普朗克英文簡(jiǎn)介PPT課件

.,maxPlanck,TheQuantizationofEnergy,.,MaxKarlErnstLudwigPlanck,BornatSteinHallinGermany,hewasrecognizedasafamousphysicist.Animportantfounderofquantummechanics.（量子力學(xué)）WontheNobelprizeinPhysicsin1918.,.,Childhood,PlanckspenthisfirstseveralyearsofchildhoodatKiel.Whenhewas9yearsold,in1867,hisfamilymovedtoMunichwherehewasinspiredbyamathematiciannamedOskarvonMiller.WiththehelpofMiller,hedevelopedhisinterestinmathematicsandphysics.Whatsmore,Plancklearnedhisfirstphysicalprinciple:energyconservation（能量守恒）.Anditwashisfirsttimethathehadmadeacquaintancewithphysics.,Planckin1874,In1858,Planckwasborninaconventionalfamilywhichhadbeenwelleducated.Hehadsixbrothersandsisters,fourofwhomwasgivenbirthtobyhismother.Andanothertwowereleftbyhisfathersformerwife.,.,University,In1874,PlanckwasadmittedinUniversityofMunich.Hehadagiftformusicandacommandofpiano,pipeorgan（管風(fēng)琴）andvioloncello（大提琴）.Heevencomposed（作曲）forseveralsongsandalightopera.Buthedidntchoosethemusicmajor.Instead,hedecidedtomajorinphysics.,AphysicsprofessornamedPhilippvonJollyoncetriedtopersuadePlancknottolearnphysics.Hesaid:“Everythingaboutthissciencehadbeenstudied,andonlysomelessimportantblanksneedtobefilled.”However,Planckwasdetermined.Hesaid:“Imnotsupposedtofindanewcontinentofphysics.TheonlythingIwanttodoistocomprehendthefundamentalknowledgeormaybeIcanmakeitfurther.”,Planckin1878,.,PlanckstartedhisphysicsstudyatUniversityofMunichin1874.Duringhiswholescientificcareer,heonlyconductedseveralexperimentswithJolly.Beforelong,hedivertedhisattentionfromexperimentstotheoreticalphysics.In1877,hetransferredtoanotherschoolinBerlin.TherehestudiedunderHermannvonHelmholtz,GustavRobertKirchhoffandKarlWeierstrass.WhenitcametoHermann,Planckoncesaid:“Hepreparesnothingbeforeclassandalwaysmakessomemistakeswhilecalculatingsothatstudentsfinditboringtoattendhisclass.”AstoGustav,hesaid:“Heteachescarefully,buthisclassisverytedious（冗長(zhǎng)的）.”Evenso,PlanckstilldevelopedasincerefriendshipwithHermann.UndertheinfluenceofHermann,whowasthefounderofthermodynamics（熱力學(xué)）,Planckregardedthermodynamicsashisworkingfield.,Hermann,Gustav,Karl,.,Aftergraduation,In1878,hepassedtheexamforteachercertification.In1880,heearnedhisqualificationofteachingbyathesis.Evenso,hewasnotattachedimportancetobythephysicsdomain.ButPlanckcontinuedhisworkinthermodynamics.In1885,hewasemployedasaphysicsprofessortoUniversityofKiel.WhenhewasatKiel,Planckhadstartedthefurtherresearchaboutatom.In1890,hestartedtoanalyzedanexperimentcalled,blackbodyradiation,.,Blackbodyradiation,Normalobjectswillabsorb,reflectandradiate（輻射）electromagneticwave（電磁波）.Asablackbody,itcanabsorbandradiatethewave,butitreflectsnothing.Whenscientistsinthattimeresearchedonthethermalradiation,theypaidspecialattentiontotheprincipleofblackbodyradiation.Itwasveryeasyforscientiststodrawadiagramtoshowthattheintensity（強(qiáng)度）ofradiationhadacertainrelationshipwithtemperatureandwavelength.,.,Physicistsarealwaysstrivingtousetheexistingknowledgetoexplainphenomenaandprincipleswhicharenewlyfound.SoaGermanphysicistnamedWien（維恩）andaBritishphysicistnamedRayleigh（瑞利）successively（相繼地）putforwardthetheoreticalformulawhichcouldcalculatetheintensityofradiationaccordingtothewavelength.Buttheybothgotarebuff（碰釘子）.,.,TheQuantizationofEnergy,Inordertogetaconclusionwhichwasconsistentwiththeexperiment,Planckmadealotofattemptsandhadafierceideologicalstruggle（思想斗爭(zhēng)）.Finallyhehadtocompromisewithhimselfandadmittedthat:somelawsofmicrocosm（微觀世界）mightlookverystrangeintheshoesofmacrocosm（宏觀世界）.In1900,hemadeacrazyassumption:theenergyofmicroscopicparticle（微觀粒子）canonlybeintegertimes（整數(shù)倍）ofaminimumquantity.Hecalledthisquantityasenergyquantum（能量子）whichcouldntbedividedanymore.Dependingontheassumptionofenergyquantum,Planckderived（推導(dǎo)出）theformula.Soconsistentwasitwiththeresultsthatnobodycouldagreemore.,.,Asaphysicist,nothingcouldbemoreinspiringthanthefactthathisowntheorywasconfirmedbytheexperiment.However,Planckwasinadilemma.Inalongperiodoftimeinhistory,notonlythephysicsdomainbutalsothescienceandphilosophydomainallheldtheviewthatallnaturalprogresseswerecontinuous.,GottfriedWilhelmLeibniz,whowasamathematicianandphilosopher,oncesaid:“Thenatureworldwouldnotchangeabruptly.Discontinuousnesswasoutofstepwithscience.”WhatLeibnizsaidconfusedPlanck.SoPlancktoldhissonthatwhathehaddiscoveredwouldeitherbeastandingjokeormaybeoneofthegreatestdiscoveriesinphysicssinceNewton.Eighteenyearslater,PlanckwasawardedNobelprizeinphysicsbecauseofhisputtingforwardenergyquantum.,AwardedNobelprize,.,After1920,Since1920,PlanckhadbecomeacentralfigureinGermansciencedomain.Hisjustice,integrity（正直）andknowledgemadehimwidespreadrespectedinGermany,whichlethimbecomeadecisive（決定性的）authorityfigure.ThoughGermanwasatthemercyoftheNaziparty,hepubliclyopposedthegenocidalpolicy（種族滅絕政策）.HewasdeterminedtostayinGermanyprotectingscientistsfromtheworldsothatPlancksufferedalotfromfamilytragedyandmisery:,In1914,hiseldestsondiedinWorldWar.Thesameyear,hissecondsonwastakencaptivebyFrench.In1917,hisfirstdaughterdiedinchildbirth.In1919,hisseconddaughterpassedawaythesamewayashereldersister.In1945,hissecondsonwaskilledbyNazi.,.,MaxPlanck,Withthesupportofhistoughpossessiveness（自制力）,histimecamewhenhew