四六級(jí)閱讀理解

,四六級(jí)閱讀,快速閱讀 10%選詞填空（四級(jí)），完成句子（六級(jí)）：5%篇章閱讀：20%,快速閱讀,一. 快速閱讀13大命題原則,主旨處?？疾⒘校f進(jìn)，轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系舉例或列舉處解釋說(shuō)明或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明觀(guān)點(diǎn)態(tài)度處引用處方式方法,邏輯關(guān)系處因果與目的意圖比較對(duì)比時(shí)間數(shù)字特殊句式強(qiáng)調(diào)處否定處,二. 快速閱讀八大定位法則,(一) 專(zhuān)有名詞定位法,1. 人名  CET-6 2010-6 How did Erin White feel upon seeing Barack Obamas victory in the election?Excited       B) Victorious Anxious      D) RelievedAs Erin White watched the election results head towards victor for Barack Obama, she felt a burden lifting from her shoulders.,2. 地名,CET-4 2010-123. What does a study in Sweden show?The natural environment can help children learn better.More access to nature makes children less likely to fall ill.A good playground helps kids develop their physical abilities.Natural views can prevent children from developing ADHD.,A study in Sweden indicated that kindergarten children who could play in a natural environment had less illness and greater physical ability than children used only to a normal playground.,2. 地名,CET-4 2010-123. What does a study in Sweden show?The natural environment can help children learn better.More access to nature makes children less likely to fall ill.A good playground helps kids develop their physical abilities.Natural views can prevent children from developing ADHD.,3.其它,CET-4 2010-125. What does the author suggest we do to help children with ADHD?A Find more effective drugs for them.B Provide more green spaces for them.C Place them under more personal care.D Engage them in more meaningful activities.,One of the great problems of modern childhood is ADHD, now increasingly and expensively treated with drugs. Yet one study after another indicates that contact with nature gives huge benefits to ADHD children. However, we spend money on drugs rather than on green places.,（二）對(duì)象定位：主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ),CET-4 2010-12What is the authors profound belief?A People instinctively seek nature in different ways.B People should spend most of their lives in the wild.C People have quite different perceptions of nature.D People must make more efforts to study nature.,It is my profound belief that not only do we all need nature, but we all seek nature, whether we know we are doing so or not.,（三） 標(biāo)題段落定位（四） 行為語(yǔ)言定位：動(dòng)作或某人說(shuō)的話(huà)（五） 事件定位（六） 現(xiàn)象定位（七） 修飾語(yǔ)定位（八） 時(shí)間數(shù)字定位,三. 快速閱讀設(shè)題方式,1. 同義轉(zhuǎn)換    肯定-雙重否定  換詞法-換同義詞或近義詞,CET-4 2010-12,10. The five suggestions the author gives at the end of the passage are meant to seek_ with the natural world.Five ways to find harmony with the natural world.  WalkSitDrinkLearnTravel,harmony,2. 段落主旨，強(qiáng)對(duì)比強(qiáng)轉(zhuǎn)折后,CET-4 2010-12,8. It is extremely harmful to think that humanity and the natural world can be_.but the very idea that humanity and the natural world are separable things is profoundly damaging.,separated / separable/,仔細(xì)閱讀,仔細(xì)閱讀常考處,句子結(jié)構(gòu)，語(yǔ)義邏輯，連接詞，時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)，冠詞，不定式搭配，詞義復(fù)現(xiàn)，上下文的并列關(guān)系單復(fù)數(shù)搭配,仔細(xì)閱讀步驟,1. 確定填空處的詞性  經(jīng)常是實(shí)詞，包括動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞和副詞。動(dòng)詞可能以第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)、過(guò)去式、過(guò)去分詞和ing形式出現(xiàn)；名詞可能以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)；形容詞可能以比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)形式出現(xiàn)。2. 根據(jù)所提供的詞匯及句子的結(jié)構(gòu)、語(yǔ)法和語(yǔ)篇等信息，通過(guò)邏輯推理、對(duì)比等手段最后確定答案。3. 重讀文章,完成句子（六級(jí)）,定位法則+同義替換,（一）專(zhuān)有名詞定位（二）主語(yǔ)，并于定位（三） 標(biāo)題段落定位（四） 行為語(yǔ)言定位：動(dòng)作或某人說(shuō)的話(huà)（五） 事件定位（六） 現(xiàn)象定位（七） 修飾語(yǔ)定位（八） 時(shí)間數(shù)字定位,CET-6 2011-647.   Instead of directly saying no to your boss, you should find out _.The first rule of saying no to the boss is don't say no. She probably has something in mind when she makes suggestions, and it's up to you to find out what.,What is in your bosss mind.,CET-6 2011-6,48.   The author's second warning is that we should avoid running a greater risk by _. The second rule is don't raise the stakes by challenging her authority.,challenging our bosss authority,篇章閱讀,一. 篇章閱讀命題原則,主旨處常考  篇首、篇尾、段首、段尾并列，遞進(jìn)， firstly, secondly, not onlybut also, in addition, furthermore, moreover, above all, on one hand, on the other hand轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系舉例或列舉處解釋說(shuō)明或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明觀(guān)點(diǎn)態(tài)度處,比較對(duì)比引用處行為方式處邏輯關(guān)系處因果與目的意圖特殊句式處特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)處指示詞,二. 解題技巧,語(yǔ)義理解 ：結(jié)合上下文及文章主旨進(jìn)行判斷。,1. 根據(jù)定義猜測(cè)詞義,我們?cè)陂喿x文章時(shí)，不能因?yàn)樯~的存在而卻步，相反隨著對(duì)全文的理解，會(huì)逐漸明白某個(gè)生詞的詞義。有些文章常常采取直接定義的方法，來(lái)解釋說(shuō)明生詞的詞義。,2. 根據(jù)解釋猜測(cè)詞義,解釋與定義有時(shí)很相似，但是它不如定義那樣詳盡、嚴(yán)密，盡管如此，它為我們提供的信息已足夠猜測(cè)詞義使用了。,3. 根據(jù)復(fù)述猜測(cè)詞義,復(fù)述也是一種解釋方式，即換用不同的詞語(yǔ)重新表達(dá)同一內(nèi)容。復(fù)述部分可以是單詞、短語(yǔ)，也可以是從句或者句子。In other words, that is to say, that is,4. 根據(jù)舉例猜測(cè)詞義,在閱讀過(guò)程中，短文中常常出現(xiàn)"for example，such as，asas"等這一類(lèi)的詞語(yǔ)，它對(duì)我們認(rèn)識(shí)生詞幫助很大。它通過(guò)恰當(dāng)?shù)呐e例能更清楚、更生動(dòng)地表達(dá)詞義。,5. 根據(jù)對(duì)比和類(lèi)比關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義,對(duì)比（表示不同）： “but”，“unlike”，“in spite of”，“despite”，“however” 類(lèi)比（表示相同）： like, as, just as, also,CET-4 2010-1257. By “a one-way street” (Line 1, Para. 1), the author means _.A university researchers know little about the commercial worldB there is little exchange between industry and academiaC few industrial scientists would quit to work in a universityD few university professors are willing to do industrial research,It is pretty much a one-way street. While it may be common for university researchers to try their luck in the commercial world, there is very little traffic in the opposite direction.,CET-4 2010-12,64. It can be inferred from the context that the “flip side” (Line 4, Para. 2) refers to _.A the disadvantages of being marriedB the emotional problems arising from marriageC the responsibility of taking care of ones familyD the consequence of a broken marriage,Likewise, a married man who smokes more than a pack a day is likely to live as long as a divorced man who doesnt smoke. Theres a flip side, however, as partners are more likely to become ill or die in the couple of years following their spouses death, and caring for a spouse with mental disorder can leave you with some of the same severe problems.,6. 根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義,一定的原因?qū)е乱欢ńY(jié)果，只要確認(rèn)了這一邏輯關(guān)系，無(wú)論生詞出現(xiàn)在原因方面，還是出現(xiàn)在結(jié)果方面，都可以根據(jù)這種因果關(guān)系來(lái)推測(cè)其詞義。,CET-4 2010-12,58. The word “deterrent” (Line 2, Para. 1) most probably refers to something that _.A keeps someone from taking actionB helps to move the traffic C attracts peoples attentionD brings someone a financial burden,Pay has always been the biggest deterrent, as people with families often feel they cannot afford the drop in salary when moving to a university job.,7. 根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法識(shí)別生詞1詞干：patient (名人，病人) 加前綴：impatient(形容詞，不耐心的)再加后綴：impatiently(副詞，不耐心地)2詞干：state(動(dòng)詞，陳述，聲明)加前綴：restate(動(dòng)詞，重申)再加后綴：restatement(名詞，重新陳述)。,語(yǔ)義題解題技巧總結(jié)：聯(lián)系上下文,三. 閱讀理解試題干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn),干擾項(xiàng)的目的就是擾亂你的思維，使你不能輕易或僅憑胡亂猜測(cè)就能找到答案。干擾項(xiàng)不僅語(yǔ)言復(fù)雜，而且欺騙性強(qiáng)，兩個(gè)語(yǔ)言水平相同，對(duì)文章理解差不多的考生會(huì)因?yàn)閷?duì)干擾項(xiàng)的辨別能力不同，而答題正確率不一樣，因而為了提高辨別錯(cuò)誤或干擾信息的能力，有必要分析干擾項(xiàng)的種種變化及其性質(zhì),道正認(rèn)為這一方面是關(guān)鍵所在。,(一)以假亂真，亦即文章中根本沒(méi)有此意思，硬是編造一個(gè)信息，組成一個(gè)選項(xiàng)，以假亂真，以迷惑和干擾考生，它具有兩種表現(xiàn)形式：1. 欺騙性的信息是利用文章中出現(xiàn)的一些詞。2. 欺騙性的信息是利用基本常識(shí)和一般的看法。,CET-4 2010-12,63. Linda Waites studies support the idea that _.A older men should quit smoking to stay healthyB marriage can help make up for ill healthC the married are happier than the unmarriedD unmarried people are likely to suffer in later life,(二)偷梁換柱，亦即用原文的結(jié)構(gòu)和大部分的詞匯，只是在不起眼的地方換了幾個(gè)詞，造成意思的變化。(三)張冠李戴，亦即將文章作者的觀(guān)點(diǎn)與文章中他人的觀(guān)點(diǎn)混淆起來(lái)。,(四)以偏概全，亦即在猜測(cè)文章或段落大意、標(biāo)題以及釋義題中，干擾項(xiàng)總是以偏概全，具體表現(xiàn)為：  1. 把文章中的次要觀(guān)點(diǎn)、細(xì)節(jié)混進(jìn)體現(xiàn)文章主要觀(guān)點(diǎn)、中心思想的選項(xiàng)。2. 把超過(guò)文章討論的東西亦作為歸納或結(jié)論混進(jìn)選項(xiàng)，所以提醒考生，在做歸納性、概括性題目時(shí)，要注意選項(xiàng)的歸納分寸，不要被歸納不夠或歸納過(guò)頭的選項(xiàng)所迷惑,66. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A Its important that we develop a social network when young.B To stay healthy, one should have a proper social network.C Getting a divorce means risking a reduced life span.D We should share our social networks with each other.,A life partner, children and good friends are all recommended if you aim to live to 100. The ultimate social network is still being mapped out, but Christakis says: “People are interconnected, so their health is interconnected.”,66. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A Its important that we develop a social network when young.B To stay healthy, one should have a proper social network.C Getting a divorce means risking a reduced life span.D We should share our social networks with each other.,篇章閱讀投機(jī)原則,“中心思想是解”,對(duì)一主題題型“中心思想是解”非常好理解。但大家一定要注意到大多數(shù)細(xì)節(jié)題也符合“中心思想是解”，因?yàn)楹芏嗉?xì)節(jié)刀是圍繞中心的細(xì)枝末節(jié)。,“隱蔽處有解”,指方章中的或一名話(huà)的隱蔽之處，常見(jiàn)有同位語(yǔ)、插入語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、長(zhǎng)句后半句、從句、副詞、不定式等。,“合理項(xiàng)不是解；不合理項(xiàng)是解；,合理項(xiàng)是指合理的選項(xiàng)，合理項(xiàng)主要分為兩種情況:一種是生活常識(shí)，另一種是在不看文章的前提下，問(wèn)題與答案極其吻合。,“照抄原文不是解；同義替換是解”,如果選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)照抄原文的情況，有時(shí)選項(xiàng)同文章中的某句話(huà)一模一樣，此選項(xiàng)高度可疑，而某選項(xiàng)通過(guò)同義替換，或詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換如由名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)詞，則“同義替換是解”。,“含義肯定的不是解，含義不肯定的是解”,“can” “could”“may” “usually” “most” “more or less” “relatively” “be likely to”,Yes!,CET-4 2009-12,64. What do we learn about European universities from the passage?A) The tuitions they charge have been rising considerably.B) Their operation is under strict government supervision.C) They are strengthening their position by globalization.D) Most of their revenues come from the government.,“not definitely” “possible” “suspicion” “not necessarily” “dubious” “hesitate” “suggest” “potential” “trend” “threat” .   “unknown”,Yes!,“absolutely” “must” “always” “never”“the most” “all” “only” (CET-6 2010-6 52)“any” “none” “No”“entirely” ,  “最高級(jí)” ,No,CET-6 2010-12,61. When he submitted his papers in 1905, Einstein _.A forgot to make footnotes and citationsB was little known in academic circlesC was known as a young genius in math calculationsD knew nothing about the format of academic papers,57. What do scientists seem to agree upon, judging from the first two paragraphs?A Einstein pushed mathematics almost to its limits.B It will take another Einstein to build a unified theory.C No physicist is likely to surpass Einstein in the next 200 years.D It will be some time before a new Einstein emerges.,“極端的不是解，中庸是解”,“具體的不是解，概括性的是解”,只見(jiàn)樹(shù)木，不見(jiàn)森林，這是很多學(xué)生閱讀的一個(gè)階段，命題者常利用這一點(diǎn)“欺負(fù)”考生，將解做成概括性的選項(xiàng)，干擾項(xiàng)使用具體的內(nèi)容，使同學(xué)犯瞎子摸象的錯(cuò)誤。,“both” “various” “and” “名詞復(fù)數(shù)” “many” “general” “not onlybut also” “系表結(jié)構(gòu)” “some” “certain”,Yes!,Some & certain,既符合概括性的是解，也符合含義相對(duì)的是解。具備此兩者“美德”的單詞不多，所以這兩次倍受命題者青睞，古今中外的各種考試中不時(shí)出現(xiàn)。 SomeoneSomethingSomebodySomeone Some time,CET-6 2010-12,57. What do scientists seem to agree upon, judging from the first two paragraphs?A Einstein pushed mathematics almost to its limits.B It will take another Einstein to build a unified theory.C No physicist is likely to surpass Einstein in the next 200 years.D It will be some time before a new Einstein emerges.,“具體的不是解，抽象的是解”,與具體的選項(xiàng)相比，抽象的不容易理解，這成了命題者增加難度的常見(jiàn)手段。,“approach” “concept” “misconception” “awareness” “property” “character” “chance” “opportunity”,Yes!,CET-6 2011-6,59. What aspect of diversity does Valerie Gauthier think is most important?A)  Age and educational background.                B)  Social and professional experience.             C) Attitude and approach to business.D) Ethnic origin and gender.,“重要是解”,“important” “necessity” “essential” “significant” “dominant” “special” “vital” “particular” “fundamental” ,“基礎(chǔ)是解”,“basis” “be based on” “basic” “in the nature” “origin” “originate”,CET-4 2010-6,62. What do we learn from the first paragraph about the self-help industry?It is a highly profitable industry.B) It is based on the concept of positive thinking.C) It was established by Norman Vincent Peale.D) It has yielded positive results.,CET-6 2010-6,56. Why does the author object to classifying parenting as a personal choice?It is regarded as a legal obligation.It relies largely on social support.It generates huge social benefits.It is basically a social undertaking.,“虛詞型的解”,“another” “other” “more” “either” “also” “beside” “additional” “extra” “same” “ “nearly” “not enough” “part” “inadequate” ,Yes!,“簡(jiǎn)單的不是解，復(fù)雜的是解”,含義矛盾的選項(xiàng)是解復(fù)合句含有比較結(jié)構(gòu)的體現(xiàn)原文字面含義的不是解，體現(xiàn)內(nèi)在意義的是解,“復(fù)合句是解” , “長(zhǎng)的是解”, “難的是解” “比較結(jié)構(gòu)是解” “字面意思不是解，深刻含義是解” “雙重否定是解”, “三重否定是解”,“含義矛盾的是解”,“different是解” “separation是解” “division是解” “X and not X是解” “instead of 是解” “complex是解” “discuss是解”,CET-6 2011-6,52. What can we learn from the first paragraph?A)  Whether immigrants are good or bad for the economy has been puzzling economists.B)  The American economy used to thrive on immigration but now it's a different story.C)  The consensus among economists is that immigration shou