考研英語閱讀理解A節(jié)(傳統(tǒng)題型)分類精講社會倫理類-(二)

考研英語閱讀理解A節(jié)（傳統(tǒng)題型）分類精講社會倫理類-（二）

（總分：100.00,做題時間：90分鐘）

一、SectionIIReadingComprehension（總題數(shù)：5,分?jǐn)?shù)：100.00）

Beingsmartisthemostexpensivethingwedo.Notintermsofmoney,butinacurrencythatis

vitaltoalllivingthings:energy.Onestudyfoundthatnewbornhumansspendcloseto90percent

oftheircaloriesonbuildingandrunningtheirbrains.（Evenasadults,ourbrainsconsumeas

muchasaquarterofourenergy.）If,duringchi1dhood,whenthebrainisbeingbui11,some

unexpectedenergycostcomesalong,thebrainwillsuffer.Infectiousdiseaseisafactorthat

mayroblargeamountsofenergyawayfromadevelopingbrain.Agreatdealofresearchhasshown

thataverageIQvariesaroundtheworld,bothacrossnationsandwithinthem.

HigherIQpredictsawiderangeofimportantfactors,includingbettergradesinschool,ahigher

levelofeducation,betterhealth,betterjobperformance,higherwages,andreducedriskof

obesity.Sohavingabetterunderstandingofvariationsinintelligencemightyieldagreater

understandingoftheseotherissuesaswell.

Inastudyin2010,itwasfoundthat,amongallthefactorsthat.affectintelligence,infectious

diseaseworksasthebestpredictorofthebunch.ArecentstudybyChristopherHassallandThomas

Sherrattrepeatedthestudyusingmoresophisticatedstatisticalmethods,andconcludedthat

infectiousdiseasemaybetheonlyreallyimportantpredictorofaveragenationalIQ.

Supportforthishypothesiscomesnotonlyfromcross-nationalstudies,butfromstudiesof

individuals.Therehavebeenmanystudies,forexample,showingthatchildreninfectedwith

intestinalwormshavelowerIQlaterinlife.AnotherstudybyAtheendarVenkataramanifoundthat

regionsinMexicothatwerethetargetofmalariaeradicationprogramshadhigheraverageIQthan

thosethatwerenot.Tnpracticalterms,however,thismeansthathumanintel1igenceismutable.

IfdifferencesinIQacrosstheworldarelargelyduetoexposuretoinfectiousdiseaseduring

childhood,thenreducingexposuretodiseaseshouldincreaseIQ.

Despitethestrengthofthefindings,thestudywasnotwithoutitslimitations.Theresearchers

didtheirbesttocontrolfortheeffectsofeducation.Butwhattheyreallyneededwastorepeat

theiranalysisacrossregionswithinasinglenation,preferablyonewithstandardized,compulsory

education.ThenationtheychosewastheUnitedStates.AverageIQvariesinthestates.Again,

infectiousdiseasewasanexcellentpredictorofaveragestateIQ.Thestateswiththefivelowest

averageIQallhavehigherlevelsofinfectiousdiseasethanthestateswiththefivehighest

averageIQ,andtherelationshipwasgoodacrossallofthestatesinbetween.

Sofar,theevidencesuggeststhatinfectiousdiseaseisaprimarycauseoftheglobalvariation

inhumanintel1igence.Sincethisisadevelopmentalcause,ratherthanageneticone,it'sgood

newsforanyonewhoisinterestedinreducingglobalinequalityassociatedwithIQ.Itwillallow

peopleinterestedinusingthisinformationtoraisetheIQofpeoplearoundtheworldtotarget

theireffortsmosteffectivelyandefficiently.

（分?jǐn)?shù)：20.00）

（1）.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat

A.energyisthemostimportantfactorthataffectsintelligence.

B.newbornbabiesspendmorecaloriesthanadultsinrunningtheirbrains.

C.extraenergycostmaycauseintellectualdamagetochildren.

D.thereareIQvariationsamongandwithinnations.（分?jǐn)?shù)：4.00）

A.

B.

C.

D.

解析：［解析］推斷題。根據(jù)題干定位在第一段。最后一句話提到，大量的研究證明，在全世界，平均IQ

都有差異，而這種差異不只是存在于國與國之間，也存在于一個國家的內(nèi)部。D項“國家之間以及國家內(nèi)

部都存在智商的差異”是此處的同義改寫，故D項正確。其他三項均與原文不符。

(2).HigheraverageIQinoneplacemay

A.explainwhypeopletherecangetabetterunderstanding.

B.indicatethepossibilityofhavinganinfectiousdisease.

C.showthehistoryoflessinfectiousdiseasesthere.

D.showthatpeoplethereareslimmerthanthosewithlowerIQ.(分?jǐn)?shù)：4.00)

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：［解析］細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干higheraverageIQ定位在第二、三段。第二段主要說明高智商對人的教

育、健康等方面有影響。2010年研究表明，傳染性疾病在所有影響智力的因素中具有最大的影響。接下來

又指出，最近也有研究表明傳染病也許是預(yù)測國民平均智商的唯一真正重要的因素。由此可推斷出，傳染

性疾病影響智力的發(fā)展，一個地區(qū)智力平均水平高，則可以反過來說明該地區(qū)所經(jīng)歷的傳染性疾病可能相

對較少，故C項“表明那一地區(qū)較少的傳染病史”正確。

(3).Theword"mutable”(Para.4)isclosestinmeaningto

A.changeable.B.exchangeable.

C.acceptable.I),susceptible.(分?jǐn)?shù)：4.00)

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：［解析］含義題。根據(jù)題干定位在第四段。第四句話Inpracticalterms,however,thismeansthat

humanintel1igenceismutable(然而從實踐的角度出發(fā)，這意味著人們的智商是—)，句中的this

指代第二、三句的內(nèi)容，這兩句用兩個研究分別從正反兩方面指出傳染病對智力的影響，第一個研究表明

患過腸蟲病的孩子智商比較低，第二個研究表明在實施過消除瘧疾措施的地區(qū)，人們的智商更高。mutable

后第五句是研究得出的結(jié)論：既然在很大程度上，智商的差異是由傳染性疾病的情況決定的，那么減少傳

染病就可能提高智商。由此可以推出，人的智商是可以通過減少傳染病來提高，即人類的智商是可以改變

的，故A項“可以改變的”為正確答案。

(4).WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraphs4and5?

A.ChildrenwithhigherIQmayhavesufferedfromintestinalworms.

B.MalariaaffectsmostMexicans*physicalhealth.

C.AverageIQvariationintheU.S.isnotsoobvious.

D.Educationisalsoafactorthataffectsintelligence.(分?jǐn)?shù)：4.00)

A.

B.

C.

D.V

解析：［解析］細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第四、五段。這兩段對研究的結(jié)論以及過程進行了詳細的介紹，第

五段第一句指出，盡管研究結(jié)論非常具有說服力，但研究仍然有局限性。接著第二、三句具體指出：研究

人員盡全力控制教育因素對研究結(jié)果產(chǎn)生的影響，實施標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化義務(wù)教育的國家會更適合成為研究的對象，

也就是說要將教育者這一因素變成一個常量，才能夠準(zhǔn)確得知傳染病對智商的影響，故可推斷出D項“教

育也是影響人智商的一個因素”正確。

(5).Thefindingoftheresearchesisbeneficialinthat

A.itgivespeoplethehopeofeliminatingsocialinequality.

B.itenablespeopletoraisetheIQlevelsofmankindinabetterway.

C.ithelpstoimprovepeople*sintelligencegenetically.

D.itreducesthepossibilityofpeople*ssufferingfromdiseases.（分?jǐn)?shù)：4.00）

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：［解析］細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位在最后一段。該段首先總結(jié)了研究的結(jié)論：傳染性疾病是導(dǎo)致全球智

商差異的首要因素，最后一句指出研究結(jié)果的應(yīng)用：對此感興趣的研究者可利用這一結(jié)果，高效地提高人

類的智商，故可推斷出：研究結(jié)果可以幫助研究者為提高人類智商找到更好的途徑，B項“它使人們能以

更好的方式提高智商”為正確選項。

Youwouldthinkthatpeoplewithahistoryofbeingdiscriminatedagainstintheworkplacemight

givethosewhomtheyresembleabreak.Butagrowingbodyofresearchconfirmsexactlytheopposite:

womenarejustaslikelyasmentoshow,sexismtowardwomeninhiringpractices,salariesand

professionalmentorship.

OvertdisplaysofsexismarelargelypasseintheAmericanworkplace.Whatremains,unfortunately,

isasetofsubtlerandmoreingrainedcognitivebiasesdeeplyrootedinourevolutionaryand

culturalpast.Gettingridofthemwillrequireanhonestreckoningwiththeinalienablefact

thathumansareinclinedtomakeimpliciterrorsinperceptionandevengoodpeoplewhoactively

avoidbiasmaynonethelessharborsubtleyetdamagingstereotypesofwhichtheyareunaware.

Inoneofthelateststudies,apsychologyexperimentpublishedintheProceedingsoftheNational

AcademyofSciences,seniorsciencefacultyacrosstheU.S.werepresentedwithidenticalresumes

fora1ab-managerjob（apositionthatcanoftenleadtograduatestudy）thatdifferedonlyin

thegenderofthehypotheticalapplicant.Theresumeraterswerestatisticallymorelikelyto

ratethemalecandidatehigheroncompetenceandhirabilityandwerealsomorelikelytooffer

themalecandidateabiggersalaryandgreaterprofessionalmentorship.Bycontrast,the

hypotheticalfemaleapplicantswereratedmorelikablebutlesshirable.Femalescientistswere

justaslikelytofavormalecandidatesaspotentialhiresasmalescientistswere.

Therearecountlessexamplesofbiasagainstwomenbybothsexesinnonsciencefields,including,

famously,theincreaseinwomenwhowerehiredfororchestraswhenmusiciansauditionedbehind

ablindscreen.It'shardtoimaginewhythiskindofcognitivebiaspersistsinthe21stcentury,

especiallywhentheachievementgapsbetweenmalesandfemalesarcclosingrapidly.

Butthisonlyseemspuzzlingbecausewetendtothinkthatbiasisanevi1word,infectedwith

uglyismsandthedeliberatediminishingofcertainkindsofpeople.Currentresearchisshowing

thatallhumanbeingshaveunconsciouscognitivebiases-whatHarvardprofessorMahzarinBanaji

calls〃mindbugs."Thesebiasesmayhavebeenadaptivethousandsofyearsago,whenpeoplelived

insmall,homogeneouscommunitiesandin-groupfavoritismmighthavemadethedifferencebetween

lifeanddeath.Buttheyareproblematicinourglobal21stcenturyworld.

Thepervasivenessofcognitivebiasisdepressing.It,smorecomfortabletothinkofsexismor

racismorageismasasymptomofafewrottenapplesthanasafundamentalhumantrait.Butif

we'realldoingit,eventoourselves,howonearthcanwemovebeyondthestereotypes?Ifwe

wanttoeliminatetheperceptionthatwomenarelesscompetentthanmenforcertainjobsheld

bybothsexes,it'snotenoughtohiremorewomenfortraditionallymale-dominatedjobs.

Amorefundamentalproblemisthatcognitivebiasisrootednotonlyinourprimitivepastbut

alsoinourcontemporaryculture.Wecanttbesurprisedbyunconsciousstereotypesaboutwomen

whenwestillembraceacultureinfectedwithsexismineverythingfrompopularmoviestorecent

congressionaldebates.

（分?jǐn)?shù)：20.00）

（1）.Thebiasheldbywomenagainstwomenischaracterizedbyits

A.greatintensity.B.obviousobsoleteness.

C.deliberateill-intention.D.indirectexpression.（分?jǐn)?shù)：4.00）

A.

B.

C.

D.J

解析：［解析］細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到前兩段。在文章的第二段中，作者提到了這種偏見的觀點是subtler

和moreingrained,subtle在本文中的意思是nolimmedialelyobvious（不是直接而明顯的），ingrained

指的是deep-seatedinmind（頭腦中根深蒂固的），這個并不能從表面輕易的看出來。因此選D項indirect

expression（非直接表現(xiàn)）。另外文中也說了這種偏見不是overt,而是implicit,也是強調(diào)其隱蔽性和間

接性。

（2）.Toovercomecognitivebiasespeopleshouldstartby

A.acknowledgingthattheydohavesuchbiases.

B.givingeveryresumeanimpartialrating.

C.acceptingthesefactswhichprovetobetrue.

D.knowinghowharmfultheirstereotypescanbe.（分?jǐn)?shù)：4.00）

A.J

B.

C.

D.

解析：［解析］細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段。文中Gettingridofthemwi1］requireanhonestreckoning

withtheinalienablefact...表明要想去除認知偏見，就要求我們認真評估一個無法擺脫的事實。即人

類可能在知覺上犯錯，甚至好人也可能有先入之見。reckonwith意為cometotermswith（接受），或take

intoaccount（把……考慮進去），inalienable原意為“不可剝奪的”，在本文中指“不可回避的，無法

擺脫的”。文中的意思是：要想克服偏見，必須首先承認偏見確實存在于我們身上。因此，本題答案為A

項。

（3）.Itisimpliedthatfewerwomenhavebeenactuallyhiredfororchestrabecause

A.theirperformancesarenotshownonscreen.

B.theauditionsarecarriedonface-to-face.

C.moremalesaremembersofthejudgingpanel.

D.womenhaveprovedlessofamusicianthanmen.（分?jǐn)?shù)：4.00）

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：［解析］推斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第四段。本段舉例論證了女性和男性是一樣的，在評判女人時會做

出歧視女性的判斷。文中說到，如果在面試演員時用幕布隔開，不讓評判者看到被評判者，那么樂團雇用

的女性就會增加。通過這個例子說明了，平時樂團里缺乏女性音樂家是因為面對面的面試讓評委能看到應(yīng)

聘者的性別，結(jié)果顯示女性遭到了歧視。因此正確答案為B項“面對面地進行面試”。

（4）.Intheauthor'sassessment,ourcognitivebiases

A.areevilinthattheyhavedamagingsocialeffects.

B.canbedeliberatelydiminishedbycallingthemevil.

C.aredifficulttoeliminateduetotheirdeeproots.

D.becomestrongerinsmal1andhomogeneoussocieties.（分?jǐn)?shù)：4.00）

A.

B.

C.J

D.

解析：［解析］細節(jié)題。在文章的第二段指出，認知偏見深深地植根于人類的evolutionalandcultural

past（進化史和文明史）。第五段是說其進化論上的根源，即人類為了生存要實行in-groupfavoritism,

也就是對自己的社會以外的人實行偏見，或警惕外人。文章的最后一段指出，由于認知偏見有如此深厚的

歷史文化基礎(chǔ)，因此當(dāng)我們看到它們普遍存在的時候就不奇怪了。因此答案為C項。

（5）.Theauthorconsiderstheexistenceofcognitivebiasestobe

A.astonishing.B.hypothetical.

C.unsurprising.D.irrational.（分?jǐn)?shù)：4.00）

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：［解析］態(tài)度題。文章的第四段指出，由于女性已經(jīng)取得跟男人同樣大的成就，所以看到認知偏見仍

然存在于現(xiàn)代社會很難想象，但是在文章中的第五段第一句指出，我們感到難以想象（puzzling這里指上

一句提到的hardtoimagine）,是因為我們把“偏見”這個詞看作是邪惡的貶義詞。就像最后一段所說的

那樣，如果我們承認偏見是人類歷史文化屬性的一部分，我們就會對這種先人之見的普遍存在不再感到奇

怪了。

Despiteongoingnegotiationswithitsunions,UnitedAirlineshastoldthebankruptcycourtthat

the“l(fā)ikelyresult"willbeaterminationtoitspensionplans.Thatwouldprecipitatethebiggest

pensiondefaultinhistory.Themoveisexpectedtodestabilizethealreadystrugglingairline

industry,promptingothercarrierstoeventuallyfollowsuittomaintaincompetitiveness.

Itwou1dalsoputadditionalpressureonthePensionBenefitGuarantyCorporation（PBGC）,the

federalagencythatinsurestraditionalpensionsincasecompaniesbellyup.AdefaultbyUnited

wouldsaddleitwithanadditional$8.4billioninunfundedobligations.Ifotherairlinesfollow,

thePBGCmayhavetogotoCongressandpleadforabailout.Morebroadly,whatallthismeans

isthatretirementforUSworkersjustisn'twhatitusedtobe.Theimpactofglobalizationand

competitionfromlow-wagecompaniesthatdon,tprovidebenefitshasshiftedtheonusof

retirementsecurityfromlargerfirmsontoindividuals.

Twentyyearsago,40percentofAmericanworkerswerecoveredbytraditionalpensionsknownas

defined-benefitplans.Todaythatnumber*sdroppedto20percent.AstheUnitedexamplesshow,

eventhat20percentmaynotbeabletocountonwhatthey,vebeenpromised.Currently,about

75percentofthosecorporateplansareunderfunded.Therearenumerousthreatstoretirement

inthefuture,soit*sincumbentonindividualstobewelIinformed,prudentabouttheir

investments,andtosaveaccordingly.

BettyhasbeenflyingforUnitedfor26years.Shewasexpectingtoretireat60with$140,000

ayear.Aftertherecentroundofgive-backs,thatwascutto$90,000.ButifUniteddefaults

asexpected,she*dreceiveonly$28,000.Ifshewaitsuntil65tostartcollecting,shecould

beeligibleforasmuch$44,500ayear.Eitherway,oncepilotsareforcedtoleavethecockpit

at60,mostwi11probablylookforanotherjobratherthanloungeonthegolfcourse.Bettyhas

alreadystartedamediationbusinessontheside."Allofthebenefitshavebeenerasedbycorporate

Americangreed,“shesays,“Youhavetoseethebigpicture.Ifthemoneyisn'tthere,itisn*t

there.”

Forthepilotsunion,whichnegotiatedthepensionbenefits,oftengivingupwageincreasesfor

betterretirementpackages,thecurrentsituationisinfuriating.Theyseepensionsasbenefits

thatareearned,notabonustobegivenaslongasacompanycanaffordit.〃Itseemsimmoral

thatjustbecausetheyhappentobeinalegalsituation,theycanwalkawayfromthose

obligations,""saysSteveDerebey,spokesmanforAirLinePilotsAssociation."Whythisisn,ta

burning,blazingcampaignissueisbeyondme./

（分?jǐn)?shù)：20.00）

(1).Thepotentialpensioncrisisforretiredpilotsismainlycausedby

A.adefaultcarriedoutbyUnitedAirlines.

B.pressureforcompaniestoremaincompetitive.

C.companiesthatdonotpaypensionatall.

D.immoralityofthecompanies.(分?jǐn)?shù)：4.00)

A.

B.J

C.

D.

解析：［解析］細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段。最后一句話說promptingolhercarrierstoevenlually

followsuittomaintaincompetitiveness(其他的航空公司最終也會受刺激，跟著這么做以保持競爭力)。

可見保持競爭力就是造成現(xiàn)階段養(yǎng)老金危機的主要原因。因此，本題應(yīng)該選B項。其他三項均與原文不符。

(2).Theword"incumbent”(Para.3)probablymeans

A.urgent.B.important.

C.clear.D.obligatory.(分?jǐn)?shù)：4.00)

A.

B.

C.

D.J

解析：［解析］含義題。根據(jù)題干定位到第三段。本文的中心話題即是保障養(yǎng)老金的責(zé)任歸屬問題，現(xiàn)在工

人們所面臨的形勢就是要自己承擔(dān)該責(zé)任，因此可以猜出incumbent應(yīng)為obiigatoi-y(義不容辭的)°

(3).Togetbetterpreparedforretirement,thepassagedoesNOTsuggest

A.makingpeoplewellinformedandcarefulabouttheirmoney.

B.pleadingforsocialsupportagainstcompanies*defaultinpension.

C.findinganotherpart-timejob.

D.understandingthetrendanddependingononeself.(分?jǐn)?shù)：4.00)

A.

B.J

C.

D.

解析：［解析］推斷題。在文中作者提到了美國大眾應(yīng)該認清大形勢(seeIhebigpicture),認識到退休

后的生活要自己去把握。不要太指望企業(yè)和政府。要清楚地掌握情況，明智地投資以便儲蓄足夠的養(yǎng)老資

金。(it'sincumbentonindividualstobewel1informed,prudentabouttheirinvestmentsandto

saveaccordingly.)文章并沒有提及B項中所述的尋求社會支持的建議，因此木題選B項。

(4).Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

A.NegotiationbyUnitedAirlinesanditsunionwillprobablybebeneficialforthepilots.

B.ThedisputeoverUniled'spensionhasbecomeahotcampaignissue.

C.Therearenumerousfactorsputtingretirementatriskinthefuture.

D.Pilotsunionusedtoplacemoreimportanceonsalarythanonpension.(分?jǐn)?shù)：4.00)

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：［解析］推斷題。文章第三段說到Therearenumerousthreatstoretirementinthefuture(將

來退休將面臨無數(shù)的不利因素)，因此C項為正確答案。其他三項均無從推知。

(5).Theauthor'stoneofthepassageis

A.infuriating.B.partial.

C.personal.D.realistic.(分?jǐn)?shù)：4.00)

A.

B.

C.

D.J

解析：［解析］態(tài)度題。從全文來看，作者通過美國航空業(yè)養(yǎng)老金發(fā)放的現(xiàn)狀分析了美國工人面臨的退休問

題。并給出了對應(yīng)的辦法。文章列舉了很多數(shù)據(jù)，并引用了Betty的談話，所以語氣應(yīng)該是客觀現(xiàn)實的。

因此本題選D項。

Anthropologistscommonlydistinguishthreeformsofmarriage:monogamy,themarriageofoneman

toonewoman,polygyny-themarriageofonemantotwoormorewomen,andpolyandry-themarriage

ofonewomantotwoormoremen.polygynyandpolyandryareoftenlinkedunderthesingleterm

“polygamy”,amarriageofoneindividualtotwoormorespouses.

Thoughtherearemanysocietieswhichpermit,orevenencourage,polygamousmarriages,itdoes

notfollow,insuchsocieties,thateverymarriedindividual,oreventhatamajorityofthem,

hasmorethanonespouse.Quitethecontraryistrue,forinmost,ifnotall,ofsocalled

polygamoussocietiesmonogamyisstatisticallytheprevailingform.Thereasonforthisisclear:

theproportionofmaletofemalebirthsinanyhumansocietyisroughlythesame,andifthis

proportionismaintainedamongthesexuallymature,apreponderanceofpluralmarriagesmeans

thataconsiderablenumberofeithermenorwomenmustremainunmarried.Nosocietycanmaintain

itselfundersuchconditions;theemotionalstresseswouldbetoogreattobesurvived.Accordingly,

evenwheretheculturalidealsdonotprohibitpluralmarriages,thesemayoccuronanynotable

scaleonlysocietieswhereforonereasonoranother,onesexmarkedlyoutnumberstheother.In

short,monogamynotonlyprevai1sinmostoftheworld'ssocieties,eitherastheonlyapproved

formofmarriageorastheonlyfeasibleform,butitmayalsoprevai1withinapolygamoussociety

where,veryoften,onlyaminorityofthepopulationcanactuallysecuremorethanonespouse.

Inapolygynoushousehold,thehusbandmustsupplyahouseandgardenforeachofhiswives.The

wiveslivewithhiminturn,cookingandservingforhimduringtheperiodofhisvisit.Thefirst

wifetakesprecedenceovertheothers.Polyandryismuchrarerthanpolygyny.Itisoftenthe

resultofadisproportionintheratioofmentowomen.

Insum,polygynyisnot,assofrequentlyindicated,universallyaresultofhumanimmorality.

Itissimplynottrue,inthisaspectofcultureasinmanyothers,thatpeoplewhofollowpatterns

ofculturedeemedimmoralinoursocietyaretherebylackinginmorality.Ouridealandcompulsory

patternofmarriage,whichholdsthatmonogamyistheonlyappropriateformofmarriage,isnot

sharedbyal1peoples,evenbysomeofthosewhoregularlypracticemonogamy.Inagreatmany

societies,monogamyisonlyonepossibleformofmarriage,withpolygynyorpolyandryasperfectly

possible,thoughlessfrequent,alternatives.

（分?jǐn)?shù)：20.00）

（1）.Amarriagebetweenseveralmenandwomenshouldbecalled

A.polygyny.B.polyandry.

C.monogamy.I）,notmentioned.（分?jǐn)?shù)：4.00）

A.

B.

C.

D.V

解析：［解析］細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段。文章開頭介紹了兒種不同的婚姻形式，monogamy（一夫-

妻制）、polygyny（一夫多妻制）、polyandry（一妻多夫制），但并未提到幾個男人和幾個女人的婚姻形式，

故選D項。

（2）.Accordingtothesecondparagraphinsocietiesthatencouragepolygamousmarriages

A.polygynyisthepredominantformofmarriages.

B.mostoftheindividualsusuallyhavemultiplespouses.

C.thereareusuallyagreaterofproportionofmenthanwomen.

D.peoplearenotnecessarilymarriedtomultiplepartners.（分?jǐn)?shù)：4.00）

A.

B.

C.

D.J

解析：［解析］細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段。文中提到，盡管很多社會都認可、甚至鼓勵多個配偶的婚

姻形式，但這并不意味著在這樣的社會中，這樣的婚姻形式占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位，因為婚姻形式要受性別比例的

局限，因此即使是在多配偶婚姻的社會，一夫一妻制也是最常見的婚姻形式，由此可.知，D項正確。其余

選項均不合題意。

（3）.Theauthorbelievesthatpluralmarriagesoccuronsubstantialscalesonlyinsocietiesin

which

A.polygynyisnotprohibited.

B.onesexgreatlyoutnumberstheother.

C.mostpeopleareundereducated.

D.aminorityofpeopleareveryrichandpowerful.（分?jǐn)?shù)：4.00）

A.

B.J

C.

D.

解析：［解析］細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干pluralmarriages定位到第二段。文中提到“即使文化觀念不禁止多配

偶婚姻，很明顯，這種情況還是只會大規(guī)模出現(xiàn)在人口性別比例出于某種原因極端失調(diào)的社會中”，結(jié)合

選項可推知.B項正確。

（4）.Accordingtothethirdparagraph,polyandry

A.meansthehusbandmustprovideforthelivelihoodofhiswives.

B.isamarriagetraditioninwhichthefirsthusbandtakesprecedenceovertheothers.

C.ismuchrarerthanothermarriageforms.

D.isoftentheresultofwomenoutnumberingmen.（分?jǐn)?shù)：4.00）

A.

B.

C.J

I）.

解析：［解析］細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第三段。該段主要談到在一夫多妻社會中的夫妻關(guān)系，其中提到，

一妻多夫制相比起一夫多妻制要罕見得多，結(jié)合選項，可知應(yīng)選C項。其余選項中，A項“意味著丈夫要

給他的妻子們提供生活所需”屬于一夫多妻的情況，B項”是一種傳統(tǒng)婚姻，第一個丈夫占主導(dǎo)地位”在

文中并未提及，D項“通常是女人比男人多的結(jié)果”同樣屬于一夫多妻的情況，故均是錯誤的。

（5）.Wecaninferfromthelastparagraphthat

A.manypeop1ebelievethatpluralmarriagesdenoteimmoralityofothersocieties.

B.thosesocietiesthatdonotupholdmonogamyasthedominantmarriageformareimmoral.

C.polygynyorpolyandryarepossiblealternativemarriageformsinmostsocieties.

D.theauthorlivesinasocietywherepluralmarriagesaresociallyaccepted.（分?jǐn)?shù)：4.00）

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：［解析］推斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到最后一段。作者總結(jié)道：多配偶的婚姻制度并不像很多人認為的那

樣是不道德的。其言外之意就是，大多數(shù)人認為多配偶的婚姻制度是不道德的，A項與其相符，故為答案。

B項”那些不支持一夫一妻為主要婚姻形式的社會都是不道德的”過于絕對；C項“在許多社會中，一夫多

妻或一妻多夫制是可以替換的婚姻形式”，文中說的是二者中的?個可能會和一夫一妻制交相更替，故錯

誤；D項“作者生活在一個多配偶婚姻得到承認的社會”在文中并未提及。

BBC'sCasualtyprogrammeonSaturdayeveninggaveviewersavoteastowhichoftwopatientsshould

benefitfromadonation.Butitfailedtotellusthatwewouldnotneedtomakesomany

1ife-and-deathdecisionsifwegottogripwiththechronicorganshortage.Beingpussyfooting

aroundinitsapproachtodeadbodies,theGovernmentisgivingakickingtosomeofthemost

vulnerableinoursociety.Onedepressingconsequenceofthisisthatasignificantnumberof

thoseonthewaitinglisttakeofftoforeigncountriestopurchaseanorganfromaliving

third-worlddonor,somethingthatisforbiddenintheUnitedKingdom.Thepoorhavenooption

buttowaitinvain.

TheHumanTissueAuthority'spositionontheretentionofbodypartsformedicalresearchafter

apost-mortemexaminationisequallyflawed.Thenewconsentformscouldhavebeendraftedby

someevilpersonseekingtostopthepreciousflowofhumantissueintothepathologicallaboratory.

Theformsaresolengthythatdoctorsrarelyhavetimetocompletethemand,eveniftheytry,

thewordingissographicthatrelativestendtolegitbeforesigning.Inconsequence,thenumber

ofpostmortemshasfallenquickly.

ThewiderworryisthatthemoralshortsightednessevidentintheHumanTissueActseemstoinfect

everyfacetofthecontemporarydebateonmedicalethics.Takethetimidapproachtoembryonic

stemcellresearch.TheUnitedStates,forexample,refusesgovernmentfundingtoscientistswho

wishtocarryoutpotentiallyground-breakingresearchonthesurplusembryoscreatedbyIVF

treatment.

Senatorsprofesstobeworriedthatembryonicresearchfailstorespectthedignityof"potential

persons”.Rarelycansuchavacuousconcepthavefounditswayintoadebateclamingtoprovide

enlightenment.Whenisthis“potential"supposedtokickin?Incaseyouwerewondering,these

supposedlypreciousembryosareatthesamestageofdevelopmentasthosethatareroutinely

terminatedbythePillwithoutanyonecrying.Thankfully,theBritishGovernmenthasrefusedthe

positionoftheUnitedStatesandoperatesoneofthemostliberalregimesinEurope,inwhich

licenceshavebeenawardedtoresearcherstocreateembryosformedicalresearch.Itispossible

that,inyearstocome,scientistswillbeabletogroworgansinthelabandfindcuresfora

rangeofdebilitatingdiseases.

Thefundamentalproblemwithourapproachtoethicsisourinabilitytoseparateemotionfrom

policy.Theonlyfactorthatshouldenterourmoralandlegaldeliberationsisthatofwelfare,

aconceptthatismeaninglesswhenappliedtoentitiesthatlack