光伏發(fā)電外文翻譯.doc

Photovoltaic power generation1.The worlds current situation and development of photovoltaic industry forecast Solar cells is the use of the material effects of photovoltaic solar energy into electrical energy directly to the semiconductor devices, also known as photovoltaic cells. In 1954, the first practical silicon solar cells ( = 6%) and the first atomic power station at the same time in the United States was born in 1959 into the space solar cell applications, the energy crisis in 1973 after the application step by step to the ground. Photovoltaic power generation is divided into independent grid photovoltaic systems and photovoltaic systems. Independent PV power station, including the villages in remote areas the power supply system, solar household power system, communications, signal power, cathodic protection, such as solar street lamps withbatteries can run independently of the photovoltaic power generation system. Grid PV system is connected with the power grid to feed electricity grid PV power system. Currently technically achievable grid PV power system in the way: housing fixed-grid system and power plant system of the desert. Use of the existing roof system is the effective area of the roof construction, installation and network of photovoltaic power generation system, the size of a few kWp generally ranging from several MWp. Desert power plant is uninhabited desert area in the development and construction of large-scale photovoltaic power generation systems and networks, the size of several GWp from the 10MWp size. In recent years, the rapid increase in solar cell production, for 8 years in 30% growth in 2004, even more than the annual growth rate of 60 percent, reaching 1200MW. 2.The Chinese PV market and industry status 2.1 Chinas solar market development China started research on solar cells in 1958, in 1971, China successfully launched the first applies to the 2nd satellite Dongfanghong. Started in 1973 for ground-based solar cells. Chinas photovoltaic industry in 80 years ago is still in embryonic form, the annual production of solar cells has been hovering below 10KW, price is also very expensive. As a result of restrictions on prices and production, market development is very slow, and apart from, as the satellite power supply, on the ground only for low-power solar power systems, such as beacon lights, railway signal systems, weather station equipment alpine electricity, electricity Wai field, black light, fluorescent lamps, such as DC power is normally a few watts to tens of watts. In the 65 (1981-1985) and 75 (1986-1990), the countries of photovoltaic PV industry and to give support for the development of the market, the central and local governments invested in the photovoltaic certain funds, makes a very weak solar industry has been consolidated and applied in many areas of the model, such as microwave relay stations, communications system units, gates and oil pipeline cathodic protection systems, rural carrier telephone system, small households and villages with power supply system systems. At the same time, 75 period, the domestic has introduced from abroad a number of solar cell production line, in addition to the amorphous silicon, a 1MW battery production line, the other is single crystal silicon cell production line, making Chinas solar cell production capacity increased to 4.5MWp / years, the price is also from 75 early 80 yuan / Wp dropped to 40 yuan / Wp around. After the nineties, with the shape of Chinas photovoltaic industry and to lower costs to the industrial application areas and application of the development of rural electrification, the market steadily expanding, and are included in the national and local government plans, such as Tibet Project Sunshine bright work, Ali photovoltaic project in Tibet, optical fiber communication power, oil pipeline cathodic protection, radio and television every village, a large-scale promotion of rural households with photovoltaic power systems. The 21st century, particularly in the last 3 years of power to the villages, the project, two billion state investment, the installation of 20MW, to solve our countrys 800 townships without electricity power problems in Chinas PV market to promote rapid, substantial increase in . At the same time, grid demonstration project began rapid development, from 5kW, 10kW to 100kW development of more than 1MW Expo in Shenzhen in 2004 and works as a grid PV applications in China highlights. The end of 2004, Chinas total installed capacity of photovoltaic systems reached approximately 65MW. Shenzhen, Shantou, Guangzhou and Zhejiang, solar garden lights, a large number of exports, with annual sales of as much as 500 million. Garden of the cells used are usually imported, and then with plastic packaging, simple process. The 6MW cells by as much as a year is a large solar applications (which are not into statistics). 2.2 Chinas status of the industrialization of solar cells Although the rapid development of Chinas photovoltaic industry, the size and technological level of industry have been raised accordingly. But compared with developed countries, there is still a big gap, such as: the degree of domestic raw materials-specific is not high, species was incomplete, already made materials and components, its performance is lower than abroad, such as silver, aluminum paste, EVA, etc. . Packaging components suede low iron glass, TPT has not yet been put on the market. The upper reaches of small photovoltaic industry chain, the lower reaches of large imbalances, the most serious is that the production of solar grade polysilicon is blank, entirely dependent on imports. The difference between the part of other aspects of the need to import, such as cells, silicon ingot / silicon, supporting materials. The level of industrial equipment design and manufacturing capabilities behind. Poly-silicon casting furnace, wire sawing, breaking completely the need to import ingot; PECVD silicon nitride deposition equipment, screen printing presses,battery-chipsorting machines, welding machines and other series can not meet the performance needs of modern production. These devices will need to introduce a full set, and so on. These gaps with the R&D base and weak industrial base. Enterprises through the introduction of digestion and absorption in a short period of time a modern photovoltaic industry, but supporting a special materials and equipment also can not keep up, in which the solar-grade polysilicon material particularly conspicuous. Countries should be organized photovoltaic industry with chemical, mechanical and electrical equipment manufacturing industries joint research, at the same time actively seeking international cooperation in solar-grade silicon as the breakthrough point, to avoid the technology of semiconductor-grade silicon blockade. 3.Chinas PV market forecasting and planning proposals 11, the five period, should be the implementation of the rural off-grid photovoltaic power generation plan, the implementation of open terrain (desert) and large-scale PV power station network pilot projects, as well as central cities and the construction of photovoltaic net plan as a priority. For the commercial development of PV will also be actively support policies and support. 3.1 Rural off-grid photovoltaic power generation plans There are about 28,000 of Chinas villages, 7 1 million, 3,000 million people without electricity. These are the distribution of the population without electricity in western China and a number of islands, some of which are villages without electricity using diesel generators for power generation, power supply 2-3 hours per day; some did not even diesel generators can only point of butter lamps, kerosene lamp and candle lighting. These areas without electricity have a wealth of solar energy resources, photovoltaic power generation in this region has a vast market prospect. Rural electricity supply problem has been through the power to the villages, the fundamental solution works. There are villages without electricity and household electric power supply issues need to be resolved. If every village without electricity in accordance with the 10KWp, households without electricity in accordance with each 400Wp planning, taking into account the expansion of the power station has been built, the potential market is around 3,000 MWp. From the current policy of national strength and perspective, by 2010, for the full settlement of the western region of more than 50 villages without electricity and 15% of households living without electricity electricity issues 2006 and-2010 years, 10,000 to settle the village without electricity and 100 million households without electrical power problems, the amount of new photovoltaic 265MWp, accumulated solar for rural electrification to reach 300 MWp. 3.2 Open to large-scale photovoltaic power plant construction and network From the current policy of national strength and perspective, by 2010, should be open to carry out large-scale photovoltaic power plant tests, the test site chosen should have the following conditions: close to the trunk power system (preferably within 50 kilometers), in order to reduce the additional transmission line of investment; backbone grid of sufficient bearing capacity, in the case of non-modified PV power station capable of transmission of electricity; load center distance of 100 kilometers in order to reduce transmission losses; if there is no electricity near load centers, the best large-scale hydropower, photovoltaic power station could be pumped-storage power through the conversion. Planning to establish by 2010, Block 2-3 of about 10-20MWp open to (desertification) pilot demonstration power plant, with a total installed capacity reached 30MWp, to test their technical and economic feasibility. 2010-2020 open to the formal start of China (desertification) of photovoltaic power station planned for 2010-2020 new installed PV power station 11,970 MWp, to open by the end of 2020 to a total of (Desert) photovoltaic power plants installed 12GWp. 中文翻譯1. 世界光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展預(yù)測 太陽電池是利用材料的光生伏打效應(yīng)直接將太陽能變成電能的半導(dǎo)體器件，也稱光伏電池。1954 年，第一塊實(shí)用的硅太陽電池（6）與第一座原子能發(fā)電站同時(shí)在美國誕生，1959 年太陽電池進(jìn)入空間應(yīng)用，1973 年能源危機(jī)后逐步轉(zhuǎn)到地面應(yīng)用。 光伏發(fā)電分為獨(dú)立光伏系統(tǒng)和并網(wǎng)光伏系統(tǒng)。獨(dú)立光伏電站包括邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的村莊供電系統(tǒng)，太陽能戶用電源系統(tǒng)，通信信號電源，陰極保護(hù)，太陽能路燈等各種帶有蓄電池的可以獨(dú)立運(yùn)行的光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)。 并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)是與電網(wǎng)相連并向電網(wǎng)饋送電力的光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)。目前從技術(shù)上可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)并網(wǎng)的方式有：屋定并網(wǎng)發(fā)電系統(tǒng)和沙漠電站系統(tǒng)。屋頂系統(tǒng)是利用現(xiàn)有建筑的屋頂有效面積，安裝并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)，其規(guī)模一般在幾個kWp 到幾個 MWp 不等。沙漠電站則是在無人居住的沙漠地區(qū)開發(fā)建設(shè)大規(guī)模的并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)，其規(guī)模從10MWp 到幾個GWp 的規(guī)模不等。 近年來，世界太陽電池年產(chǎn)量迅速增加，連續(xù)8 年增速在30%左右，2004 年的年增長率甚至超過60%，達(dá)到1200MW。2中國光伏發(fā)電市場和產(chǎn)業(yè)現(xiàn)狀2.1 中國太陽電池的市場發(fā)展我國于1958 年開始研究太陽電池，于1971 年成功地首次應(yīng)用于我國發(fā)射的東方紅二號衛(wèi)星上。于1973 年開始將太陽電池用于地面。我國的光伏工業(yè)在80年代以前尚處于雛形，太陽電池的年產(chǎn)量一直徘徊在10KW 以下，價(jià)格也很昂貴。 由于受到價(jià)格和產(chǎn)量的限制，市場的發(fā)展很緩慢，除了作為衛(wèi)星電源，在地面上太陽電池僅用于小功率電源系統(tǒng)，如航標(biāo)燈、鐵路信號系統(tǒng)、高山氣象站的儀器用電、電圍欄、黑光燈、直流日光燈等，功率一般在幾瓦到幾十瓦之間。在“六五”(19811985)和“七五”(19861990)期間，國家開始對光伏工業(yè)和光伏市場的發(fā)展給以支持，中央和地方政府在光伏領(lǐng)域投入了一定資金，使得我國十分弱小的太陽電池工業(yè)得到了鞏固并在許多應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域建立了示范，如微波中繼站、部隊(duì)通信系統(tǒng)、水閘和石油管道的陰極保護(hù)系統(tǒng)、農(nóng)村載波電話系統(tǒng)、小型戶用系統(tǒng)和村莊供電系統(tǒng)等。同時(shí)，在“七五”期間，國內(nèi)先后從國外引進(jìn)了多條太陽電池生產(chǎn)線，除了一條1MW 的非晶硅電池生產(chǎn)線外，其它全是單晶硅電池生產(chǎn)線，使得我國太陽電池的生產(chǎn)能力猛增到4.5MWp/年，售價(jià)也由“七五”初期的80 元/Wp 下降到40 元/Wp 左右。 九十年代以后，隨著我國光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)初步形成和成本降低，應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域開始向工業(yè)領(lǐng)域和農(nóng)村電氣化應(yīng)用發(fā)展，市場穩(wěn)步擴(kuò)大，并被列入國家和地方政府計(jì)劃，如西藏“陽光計(jì)劃”、“光明工程”、“西藏阿里光伏工程”、光纖通訊電源、石油管道陰極保護(hù)、村村通廣播電視、大規(guī)模推廣農(nóng)村戶用光伏電源系統(tǒng)等。進(jìn)入21 世紀(jì)，特別是近3 年的“送電到鄉(xiāng)”工程，國家投資20 億，安裝20MW，解決了我國800 個無電鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)的用電問題，推動了我國光伏市場快速、大幅度增長。 與此同時(shí)，并網(wǎng)發(fā)電示范工程開始有較快發(fā)展，從5kW、10kW 發(fā)展到100kW 以上，2004 年深圳世博園1MW 并網(wǎng)發(fā)電工程成為我國光伏應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的亮點(diǎn)。截止2004 年底，我國光伏系統(tǒng)的總裝機(jī)容量約達(dá)到65MW。 深圳、汕頭、廣州和浙江等地，大量出口太陽能庭院燈，年銷售額達(dá)5 億之多。庭院燈用的電池片通常進(jìn)口，然后用膠封裝，工藝簡單。所用電池片每年達(dá)6MW 之多，是太陽電池應(yīng)用的一個大戶(這部分未入統(tǒng)計(jì))。2.2中國太陽電池的產(chǎn)業(yè)化現(xiàn)狀 雖然我國光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展迅速，產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模和技術(shù)水平都有相應(yīng)提高。但同發(fā)達(dá)國家相比，仍存在很大差距，如：專用原材料國產(chǎn)化程度不高，品種不全，已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)國產(chǎn)化的材料和部件，其性能比國外偏低，如銀、鋁漿、EVA 等。組件封裝低鐵絨面玻璃、TPT 尚未投放市場。 光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈上游小、下游大的不平衡狀態(tài)，其中最嚴(yán)重的是太陽級多晶硅生產(chǎn)是空白，完全依賴進(jìn)口。其它環(huán)節(jié)的差額部分需要進(jìn)口，如電池片、硅錠硅片，配套材料等。 產(chǎn)業(yè)設(shè)備設(shè)計(jì)水平和制造能力落后。多晶硅鑄造爐、線鋸、破錠機(jī)完全需要進(jìn)口；PECVD