五、名從、狀從及定從.ppt

名詞性從句、狀語從句及定語從句,（ Clauses Functioning as Noun Phrases， Adverbial Clauses and Attributive Clauses ）,名詞性從句,（ Clauses Functioning as Noun Phrases ）,名詞性從句,名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組。按其句法功能，名詞性從句可分為主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句。引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的有連接詞that, whether 和if，關(guān)系代詞who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever, whoever以及關(guān)系副詞when, where和how。,主語從句（The Subject Clause）,1主語從句在句中作主語。如： Which team will win the match is still not certain. Why he did that wasnt quite clear. 2主語從句位于句首時，會使句子顯得笨重，因此常以it 作為形式主語，而將主語從句后置，以保持句子平衡。如： It is strange that she didnt come yesterday.,3whether與if引導(dǎo)主語從句的區(qū)別： whether引導(dǎo)的主語從句既可放在句首也可放在句尾，if引導(dǎo)的主語從句只能放在句末。如： Whether she comes or not makes no difference. (不能用if) 她來不來都沒有關(guān)系。 It is doubtful whether/if the President knew the details of the plan. 總統(tǒng)是否知道這個計(jì)劃的細(xì)節(jié)這一點(diǎn)頗有疑問。,表語從句（The Predicative Clause）,1表語從句位于主句中的系動詞之后。如 The question is whether she can speak English. That is what we need. 2表語從句可用whether引導(dǎo)，也可用as if 引導(dǎo)，但不能用if 引導(dǎo)。如：His first question was whether Tom had arrived yet. It looked as if it was going to rain. 3主句的主語是reason時，表語從句要用that而不用because連接。如：The reason why he was dismissed was that he was careless and irresponsible.,同位語從句(The Appositive Clause),1同位語從句在句中作同位語，它一般要放在主句中某些名詞的后面，說明這些名詞的含義?？筛徽Z從句的名詞主要有fact, news, promise, reason, idea等。如： We heard the news that our team had won. I have no idea how soon they are coming.,2同位語從句與定語從句的主要區(qū)別： 在意義上，同位語從句對一個名詞加以補(bǔ)充說明；定語從句對一個名詞進(jìn)行修飾或限定。在結(jié)構(gòu)上，同位語從句由連詞引導(dǎo)，連詞在句中不作任何成分；引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞擔(dān)任從句中的成分。如： They were all shocked at the news that Germany had declared war on Russia. (同位語從句，that只起引導(dǎo)作用，不作成分。) They were all shocked at the news that was announced on the radio. （定語從句，that在從句中作主語。）,賓語從句（The Object Clause）,1賓語從句在句中作及物動詞或介詞的賓語。如： I wonder who he is. He is sorry for what he has done. 注：在口語及非正式文體中，that常省略。 2使用賓語從句時應(yīng)注意時態(tài)呼應(yīng)。 1) 主句謂語動詞是現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r，從句謂語動詞可以用任何所需要的時態(tài)。如： Im sure that youll succeed. 2) 主句謂語動詞是過去時態(tài)，從句謂語動詞一般須用過去的時態(tài)。如： I thought he studied hard.,3) 從句如果與某一具體的過去時間狀語連用，盡管其謂語動作發(fā)生在主句謂語動作之前，仍用一般過去時。如： She told me that her father died in 1991. 4）從句所說明的是一般真理或客觀事實(shí)，即使主句用過去時，從句仍用一般現(xiàn)在時。 The teacher told the students that the computer is a wonderful machine. 3whether和if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句可互換使用,但介詞后的賓語從句只能用whether, 不能用if。如： He asked me if/whether my brother was at home. It is a question of whether we should go.,不能省略that 的賓語從句,1）句中的動詞后接兩個或兩個以上的that從句作賓語時，第一個that可省，但后面的that 不可省。如： He said (that) he couldnt tell you right away and that you wouldnt understand. 2）當(dāng)主句的謂語動詞與that賓語從句之間有插入語時，that一般不可省。如： Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.,不能省略that 的賓語從句,3）當(dāng)that從句是雙賓語中的直接賓語時，that不可省。如： I must never tell anyone that I could not see the cloth. 4）當(dāng)that賓語從句前有it作形式賓語時，that 不可省。如： We think it important that we study hard.,定語從句,Attributive Clauses,定語從句,也稱為關(guān)系從句或形容詞性從句，由關(guān)系代詞（who, whom, whose, which, that）或關(guān)系副詞（as, when, where, why）等引導(dǎo)。關(guān)系詞除了起引導(dǎo)作用外，還在從句中指代前面的先行詞，并在從句中擔(dān)任一定的成分。如： The car which was stolen has been found.（which 指代先行詞car，在從句中作主語） The house whose windows are broken is empty. (whose 是所有格，在從句中作定語) I shall never forget the day when I entered the university. (when指代先行詞day，在從句中作時間狀語),一、限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句,定語從句就其與先行詞的關(guān)系而言，可分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句。限定性定語從句和先行詞之間沒有逗號，表示對先行詞起修飾限制作用；而非限定性定語從句和先行詞之間有逗號分開，是對先行詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明，相當(dāng)于并列句。如： He is the man who has strong personality. 他是個個性很強(qiáng)的人。（限定性定語從句） My brother, who works abroad, is coming next week. 我哥哥在國外工作，他下周將回來。（非限定性定語從句）,注：1. 非限定性定語從句不能用that來引導(dǎo)，一般用which，as或who（指人）。用which或as引導(dǎo)時，可修飾主句的全部或部分內(nèi)容。如： He spoke confidently, which impressed me most. （which指代整個主句，作從句的主語） 2. as引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，但which或who引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句不能放在主句之前。如： As we all know, the moon is a satellite of the earth. The large area is covered with thick snow, which affects peoples life greatly. (從句謂語動詞為plan, expect, hope, mention, 關(guān)系詞常用as，有“正如”的意思）,3. 在限定性定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞作賓語時可以省略；但在非限定性定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞作賓語時不能省略。如： The film (which) I saw last night is about a young teacher. (which可以省去) She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadnt met before. (whom不能省去),通常只用關(guān)系代詞that的幾種情況,1. 當(dāng)先行詞是all, everything, nothing, anything, something, little, much, none, few等時。如： All that you want are here. (All that = what) 2. 當(dāng)先行詞被all, no, some, any, every, a few, a little, much, only, very等修飾時。如： There is no person that doesnt make mistakes. 3. 當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時。E.g. This is the best film that I have ever seen.,4. 當(dāng)出現(xiàn)兩個或兩個以上的先行詞，并同時兼指人和物時。如： We are talking about the people and countries that we have visited. 5. 當(dāng)主句是以which 或 who 開頭的特殊疑問句時。如： Who is the person that is standing over there?,6. 當(dāng)定語從句為there be 句型時，關(guān)系代詞只能用that，但經(jīng)?？梢允÷?。如： I know the difference (that) there is between you. 7. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語時，常用that。如： He does not seem to be the man that he was. 他似乎和過去不一樣了。,as 與其他詞連用引導(dǎo)的定語從句,as 引導(dǎo)定語從句時，可指人也可指物，通常與the same，such，so等連用，形式為：the same as，such as，as as，so as。As在定語從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等。如： She knew he felt just the same as she did. 她知道他的感覺與她自己的一樣。(as代替事，作賓語) I lend you such books as will interest you. 我借給你使你感興趣的書。(as代替物，作主語),注：the same as 和the same that的用法不同。as引導(dǎo)的定語從句表示其內(nèi)容與主句所講的事物“相似”，指同類事物；that引導(dǎo)的定語從句表示其內(nèi)容與主句所講的事物是“同一個”，指同一事物。如： This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. 這和我昨天丟的筆一樣。（類似的筆） This is the same pen that I lost yesterday. 這支筆就是我昨天丟的那支。（同一支筆）,“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句,“介詞+which/whom”結(jié)構(gòu)中介詞選擇取決于三種情況： 1定語從句中謂語動詞或表語的搭配。如： This is the college in which I am studying. He is the man about whom we are talking. 2先行詞與介詞的習(xí)慣搭配。如： The speed at which the machine operates is shown on the meter. 儀表上顯示出這臺機(jī)器運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的速度。 3當(dāng)定語從句為最高級時只能用of which; 否則用其他介詞。如：,I have five dictionaries of which Longman Dictionary is the best. I have five dictionaries among which Longman Dictionary is published in UK. 注：不可拆分的動詞短語介詞不能提前，如put up with；有的短語可能有不同的介詞搭配，此時需要根據(jù)上下文來確定。如：be familiar with/to，compare with/to等。 有時為表意清楚，還可以在關(guān)系副詞where/ when前加介詞from, to等。如： China is the birthplace of kites, from where kite flying spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India. (中國是風(fēng)箏的故鄉(xiāng)，從這里，放風(fēng)箏的運(yùn)動傳到了日本、韓國、泰國和印度。),狀語從句 (Adverbial Clauses),狀語從句就是充當(dāng)句子狀語的從句，它可分為時間、地點(diǎn)、方式、比較、原因、結(jié)果、目的、條件和讓步等從句。,一、時間狀語從句 1常用來引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的連接詞有as, when, whenever, while, before, after, till, until, since, as soon as, hardly / scarcely / barelywhen, no sooner than等。如： He made a mistake，but then he corrected the situation before it got worse 他犯了錯誤，但沒等局勢惡化，就扭轉(zhuǎn)了局勢。 Jack had scarcely/hardly seen me when/before he left the room. 杰克一看到我就離開了房間。,2某些表示時間的副詞、名詞短語和介詞短語也可引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。如directly, immediately, the instant, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, each/every time, next time, the first/second/last time, by the time等。 如： Directly I received your letter, I came back at once. 我一收到你的信，就馬上回來了。 二、地點(diǎn)狀語從句 一般由where, wherever, everywhere 和anywhere引導(dǎo)。如： 無論他走到哪里，都受到熱烈的歡迎。 Wherever he went, he was warmly welcome.,三、原因狀語從句 一般由because, as, since, now that, in that, seeing that, considering that, not that but that, by reason that, for fear that, for the reason that, on the ground that等引導(dǎo)。 如： 因?yàn)橄掠?，我們就留在家里吧?As it is raining, lets stay at home. A gas differs from liquid in that it has no definite shape. 氣體不同于固體在于它沒有一定的形狀。,四、結(jié)果狀語從句 由so that, such that, so that, such that, to such a degree that, to such an extent that, with the result that等引導(dǎo)。 The shock was such that she was almost driven mad. 因?yàn)榇驌籼?，她差點(diǎn)發(fā)瘋。 The temperature rose to such an extent that the firemen had to leave the house. 溫度如此之高，消防隊(duì)員不得不離開那個著火的房子。 注：so 或such位于句首時，主句需用倒裝語序。如： So fierce was their dog that no one dared come near. 他們的狗真兇惡，沒有人敢走近它。,五、目的狀語從句 常由so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等引導(dǎo)。從句謂語常由“can/could, may / might 動詞原形”構(gòu)成，有時也用“shall/should，will/would 動詞原形”。 如： 我們很早出發(fā)，以便能趕上第一班火車。 We left early so that we could catch the first train. He ran away lest he (should) be caught. 他怕被抓，因而逃走了。,六、條件狀語從句 由if, unless, only if（只要）, if only（但愿），when（如果），suppose/supposing（假如），as/so long as（只要），given that（假設(shè)），provided/providing that（假如），granted/ granting (that)（假定），on condition that（條件是）等引導(dǎo)。如： 只要你小心使用，我會借給你的。 Ill lend it to you as long as you handle it wit