安全專業(yè)英語(課件總結(jié)版).doc

Unit1English for Science and Technology 科技英語 Safety management 安全管理Accident causation models 事故致因模型 Unsafe act 不安全行為Unsafe condition 不安全狀態(tài) accident-proness models事故傾向模型safety culture 安全文化 Organization safety culture企業(yè)安全文化1、All modern theories are based on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss. 所有的現(xiàn)代理論都是基于嘗試解釋事件發(fā)生次序并最終導致?lián)p失的事故致因模型。 2、The strategic management, leadership, motivation, and the personnels visible and hidden values are some issues that are now under intensive study. 現(xiàn)在正在加緊研究諸如戰(zhàn)略管理，領(lǐng)導力，激勵及員工有形的和隱藏的價值等問題。 3、One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by Schein who has said that organizational culture is “a pattern of basic assumptions invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems”. 沙因已提出“企業(yè)文化”的一個廣義定義。他認為企業(yè)文化是“一種基本的假設(shè)模式由某一組織發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)、或?qū)⒅l(fā)展的，用它來處理外部適應和內(nèi)部整合的問題。由于這一假設(shè)模式運作非常有效，因此可將它教給新員工，以使他們在遇到類似問題的時候也能以正確的方式感受、思考和感覺” 。杜邦10條 Dubont companys safety principles All injuries and occupational illnesses can be prevented. Management is responsible for safety. Safety is an individuals responsibility and a condition of employment. Training is an essential element for safe workplaces. Audits must be conducted（必須進行檢查 ） All deficiencies(不足) must be corrected promptly. It is essential to investigate all injuries and incidents with injury potential. Off-the job safety is an important part of the safety effort. It is good business to prevent injuries and illnesses. Peple are the most important element of safety and occupational health program.Unit2Systems life cycle系統(tǒng)壽命周期 Safety criteria安全準則Hazard analysis危險分析 Performance reviews 績效考核Hazard Control危險控制1、System safety concepts are based on the idea that an optimum degree of safety can be achieve within the constraints of system effectyeness.系統(tǒng)安全的概念是基于最佳安全程度的想法，這個想法在系統(tǒng)效力的約束下能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)。2、It involves the application of scientific and management principles for the timely recognition, evaluation, and control of hazards.為了對危險實現(xiàn)及時地識別、評價和控制，它所采用的方法包括科技、管理的手段。3、These criteria normally provide for compliance with accepted safety standards such as those contained in government regulations.這些標準通常與人們所普遍遵循的安全標準相適應，如政府法規(guī)中的相關(guān)內(nèi)容。4、Equipment specifications, maintenance plans, training plans, proposed system procedures, and other design materials are reviewed and evaluated during the design phase. 在設(shè)計階段就應該考慮和評價設(shè)備說明書、維修計劃、培訓方案、建議的系統(tǒng)程序和其他的設(shè)計材料。5、For an analysis to be meaningful, it must be logical, accurate, descriptive of the system, and based on valid assumptions.為了使分析有意義，危險分析必須符合邏輯，具有準確性，系統(tǒng)描述完整，并且基于有效的假設(shè)。Uint3Ergonomics process人機進程 work efficiency工作效率安全人機工程 工作效率 工作壓力 傷害率 職業(yè)傷殘Similarly, an ergonomics process is a plan in which a facility gathers all relevant information on work organization, employee capabilities and limitations, and work-related MSDs, to develop solutions to better accommodate these employees and reduce MSD rates and their associated costs. 同樣，人機工程進程其實就是一個計劃。在這個計劃中企業(yè)需要收集所有關(guān)于工作安排、員工能力和制度約束以及與肌肉骨骼疾病相關(guān)的資料。這樣做是為了更好地滿足員工的需求、能有效降低肌肉骨骼疾病的發(fā)生率及其相關(guān)費用。2、A successful ergonomics process needs to be implemented and refined across various types of organizations, so that a wide variety of work-related issues can be incorporated.一個成功人機工程/工效流程的順利實施和不斷完善，需要跨越多個部門。所以與工作有關(guān)的各種問題都有可能被納入其中。 3、The element from which basic ergonomics issues arise is the Workplace; that is, the area in which the physical work is being performed and where employees become injured due to musculoskeletal stressors.人體工程學的基本問題來自于工作場所，因為員工是在其中進行體力工作，同時易因肌肉骨骼受壓而受傷。4、This includes understanding ergonomics concepts on a global levelthat work systems designed within individuals capabilities and limitations will improve work efficiency and productivity and will reduce the numbers and costs of MSDs.這包括對人體工程學的概念有一個全面的了解：在個人的能力和限制范圍內(nèi)進行工作系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計，將提高工作效率和生產(chǎn)力，還會降低肌肉骨骼疾病發(fā)生的次數(shù)，以及由此產(chǎn)生的花費。 5、A progressive management structure is one that honestly values its employees and communicates this commitment through corporate policies that tout this dedication to employees health and well-being;this includes the implementation of an ergonomics process. 一個先進的管理結(jié)構(gòu)是這樣的：誠實地評價雇員，通過制定滿足雇員健康和福利的企業(yè)政策向大家傳達承諾 ；這就包括工效進程的執(zhí)行。 6、It is within the committee that all activities in the facility having ergonomics impact are directed. The formation of the committee and their training is no effortless matter, however.正是在委員會內(nèi)部,人機工程委員會施于企業(yè)內(nèi)部所有活動的影響都是直接的。然而該委員會的組建和培訓并不是不費力的事。7、Just as ergonomics itself is comprised of multiple disciplines, an Ergonomics Committee should be comprised of members with diverse backgrounds and areas of expertise. 正如工效學本身是由多學科，人因工程委員會也應由具有不同背景和專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的專家組成。 8、This includes identifying both jobs and work practices that have historically caused MSDs and those destined to produce future problems if not corrected. 這包括確定歷史上導致肌肉骨骼疾病發(fā)生的工作和操作上的行為，如果沒有被予以糾正，它們注定會產(chǎn)生新的問題。It is the responsibility of the team to continually keep employees updated on the teams activities.通過團隊活動不斷保持其成員的進步是團隊義不容辭的責任Unit4Hazard Identification危險辨識 personal protective equipment 個人防護設(shè)備Accident investigation事故調(diào)查 Safety inspection安全檢查Occupational Safety and Health Act （OSHA） 職業(yè)安全與衛(wèi)生條例 1、when you do not view a reported hazard as an actual hazard, it is critical to ongoning process to inform the worker that you do not view it as a true hazard and explain why. 當你沒有把報告上來的危險視作一個真正存在危險的時候，對于持續(xù)的生產(chǎn)來說，通知工人你并不認為它是一個真正存在的危險并解釋其原因，這就成為至關(guān)重要的了2、Also, if a hazard exists, you must be prioritize it according to the ones that can be handled quickly, which may take time, or which will cost money above your budget.此外，如果存在危險，你必須根據(jù)處置它所花費的時間，或花費的高于預算資金等來考慮其被處理的先后順序。3、Identification and control of hazards should include periodic site safety inspection programs that involve supervisors and , if you have them, joint labor management committees.識別和控制危險，應包括涉及主管的定期現(xiàn)場安全檢查計劃，如果你有，還應包括聯(lián)合勞動管理委員會 。4、To prevent industrial accidents, the people, machines, and other factors which can cause accidents, including the energies associated with them, must be controlled。為了防止工業(yè)事故發(fā)生，必須對人，機和其他可導致事故發(fā)生的因素以及與此相關(guān)的能量加以控制 。5、Study the work environment for what is moving in the vicinity of the worker, what is about to move, or what will move as a result of what the worker does.研究工作環(huán)境下是什么在工人附近移動，是什么樣的移動，或由于工人操作什么將會移動。6、Any type of work that involves materials or equipment that may be harmful without forceful contact is a source of contact-with accidents.任何涉及到不包含強大能量源，有害的物質(zhì)或設(shè)備接觸都屬于接觸事故類型 。7、Management is not as close to the actual work being performed as are those performing the work.管理者工作并不像具體執(zhí)行工作的人員一樣能接觸到具體的操作。8、This hazard identification technique works well where management is open and genuinely concerned about the safety and health of its workforce.危害識別技術(shù)運作良好的地方，其管理工作是開放的，是真正關(guān)注勞動者安全和健康問題的。Unit5Occupational health and safety management system（OHSMS）職業(yè)健康安全管理體系1、Finding agreement upon criteria for effectiveness, or methods of measurement and evaluation is especially hard where basic disagreement exists upon what an OHSMS is.發(fā)現(xiàn)能夠達成一致的有效標準或測量、評價方法是特別困難的事，因為對什么是職業(yè)健康安全管理體系存在基本分歧。 2、Systems theory suggests that there should be four general requirements for an OHSMS, although how these requirements are met in practice allows for considerable diversity.系統(tǒng)理論認為：對職業(yè)健康安全管理體系應該有四個基本要求，但這些要求在實踐應用中卻需滿足多樣化的需求。3、In contrast, mandatory systems have evolved in a number of European countries where legislation requires adoption of a risk assessment system.與此相反，強制性制度已經(jīng)發(fā)展到了許多歐洲國家，在這些國家法律規(guī)定建立風險評估系統(tǒng)。4、This approach stems from methods of regulation found in Europe as well as Australia, where businesses, including smaller ones, are encouraged or required to comply with a less demanding framework than “management systems”.這種做法源于歐洲和澳大利亞現(xiàn)行的監(jiān)管方法。在那的企業(yè)，包括規(guī)模較小的，都鼓勵或要求遵守與“管理系統(tǒng)” 要求相比較低的框架。 5、First, it is grounded in the literature that discusses alternative approaches to managing OHS and different control strategies, and it reflects the principal debates in that literature.首先，它植根于一種文化，對管理職業(yè)健康與安全采取不同控制策略的文化中。它反映了在特定文化中最大的爭議。6、The idea that there may be different levels of OHSM has been interpreted another way in Australia where performance levels in some programs are explicitly developmental (the business graduating up an ascending ladder as it demonstrates compliance with the requirements of each successive level).澳大利亞的另一種方式可以用來解釋OHSM有不同等級的觀點，在澳一些方案的執(zhí)行水平在顯著提高（業(yè)務(wù)已經(jīng)上升了一個臺階，因為它表明與每個連續(xù)的級別相一致）。 7、while, in general, this report advocates care in defining OHSMS with respect to the problems outlines above, for the purpose of this project an inclusive approach to the phenmena is to be adopted.一般來說，考慮到前文所提到的許多問題，這篇報告倡導應專注于職業(yè)健康安全管理體系的定義，采納一個包容性的方法就是為了解決上述問題。Uint6Physical hazards物理危害 Time-weighted average 時間加權(quán)平均Hazard Communication Standard危險通識標準1、Industrial hygiene has been defined as that science or art devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of those environmental factors or stresses, arising in or from the workplace, which may cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort and inefficiency among workers or among the citizens of the community.工業(yè)衛(wèi)生被定義為“它是針對環(huán)境因素或壓力的預期、辨識、評價和控制的一門科學和藝術(shù)。這些環(huán)境因素產(chǎn)生于工作場所，可能會導致疾病，損害健康或在工人和社會公民中引起顯著的不適和降低效率”。2、The industrial hygienist, although basically trained in engineering, physics, chemistry, or biology, has acquired by undergraduate and/or postgraduate study and experience, a knowledge of the effects upon health of chemical and physical agents under various levels of exposure.雖然工業(yè)衛(wèi)生學家在工程、物理、化學或生物學方面已獲得過培訓，通過本科、研究生期間的學習和積累的經(jīng)驗，已經(jīng)掌握了暴露于各級環(huán)境下化學和物理制劑對健康影響的知識。3、Noise is a serious hazard when it results in temporary or permanent hearing loss, physical or mental disturbance, any interference with voice communications, or the disruption of a job, rest, relaxation, or sleep.噪聲是一種嚴重的危害，因它會造成臨時或永久性聽力喪失，身體或精神紊亂，干擾語言溝通，或?qū)ぷ?、休息、放松或睡眠產(chǎn)生障礙。6、The chance of developing heat stress increases with increased humidity, hot environments, and the use of personal protective equipment.熱應力顯現(xiàn)的可能性隨著濕度的增加、熱環(huán)境以及個人防護設(shè)備的使用而增大。7、Ionizing radiation has the ability to change or destroy the atomic (chemical) structure of cells, non-ionizing radiation does not. 電離輻射有能力改變或破壞細胞的原子（化學）結(jié)構(gòu)，非電離輻射則沒有。8、Although non-ionizing radiation is not as hazardous as ionizing, there are exposures that can cause severe injuries. 雖然非電離輻射電離不如電離輻射危險，但有導致嚴重傷害的風險。 9、Items such as sanitation and housekeeping items regarding potable water, removal of industrial waste and sewage, food handling, and personal cleanliness have the potential to exacerbate the potential risk of biological hazards. 衛(wèi)生設(shè)施和家庭飲用水方面的項目，工業(yè)廢物和污水的轉(zhuǎn)運，食品處理和個人清潔等有可能會加劇潛在的生物危害風險。10、When repetitive motion injuries occur , they often result from continuous use of a body part often in an unnatural posture employing more force than is normal for the body part.重復性的運動損傷經(jīng)常發(fā)生，多是因以一種不自然的姿勢頻繁使用身體某部位而引發(fā)的，對這個部位來說承受了比平常更多的能量。11、The majority of the occupational health hazards arise from inhaling chemical agents in the form of vapors, gases, dusts, fumes and mists, or by skin contact with these materials.多數(shù)職業(yè)健康危害由吸入以蒸汽、氣體、粉塵、煙霧形式存在的化學制劑而產(chǎn)生，或通過皮膚接觸這些材料也可產(chǎn)生。12、To recognize occupational factors or stresses, a health and safety professional must first know about the chemicals used as raw materials and the nature of the products and byproducts manufactured.為了識別職業(yè)因素或壓力，健康和安全專家必須首先了解作為原料使用的化學品、產(chǎn)品及副產(chǎn)品。 Unit7Risk assessment風險評估 Preventive measures 預防措施Health and Safety Commission（HSC） 健康安全委員會1、In response to the recognition that its structure has limitations in providing the glue that holds organisations together, much management thinking over the last two decades has focused on the concept of corporate culture.作為對這種認識“企業(yè)文化在像膠水一樣將組織聚合時所發(fā)揮的作用有限”的回應，許多管理者在過去的二十年里一直專注于對它的研究。2、It is generally thought that a well-developed and business-specifc culture into which managers and employees are thoroughly socialised will lead to stronger organisational commitment, more efficient performance and generally higher productivity.人們普遍認為：在一個發(fā)達的、具有特定企業(yè)文化(其中的管理者和員工被徹底同化了)的企業(yè)中，將產(chǎn)生較強的組織承諾、高效的執(zhí)行力和較高的生產(chǎn)率。 3、The maintenance of the dominating corporate culture within any organization, therefore, is supported by ongoing analyses of organizational systems,goal-directed behaviour, attitudes and performance outcomes.因此，在任何組織內(nèi)對主導企業(yè)文化的維護是由組織系統(tǒng)的持續(xù)分析、以目標為導向的行為、態(tài)度和表現(xiàn)結(jié)果來支持的。4、This is not surprising given that organisations are dynamic, multi-faceted human systems that operate in dynamic environments (in which what exactly suits at one time and one place) cannot be generalised into a detailed universal truth argues that differing sub-cultures actually serve a useful function, as they are a valuable resource for dealing with collective ignorance determined by systemic uncertainty because they provide a diversity of perspectives and interpretation of emerging (safety) problems.組織是動態(tài)的，在動態(tài)環(huán)境中運行的多面人文系可能適合于某一時間、某一場所，但不可能成為一個普遍適用的真理。這就表明不同的次文化實際上能發(fā)揮有用的功能，以上觀點是不足為奇的。因為它們在解決由系統(tǒng)不確定性累積形成的問題時是有價值的資源，對出現(xiàn)的（安全）問題提供了新的觀點和解釋。5、Gaining international currency over the last decade, it is loosely used to describe the corporate atmosphere or culture in which safety is understood to be, and is accepted as, the number one priority.在寬松的企業(yè)環(huán)境或文化中認為：安全是第一優(yōu)先考慮的，這種觀點在過去的十年中得到了廣泛流行，并且也被接納。6、As such the dominant corporate culture and the prevailing context such as downsizing and organisational corporate restructuring will exert a considerable influence on its development and vice-versa as both inter-relate and reinforce each other.就這點而論起主導作用的企業(yè)文化和當時縮減規(guī)模、重組的背景對其發(fā)展將會產(chǎn)生較大的影響。反之亦然，兩者既相互關(guān)聯(lián)，又相互促進。7、All these definitions are relatively similar in that they can be categorised into a normative beliefs perspective in so far as each is focused to varying degrees on the way people think and/or behave in relation to safety. 所有這些定義都比較相似，就定義的角度而言它們都可以被劃分到規(guī)范信念一類中。每個定義所關(guān)注的均是與安全相關(guān)的人們思維和/或行為方式的程度不同。8、Likewise, with the exception of the HSC these definitions tend to reflect the view 【that safety culture is rather than something that organisationhas“】. 同樣地，除健康安全委員會以外，這些定義趨向于反映這樣一種觀點：安全文化“是什么”，而不是組織 “有什么”。9、It has been argued that 【both views are commensurate in that managerial functionalist strategies emerge from interpretative contexts】.有人認為這兩種意見是與管理功能主義戰(zhàn)略在解釋性背景下顯露出來相稱的。 10、Given the prominence of the HSCs definition in guiding reseachers, one area requiring precision that appears to have been overlooked by all concerned is the “product” of the safety culture construct. 由于在指導性研究中突出了健康安全委員會的定義，一個似乎被所有人忽略了的細節(jié)之處就是安全文化建設(shè)的“產(chǎn)品”。10、Nonetheless, the degree to which members consistently confront others about their unsafe acts, the degree to which members report unsafe conditions, the speed with which members implement remedial actions, the degree to which members give priority to safety over production are all observable examples of members directing their efforts to improve safety.然而，對成員一直面臨不安全行為的關(guān)注程度，成員報告不安全條件的積極性，成員實施補救行動的速度，成員對安全給予優(yōu)先考慮的可能性都是成員之間通過觀察別人努力改善安全的例子。11、Given that the maintenance of organisational cultures are supported by ongoing analyses of organisational systems, goal-directed behaviour, attitudes and performance outcomes, the definition given for the safety culture “product” provides a dependent variable with which to assess safety culture improvement initiatives. 鑒于企業(yè)文化的秉持是由組織系統(tǒng)、目標導向行為、態(tài)度和執(zhí)行力來支持的，把安全文化說成“產(chǎn)品”就提供了一個用以評估安全文化改善措施的因變量。12、Despite notions 【that culture cannot easily be created or engineered, in practise】, the creation or enhancement of a safety culture is dependent upon the deliberate manipulation of various organisational characteristics thought to impact upon safety management practices. 盡管在實踐中安全文化不容易被創(chuàng)建或設(shè)計，但它的創(chuàng)造或強化依賴于各種組織有意識地對安全管理實踐施加影響的有意識操作。Uint8Needs Move Mountains and People人的需要層次理論1、These statements, however, do not tell us what motivation really is nor do they tell us how we can measure or even understand motivation. 但是，這些說明并沒有告訴我們什么是真正的動機，也沒有告訴我們?nèi)绾魏饬可踔寥绾蝸砝斫馑?、 But, possibly a better definition is “motivation presumes valuing, and values are learned behaviors; thus, motivation, at least in part, is learned and can be taught ”.但是或許一個更好的定義為：激勵重視價值，價值是博學的行為 。因此，至少在某種程度