場，誰能夠組織市場和如何組織市場等等，是不是很清楚，人才市場的政府監(jiān)管仍然存在，導致大學生就業(yè)市場的混合，包括一些為尋求投機行為的個人獲利的目的。在市場供應和需求主要的，市場的組織者和市場交易不規(guī)范，在保證利益供應和需求，有很多隱患。4，用人單位的科學概念用人單位的人才引進更嚴格的要求的條件下，在除了要求畢業(yè)生有較好的專業(yè)知識和技能，還需要一個好的思想道德素質，有較強的工作能力，動手能力，創(chuàng)新和其他優(yōu)秀的綜合素質。同時，引進人才也有很多對性取向的歧視。名牌大學，如“”的品牌效應大學生就業(yè)仍發(fā)揮了很大的作用，用人單位的著名畢業(yè)生該機構的需求，大量的外國投資，合資企業(yè)或大型商業(yè)學校畢業(yè)生重視聲譽，和一些招聘單位甚至只要大學的重點學生，巨大的心理打擊下的大學畢業(yè)生。在競爭激烈的工作，大多數畢業(yè)生往往由于目前不能完全與用人需求許多雇主不喜歡單元。為了節(jié)省人事成本的用人單位，缺乏人才意識，對于剛剛走出學校進入社會的畢業(yè)生缺乏實際的經驗，他們往往不會只考慮以前的畢業(yè)生招聘工作經驗，LED的應屆畢業(yè)生也很難。（三）對大學畢業(yè)生就業(yè)的不利影響大學1，在許多情況下不具備的條件是在學院和大學錄取的快速擴張從一個角度，高校擴招是一件好事，有能收到更多的適齡青年人大學教育；但另一方面，條件在許多情況下是不可用的，原學校，努力提高本科，更多的碩士學位辦本科院校，碩士點博士機構的努力，學院和大學似乎進入了國家競相“升級”的“大躍進”時期。這一次風將不可避免地導致許多不良的后果，而且對大學生就業(yè)難的了一定程度上。2，優(yōu)化專業(yè)結構調整的主體是不夠的在高等教育的快速發(fā)展，招生規(guī)模迅速擴大，同時，逐漸暴露出一些職業(yè)院校低外資過多學生的語言水平，陳舊的訓練模式的教學內容單一，人性化教育和培訓質量較差等。在某些行業(yè)的一些大學，特別是新課程有更多的專業(yè)和盲目性，在就業(yè)市場的變化和發(fā)展，科學證據和可預測性的缺乏，加上專業(yè)的盲目擴招和其他因素的影響，導致一些專業(yè)的供大于求的現象。3，就業(yè)管理制度不完善在就業(yè)方面，高等院校，醫(yī)院各部門的重點就業(yè)在有限的程度上，效果不明顯。原因是缺乏支持“責任，權利和利益”的就業(yè)管理系統(tǒng)，導致在不同的醫(yī)院部門拓寬就業(yè)渠道的積極性不高，卻無能為力，因此，直接影響就業(yè)率，特別是就業(yè)質量。三解決高校畢業(yè)生就業(yè)問題的對策1，政府應該繼續(xù)深化改革，完善就業(yè)市場政府應采取有效措施，消除體制障礙，妨礙學生這些政策的就業(yè)，系統(tǒng)應逐步取消，加強協(xié)調部門之間的溝通，積極疏通就業(yè)渠道，不斷完善就業(yè)市場。政府也應加強高校學校的指導，以加強在宏觀預測和專業(yè)設置的調整，人力資源，以及調節(jié)大小的各類人員培訓。此外，政府應發(fā)揮他們的優(yōu)勢，主動為學校和學生提供必要的信息服務和就業(yè)指導。同時，政府應促進用人單位采用科學的人才觀，不盲目追求人才高消費，但要在與實際情況相符合，一個合理的冗余人員更換，考慮一個長期的人才儲備機制，將充分利用的建立。2，加強高校內部改革高等教育已進入全國推廣這一新形勢的中間階段要求全國高校重新定位，專注于高教育的“生態(tài)結構合理化。前一段時間，對國家的發(fā)展高等教育機構有大學綜合大學研究熱點，熱點，多學科大學熱，片面追求“高水平大學，”導致的不平衡高等教育的生態(tài)結構。中國在未來仍將保持的過程中工業(yè)化，大量需要的應用型人才，技能人才，技術，人才。大多數學院和大學應該為經濟建設和社會培訓在人才的發(fā)展，這是主要的戰(zhàn)場應用事業(yè)，主要人才為主要任務，必須以培養(yǎng)專業(yè)技術人才和管理人員，也是培養(yǎng)一線操作人員。教育應該更以就業(yè)為導向，努力提高學生的能力和創(chuàng)業(yè)能力社會實踐。高校要主動適應市場需求，及時本專業(yè)的結構調整，加強基礎學科，應用科學的建筑，和不斷更新教學內容，重視教學方法的改革提高教學質量，培養(yǎng)出高素質的畢業(yè)生。此外，努力加強教師隊伍和基礎教育設施，改善就業(yè)管理系統(tǒng)，以創(chuàng)造為大學畢業(yè)生就業(yè)的有利條件。3，大學生應提高自身素質，更新就業(yè)觀念目前的就業(yè)市場是激烈的競爭能力和競爭的質量，學生必須掌握在他們自己的就業(yè)計劃一方面，要全面提高自己的大學生涯，高校整體質量和高校充分利用這個平臺，不斷塑造和完善自己。在同一時間提高自己的學習成績，必須重視培養(yǎng)自己的動手的能力。隨著就業(yè)形勢的變化，大學生要更新就業(yè)觀念，擺脫那些舊的觀念，使自己擺脫了那些認為外箱可不輕眼睛向上，更多的眼睛向下，即就業(yè)，表面面積，更傾向于中部和西部地區(qū)和小城市和縣鎮(zhèn)；在單位定位失敗的候選人機關、事業(yè)單位，和更多的企業(yè)，尤其是中小型企業(yè)，私人企業(yè)和鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)；職業(yè)定位，失敗的候選人的職業(yè)技術崗位和管理崗位，可以先從事一線生產操作位置有機會發(fā)展；沒有單位的考生，可以自主創(chuàng)業(yè)。此外，我們要主動學習和掌握工作技能，提高職業(yè)能力，應該有合理的期望，正確認識就業(yè)。只有擺正自己的位置，可以在競爭中處于主動地位。結論在當前全球金融危機，大學生“就業(yè)難”問題已成為共同關注的焦點。通過大學生就業(yè)困難的原因是多方面造成的對于大學生自身的原因，也有不利影響的學院和大學大學畢業(yè)生的就業(yè)，以及用人單位和社會的原因。為了解決大學大學生“就業(yè)難”的問題，政府應該繼續(xù)深化改革，完善就業(yè)市場；加強高校內部改革，以建立對高校畢業(yè)生就業(yè)的有利條件；大學生要提高自己的素質，更新就業(yè)觀念，積極尋求就業(yè)的道路。2.外文原文Under the Current Global Financial Crisis, College GraduatesEmployment PolicyOrlando Tucker ，Keele UniversityIn the current global financial crisis, the college graduates employment difficult issue has become college students, parents, colleges and universities and the community of common concern. Difficulties caused by employment of university students are many reasons, and only careful study of the causes leading to the difficult employment situation of university students in order to develop effective countermeasures to address the social problems. 1. The financial crisis in 2009 even more severe employment situation of university studentsSince the second half of 2008 since the current global financial crisis to Chinas tremendous employment pressure. Such employment pressure comes from the financial crisis on the employment impact of the two groups, one for the employment impact of migrant workers, and second, for university graduates employment. Quantitative point of view, the impact of the financial crisis, migrant workers is much larger than university graduates, however, the typical dual economic structure in China, making the reservoir in rural areas as urban employment has played a buffer role, unemployment, migrant workers can return shortly rural areas. For university graduates, the situation is different, they need to find a job after leaving school. Of migrant workers and university graduates in the two employment groups, the employment of migrant workers will increase with economic growth and rapid mitigation, or even re-emergence of the phenomenon of shortage of migrant workers. However, for university graduates, the situation is not so optimistic about the financial crisis a few years prior to the outbreak, despite the economic situation is good, however, the difficult problem of employment of college graduates has always been more outstanding. In fact, since 2003, college students the difficult problem of employment has been a hot issue of social concern. 2009 university graduates in recent years to the most disadvantaged in terms of the year. From the supply side, the data show that in 2009 China will have 6.11 million university graduates, 520,000 compared with an increase in 2008. In addition, as of 2008, there are 1.5 million college students have graduated not find work, they will look for graduates with employment opportunities, which makes university graduates in 2009 is facing more intense competition. From the demand side, by the financial crisis and the impact of the economic cycle, with enterprises as the main employer demand for university graduates will be decreased significantly. College graduates that the phenomenon of unemployment in 2009, more prominent.2. College students a number of difficult employment Analysis(A) Students their own reasons 1, employment, high expectations High expectations of employment is difficult to form one of the main employment of university graduates, which leads to employment, the main reason for high expectations is the cost of undergraduate education input-output imbalance both students and parents on the post-employment wages and high expectations placed in order to recover as soon as possible investment in human capital. Especially those with low income levels of people, food and clothing over the years even at the cost debt to support their children to college with the hope that their children work after graduation to get the corresponding return pass to change their status, identity, find a decent salary job. Some college students are not find a job, but could not find satisfactory work. In careers, they tend to wages, housing conditions, promotion promotion, whether in the provincial capital cities or coastal cities, work as a prerequisite for employment. Some students, such as blind to the civil service, public institutions and other decent posts squeeze, neglect and discrimination against the more humble some of the occupations; also have a lot of people are afraid to the grassroots level and poor remote areas, are reluctant to enterprises, especially SMEs and private enterprises work. In fact, there are more employment opportunities are often the central and western regions, private or private small and medium enterprises, but this is often not the students choose an object, in these more able to play the role of local college students but is difficult to hire college students, this is a more professional jobs than supply and demand is high and the main reason for low Qianyue Lv. For the professional market demand, with no restrictions, university student volunteer service in the western region, Plan of Action for funding rural teachers and so on, employment, high expectations of students will still not a choice. These are not the correct concept of employment and career attitudes so that graduates of missed time and time again a lot of employment opportunities for the employment of such high expectations for the employment of college graduates successfully created a great obstacle.2, over-valued professional counterpartsSome students see their own professional too heavy, this over-emphasis on professional counterparts, is also one of the reasons causing the difficult employment situation. Professional counterparts, the phenomenon is not inevitable, if he stubbornly unwilling to be diverted to emphasize professional counterparts, will give himself blocked employment opportunities. Colleges and universities can not accurately predict the market a few years later the need for talent, but only under the current or predicted demand for talent within the next few years the social situation and determine the professional teaching conditions. Students apply for the time squeeze hot, abandoning unpopular, but the current rapid economic development, so that the market demand for talented people is changing, a few years after the original optimistic about the professional may now become a cool city, no one should need . Thus, university graduates do not have to holding their own professional link, can try and professional-related, or even outside the professional career; professional counterparts, should not be the main basis for choice of occupation, can play their own professional expertise is an ideal career. For the employer, the employer should also be changes in standards, not only to look at the professions, should be more concerned about the overall quality of talent: the ability to work, innovation, personality traits and so on. 3, competition, lack of capacity Students lack of employability and competitiveness can be divided into IQ is not high and the EQ lack of categories. IQ is not high mainly in academic ill-equipped, for example, course score is low, the irrational structure of knowledge, professional knowledge is not the system, not a solid, comprehensive skill level is not high, innovation and the ability to solve practical problems such as poor. EQ is mainly manifested in lack of employment, lack of interview skills, do not understand the recruitment process, interviewing techniques and communication arts, in a number of Recruitment at the meeting, some students produced excellent job holding the information or resume, bag containing a variety of all sorts of certificates, in the recruitment of staff before it appears to be lacking self-confidence, or incoherent, helpless, or the irrelevant answers, let alone be able to actively market themselves, and end up with their favorite job pass by with regret. (B) Employment of university students in social causes difficulty 1, The contradiction between supply and demand of university students Chinas current enrollment in higher education, professional settings, teaching model, teaching contents, etc., etc., or to take the past, program management model, education authorities issued to the school enrollment indicators, development of teaching programs, colleges and universities have no right to increase or decrease in each professional The number of planned admissions to determine the professional curriculum also determined by the scheme, universities can not be achieved according to the market demand for talent in their own admission, can not adjust teaching plans. In this way, as a school principal the lack of school autonomy of colleges and universities can not be under the personnel changes in market demand timely adjustments to enrollment, professional, and teaching content. The school knowing that a relative surplus of professionals, a shortage of professionals, but given the constraints can not be adjusted. 2, The relative reduction of employment channels Enrollment in colleges and universities the same period, the government implemented to streamline the agency and staff, students on the owners ability to absorb a substantial decline in channel; In addition, the state-owned enterprises have implemented a downsizing efficiency measures. These two reasons has brought changes in the job market of college graduates, from a sellers market to a buyers market, making the difficult problem of employment of university graduates become more prominent. 3, The job market not perfect The current job market, construction and management of university students related policies are not enough able-bodied, who can enter the market, who can organize the market and how to organize markets and so on is not very clear, the Governments supervision and management of the talent market are still in place, leading to employment of university students markets mixed, including some in order to seek personal gain profit for the purpose of speculative behavior. Market supply and demand in the main, market organizers and market transactions are not standardized, in the interests of assurance of supply and demand, there are many hidden dangers. 4, The employing units employing the concept of scientific The conditions of the employing unit personnel to introduce even more stringent requirements, in addition to require graduates to have a good professional knowledge and skills, but also requires a good ideological and moral qualities, has a strong ability to work, hands-on capabilities, innovation and other excellent overall quality. Meanwhile, the introduction of talented people there are also a lot of discrimination against sexual orientation. Prestigious universities, such as the brand effect in the employment of university students still play a large role, the employing unit of the famous graduates of the institutions demand, a number of foreign investment, joint ventures or large business-to-school graduates are valued reputation, and some recruitment units or even as long as the focus of university students, making college graduates under great psychological blow. In the fierce competition for jobs, most graduates are often a result of the current can not be fully in line with the needs of the employing unit of the dislike for many employers. Employing unit in order to save personnel costs, lack of awareness of talent pool, for just out of school into the community of graduates lack practical experience, they tend not to consider only the work experience of the previous recruiting graduates, which also led to fresh graduates difficult. (C) The College of the adverse impact of employment of university graduates 1, In many cases conditions are not available in the rapid expansion of college and university admissions From one angle, college enrollment is a good thing, there are more school-age young people can receive university education; but on the other hand, conditions are not available in many cases, the original school, tried to upgrade the undergraduate, undergraduate institutions do more on the masters degree, masters multi-point efforts on the doctoral institutions, colleges and universities seem to have entered the country vie to upgrade of the Great Leap Forward era. This time the wind will inevitably lead to many undesirable consequences, but also to the difficult employment of university students has brought a certain extent. 2, The subject of professional adjustment of structural optimization is not enough In the rapid development of higher education, enrollment has expanded rapidly and at the same time, gradually exposing a number of professional colleges and universities an excess number of low foreign language proficiency of students, teaching content of obsolete training model a single, humane education and quality of training is weak and so on. Some universities in certain professions, particularly the new curriculum have more professional and blindness, to change and development in the job market, lack of scientific evidence and predictability, coupled with the professional blind enrollment and other factors, resulting in some professional oversupply phenomenon.3, Employment management system imperfections Within the institutions of higher learning in terms of employment, all hospital departments focus on employment to a limited extent, the effect is not obvious. The reason is the lack of supporting responsibilities, rights and interests employment management system, resulting in various hospital departments to broaden the channels of employment for the enthusiasm is not high and the powerless, and thus directly affect th