高級(jí)英語視聽說教育教案1原文

Chapter1Napoleon：FromSchoolboytoEmperor

NapoleonwasaFrenchsoldierwhobecameemperorofFrance.Hewasbornin1769

ontheislandofCorsica.Whenhewasonly10yearsold,hisfathersenthimtomilitary

schoolinFrance.Napoleonwasn'taverygoodstudentinmostofhisclasses,buthe

excelledinmathematicsandmilitaryscience.Whenhewas16yearsold,hejoinedthe

Frencharmy.Inthatyearhebeganthemilitarycareerthatbroughthimfame,power,riches,

and,finally,defeat.NapoleonbecameageneralintheFrencharmyattheyoungageof24.

Severalyearslater,hebecametheemperoroftheFrenchEmpire.

Napoleonwasmanythings.Hewas,firstofall,abrilliantmilitaryleader.His

soldierswerereadytodieforhim.Asaresult,Napoleonwonmany,manymilitary

victories.AtonetimehecontrolledmostofEurope,butmanycountries,including

England,Russia,andAustriafoughtfiercelyagainsthim.Hisdefeat-hisend-came

whenhedecidedtoattackRussia.InthismilitaiycampaignagainstRussia,helostmostof

hisarmy.

ThegreatFrenchconquerordiedalone-desertedbyhisfamilyandfriends-in1821.

N.wasonly51yearsoldwhenhedied.

PostlisteningA.TheComprehensionCheck

1.RecognizingInformationandCheckingAccuracy

1.WhenwasNapoleonborn?(a)

2.WhatkindofstudentwasNapoleoninmostofhisclasses?(d)

3.WhatdidNapoleon'smilitarycareerbringhim?(d)

4.WhendidNapoleonbecomeemperoroftheFrenchEmpire?(d)

5.OnereasonthatNapoleonwonmanymilitaryvictorieswasthathissoldierswereready

tofighttothedeathforhim.(T)

6.AustriaandRussiafoughtfiercelyagainstNapoleon,butEnglanddidnot.(FEngland

alsofoughtagainsthim.)

7.ManyofNapoleon'sfamilyandfriendswerewithhimwhenhedied.(FHediedalone

anddesertedbyhisfamilyandfriends.)

8.Napoleondiedbeforehereachedtheageof52.(T)

ListeningFactoid#l

ThecauseofNapoleon'sdeathattheageof51ontheislandofSt.Helenaisstillamystery.

Thereisnodoubtthataverysickmanatthetimeofhisdeath.Onetheoryaboutthecause

ofhisdeathisthathehadstomachcancer.Anothertheoryisthathewasdeliberately

poisonedbyaservant.Thisthirdtheorysuggeststhathewaspoisoned,butnotbyhis

servant.Thisthirdtheorysuggeststhatthathewaspoisoned,accidentallybyfumesfrom

thewallpaperwereanalyzedandtracesofarsenicwerefoundinit.Arsenicispowerful

poisonthatwasusedinsomeofthedyesinwallpaperduringthetimethatNapoleonlived.

Morethan170yearsafterhisdeath,peoplearestillspeculatingaboutthecauseofhis

death.

ListeningFactoid#2

1.Tenpeoplewhospeakmakemorenoisethan10,000whoaresilent.

2.Inpolitics,stupidityisnotahandicap.

3.Amanwillfightharderforhisintereststhanfbrhisrights.

4.Menofgeniusaremeteorsintendedtoburntolighttheircentury.

5.1know,whenitisnecessary,howtoleavetheskinoftheliontotaketheskinofthefbx.

6.Historyistheversionofpasteventsthatpeoplehavedecidedtoagreeupon.

7.Itissuccesswhichmakesgreatmen.

Chapter2Pompeii：Destroyed,Forgotten,andFound

TodaymanypeoplewholiveinlargemetropolitanareassuchasParisandNewYork

leavethecityinthesummer.Theygotothemountainsortotheseashoretoescapethecity

noiseandheat.Over2,000yearsago,manyrichRomansdidthesamething.Theyleftthe

cityofRomeinthesummer.ManyofthesewealthyRomansspenttheirsummersinthe

cityofPompeii.P.wasabeautifulcity;itwaslocatedontheocean,ontheBayofNaples.

Intheyear79C.E.,ayoungboywholaterbecameaveryfamousRomanhistorianwas

visitinghisuncleinP..Theboy'snamewasPlinytheYounger.OnedayPlinywaslooking

upatthesky.Hesawafrighteningsight.Itwasaverylargedarkcloud.Thisblackcloud

rosehighintothesky.Rockandashflewthroughtheair.WhatPlinysawwastheeruption

一theexplosion-ofthevolcano,Vesuvius.ThecityofP.wasatthefootofMt.V..

Whenthevolcanofirsterupted,manypeoplewereabletofleethecityandtoescape

death.Infact,18,000peopleescapedtheterribledisaster.Unfortunately,therewasnot

enoughtimeforeveryonetoescape.Morethan2,000peopledied.Theseunluckypeople

wereburiedaliveunderthevolcanicash.Theeruptionlastedforabout3days.Whenthe

eruptionwasover,P.wasburiedunder20feetofvolcanicrockandash.ThecityofP.was

buriedandforgottenfor1,700years.

Intheyearof1748anItalianfarmerwasdiggingonhisfarm.Ashewasdigging,he

uncoveredapartofawalloftheancientcityofP..Soonarchaeologistsbegantoexcavate-

todig-inthearea.Astimewentby,muchoftheancientcityofP.wasuncovered.Today

touristsfromallovertheworldcometoseetheruinsofthefamouscityofPompeii.

PostlisteningA.TheComprehensionCheck

1.RecognizingInformationandCheckingAccuracy

1.AtwhattimeoftheyeardidwealthyRomansliketovisitPompeii?(inthesummertime)

2.InwhatyeardidPlinypayavisittohisuncle/shouseinPompeii?(in79C.E.)

3.WhatdidPlinyseewhenhewaslookingoutovertheBayofNaplesoneday?(alarge

darkcloud)

4.WherewasPompeiilocatedinrelationtoMt.Vesuvius?(Pompeiiwaslocatedatthefoot

ofMt.Vesuvius.)

5.WhendidanItalianfarmerdiscoverapartofanancientwallofPompeii?{in1748)

6.RomewaslocatedatthefootofMt.Vesuvius.(FPompeiiwaslocatedatthefootofMt.

Vesuvius.)

7.MostofthepeopleofPompeiiwereabletofleethecityandtoescapedeath.(T)

8.Pompeiiwasburiedundertwofeetofvolcanicash.(FPompeiiwasburiedunder20feet

ofvolcanicash.)

9.Pompeiilayburiedandforgottenbetween79C.E.and1748.(T)

10.TheItalianfarmerwaslookingfortheancientcityofPompeii.(FThefarmerwas

diggingonhisfarm.)

11.TouristscometoexcavatethecityofPompeii,(FTouristscometoseetheruinsofthe

ancientcityofPompeii.)

Listeningfactoid#1

In1951,anAustralianpilotpreventedhisplaneformbeingshotdown-byflakforma

volcano.TheplanewasflyingoveravolcanoinPapua,NewGuineawhenthevolcano

suddenlyerupted.Itsentashandflak36,000feetintotheair.Bitsofstonepoundedagainst

theplane'swingsandfuselage,butthepilotkeptcontrolandflewtheplanetosafety.

Incidentally,almost3,000peopleonthegrounddiedasaresultoftheeruptionofthis

volcano.

Listeningfactoid#2

PlinytheYoungersawtheeruptionofMountVesuviusformadistance.Onthedayof

theeruption,theboy'sunclePlinytheElderwasincommandofaRomanfleetwhichwas

notfarofftheshoreofPompeii.OnseeingtheremarkableeruptionofMt.Vesuvius,Pliny

theElder,whowasagreatnaturalist,sailedtoshoretotakealookattheeruptionofthe

mountain.Onhisapproachtotheshore,hewasmetbyashowerofhotcinderswhichgrew

thickerandhotterasheadvanced.Hefinallylandedontheshore,andwenttoahouseaway

formthebeach.Heevenwenttosleep,butlaterinthenight,theservantswokehimup.By

then,thehousehadbeguntorocksoviolentlythatPlinyandeveryoneinhishouseholdleft

thehouseandwenttowardthebeachtoescape.Tyingpillowcasesontheirheads,andusing

torchestolighttheway,theygropedtheirwaytothebeach.ButitwastoolateforPlinythe

Elder.Apparently,hebecametiredandlaydownonthegroundtorest.Butwhenhelay

downontheground,hedied.Hisdeathwasprobablyduetocarbondioxidepoisoning.

SinceCO2isheavierthanair,ithugsthegroundandmakesitimpossibletobreathewhen

oneisclosetotheground.Itislikelythatothersintheareaalsodiedofcarbondioxide

poisoningiftheylaydowntorestonthegroundbelowMt.Vesuvius.

Chapter3LanceArmstrong:SurvivorandWinner

LanceArmstrongwasbornonSeptember18,1971inasuburbofDallas,Texas,called

Plano.Lancebeganrunningandswimmingcompetitivelywhenhewasonly10yearsold.

Bythetimehewas13,hewascompetingintriathlonsandwontheIronKidsTriathlon.

Lance'smother,whoraisedL.mostlybyherself,recognizedandencouragedhis

competitivespirit.

Duringhissenioryearinhighschool,L.wasinvitedtotrainwiththeUSOlympic

cyclingdevelopmentalteaminColorado.Fromthattimeon,L.focusedcompletelyon

cycling.By1991,L.wastheUSNationalAmateurChampion.Healsowon2major

nationalracesthesameyear—evenbeatingsomeprofessionalcyclists.

Althoughhewasgenerallydoingverywell,L.hadhisupsanddowns.In1992,hewas

expectedtodoverywellattheBarcelonaOlympics,butfinishedin14thplace.Thiswasa

bigdisappointment.L.gotoverthedisappointmentanddecidedtoturnprofessional.Inhis

firstprofessionalrace,the1992ClassicoSanSebastian,heendedupfinishingdeadlast,27

minutesbehindthewinner.L.'smothercontinuedtoencourageL.throughhisdifficult

times.

ThingswentmuchbetterforL.inthefollowingyears.In1993,hewastheyoungest

persontowintheWorldRaceChampionships.Inthesameyear,heenteredtheTourde

Franceforthefirsttime.Hewononestageoftherace,butdroppedoutoftheracebefore

finishing.In1995,heevenwontheClassicoS.S.,theracehehadfinishedlastin,in1992.

L.alsowonthemostimportantUStournament,theTourduPont,2times,inboth1995and

1996.By1996,L.wasranked7thamongcyclistsintheworld,andhesigneda2-year

contractwithaFrenchracingteam.Atthattime,everythingwaslookingverygoodfor

L.A..

However,everythingchangeddramaticallyanddrasticallyinOctoberof1996,shortly

afterhis25thbirthday.Atthistime,L.wasdiagnosedwithadvancedcancerthathad

alreadyspreadtohisbrainandlungs.Healmostimmediatelyunderwent2cancersurgeries.

Afterthese2surgeries,hewasgivena50-50chanceofsurvivalashebegananaggressive

3-monthcourseofchemotherapy.ThechemotherapyleftL.veryweak,butthetreatment

workedwell.Quitesoonafter,L.wasdeclaredfreeofcancer.L.returnedtocyclingand

trainingonly5monthsafterhewasinitiallydiagnosedwithcancer.Hevowedhewould

returntocompetitivecyclingbetterthanever.

However,hisFrenchcyclingteamdroppedL.fromtheteam.Theydidn'tbelievethatL.

wouldeverbeabletoreturntohisformerlevelofstrengthandendurance.Fortunatelythe

USPostalServiceTeambecamehisnewsponsor.WiththesupportoftheUSPostal

ServiceTeam,L.returnedtoracingin1998.Afteroneparticularlybaddayduringoneof

hisraces,L.pulledoveranddecidedhewasdonewithracing.However,afterspending

timewithhisreallygoodcyclingfriends,L.returnedtoracing,andagainhewasoffagain

inpursuitofcyclingvictories!

L.'sbigcomebackwasmarkedbyhisvictoryatthe1999TourdeFrance.L.repeatedthis

featintheyears2000,2001,2002,2003and2004,foratotalof6consecutivevictoriesin

theTourdeFrance,themostprestigiousandthemostgruelingofallcyclingcontests.L.s'

TourdeFrancerecordmayneverbebeatenorevenmatched.Interestingly,L.wasthe

youngestpersontowintheWorldCyclingChampionshipsin1993andtheoldestperson

evertowintheTourdeFrancein2004!

Inadditiontohisamazingathleticperformance,L.A.hasestablishedtheL.A.Foundation,

whichisdevotedtoprovidinginformationaboutcancerandsupporttocancervictims.He

hasalsowrittenabookabouthislifeandwinningtheTdF,calledEverySecondCounts,

andforL.,everysecondhascounted.

L.A.givesalotofcreditforhissuccesstohismother,whoseindependentspiritand

supportforL.inspiredhimtoovercomealloflife'sobstacles,bothonandofftheracetrack.

Lance,inreturn,hasprovidedinspirationtomany,forhiscourage-bothathleticand

personal.

PostlisteningA.TheComprehensionCheck

1.RecognizingInformationandCheckingAccuracy

1.HowoldwasLancewhenhebeganrunningandswimmingcompetitively?(b)

2.WhichsportscontestdidLancewinwhenhewas13yearsold?(b)

3.HowoldwasLancewhenhewasdiagnosedwithadvancedcancer?(c)

4.WhatchanceforsurvivalwasLancegivenafterheunderwenttwosurgeries?(c)

5.WhowasLance'ssponsorwhenhewontheTourdeFrancein1999?(d)

6.WhatisthenameofthebookthatLancewrotethatismentionedinthelecture?(b)

7.Lauce'scancerhadalreadyspreadtohislungsandbrainbeforeitwasdiagnoised?(T)

8.Lauce'sFrenchteamdroppedLaucebecausetheydidn'tthinkhewouldeverreturnto

hisformerlevelofstrengthandendurance.(T)

9.LaucewontheClassicoSanSebastiantwotimes.(FHelostthefirsttimeandwonthe

secondtime.)

10.LauceistheonlycyclisttowintheTourdeFrancefivetimesconsecutively.(FLauceis

theonlypersontowintheTourdeFrancesixtimesconsecutively.)

Listeningfactoid#1

Amazinglyenough,thebicycleisamoreefficientmeanoftransportationthananyother

methodoftraveling.Ittakesmuchlessenergytobicycleonemilethanitdoestowalkone

mile.Infact,itcantakeuptofivetimesasmuchenergytowalkamilethantobicyclea

mile.Ifwecomparetheamountofenergyahumanbeingusestobicyclethreemiles,or

about5kilometers,wefindthisamountofenergywouldpoweracarforonlyabout278

feet,or85meters.

Listeningfactoid#2

AccordingtoProfessorSteveJones,thethreemostimportantinventionsinthehistoryof

mankindwerefire,speech,andthebicycle.Hesaysthattheinventionoffirefreedhuman

beingfromthepowerofclimate,dangerousanimals,andmonotonousdiets.Theinvention

ofspeechmeantthathumanbeingscouldbegintobuildcivilization.Andtheinventionof

thebicycle-bywhichhereallymeansmoderntransportationingeneral-meantthatgroups

ofhumanbeingswerenolongerisolated,butcouldtravelgreatdistances.Beingableto

travelmuchmorefreelymeantthattherecouldneveragainbemorethanonespeciesof

humanbeingsastherehadbeeninancienttimes.

Chapter4TheInternet:HowitWorks

TheInternetconsistsofmillionsofcomputers,alllinkedtogetherintoagiganticnetwork.

NoweverycomputerthatisconnectedtotheInternetispartofthisnetworkandcan

communicatewithanyotherconnectedcomputer.

Inordertocommunicatewitheachother,thesecomputersareequippedwithspecial

communicationsoftware.ToconnecttotheInternet,theuserinstructsthecomputer's

communicationsoftwaretocontacttheInternetServiceProvider,orISP.NowanInternet

ServiceProvider,orISP,isacompanythatprovidesInternetservicetoindividuals,

organizations,orcompanies,usuallyforamonthlycharge.LocalISPsconnecttolarger

ISPs,whichinturnconnecttoevenlargerISPs.Ahierarchyofnetworksisformed.And

thishierarchyissomethinglikeapyramid,withlotsofsmallnetworksatthebottom,and

fewerbutlargernetworksmovingupthepyramid.But,amazingly,thereisnoonesingle

controllingnetworkatthetop.Instead,therearedozensofhigh-levelnetworks,which

agreetoconnectwitheachother.ItisthroughthisprocessthateveryoneontheInternetis

abletoconnectwitheveryoneelseontheInternet,nomatterwhereheorsheisinthe

world.

Howdoesinformationthatleavesonecomputertravelthroughallofthesenetworks,and

arrivesatitsdestination,anothercomputer,inafractionofasecond?

Theprocessdependsonrouters.Nowroutersarespecializedcomputerswhosejobisto

directtheinformationthroughthenetworks.Thedata,orinformation,inane-mailmessage,

aWebpage,orafileisfirstbrokendownintotinypackets.Eachofthesepacketshasthe

addressofthesenderandofthereceiver,andinformationonhowtoputthepacketsback

together.EachofthesepacketsisthensentoffthroughtheInternet.Andwhenapacket

reachesarouter,therouterreadsitsdestinationaddress.Andtherouterthendecidesthe

bestroutetosendthepacketonitswaytoitsdestination.Allthepacketsmighttakethe

samerouteortheymightgodifferentroutes.Finally,whenallthepacketsreachtheir

destination,theyareputbackintothecorrectorder.

Tohelpyouunderstandthisprocess,I'mgoingtoaskyoutothinkofthesepacketsof

informationaselectronicpostcards.Nowimaginethatyouwanttosendafriendabook,

butyoucansenditonlyaspostcards.First,youwouldhavetocupupeachofthepagesof

thebooktothesizeofthepostcards.Next,youwouldneedtowriteyouraddressandthe

addressofyourfriendoneachofthesepostcards.Youwouldalsoneedtonumberthe

postcardssothatyourfriendcouldputtheminthecorrectorderafterhereceivesthe

postcards.Aftercompletingthesesteps,youwouldputallthepostcardsinthemail.You

wouldhavenowaytoknowhoweachpostcardtraveledtoreachyourfriend.Somemight

gobytruck,somebytrain,somebyplane,somebyboat.Somemightgobyall4ways.

Nowalongtheway,manypostalagentsmaylookattheaddressesonthepostcardsinorder

todecidethebestroutetosendthemoffontoreachtheirdestination.Thepostcardswould

probablyarriveatdifferenttimes.Butfinally,afterallofthepostcardshadarrived,your

friendwouldbeabletoputthembackinthecorrectorderandreadthebook.

NowthisisthesamewaythatinformationissentovertheInternetusingthenetworkof

routers,butofcourseithappensmuch,muchfaster!

PostlisteningA.TheComprehensionCheck

1.RecognizingInformationandCheckingAccuracy

1.WhatistheInternet?(d)

2.Whatisarouter?(c)

3.WhatiscarriedoneverytinypacketofinformationthattravelsthroughtheInternet?(d)

4.Whatisaroutercomparedtointhelecture?(b)

5.TheInternetiscontrolledbyonegiganticISP.(FThereisnoonecontrollingnetworkat

thetop)

6.Routerscansendthepacketsofinformationinonee-mailmassageovermanydifferent

routestotheirdestination.(T)

7.ThelecturercomparesthetinypacketsofinformationthattravelthroughtheInternetto

electronicpostcards.(T)

Listeningfactoid#1

JeffHancock,ascientistatCornellUniversity,asked30studentstokeepacommunication

diaryforaweek.Thestudentswrotedownthenumbersofconversationstheyhadeither

face-to-faceoronthetelephoneandthenumberofe-mailexchangestheyhad,bothregular

e-mailsandinstantmessages,thatlastedmorethan10minutes.Theyalsowrotedownthe

numberofliestheyhadtoldineachconversationore-mailexchange.WhenJeffHancock

analyzedthestudents9communicationrecords,hefoundthatliesmadeup14percentof

e-mails,21percentofinstantmessages,27percentofface-to-faceconversations,and37

percentofphonecalls.

Hisfindingssurprisedsomepsychologists,whothoughtitwouldbeeasiertolieine-mail

thaninreal-timeconversations.Oneexplanationisthatpeoplearelesslikelytoliewhen

therewillbearecordoftheirlies,suchasinane-mail.

Listeningfactoid#2

Ifyouhaveane-mailaccount,youhavenodoubtbeenspammed.Thatis,youhave

receivedunsolicitede-mailfromsomeoneyoudon'tknow,someonewhoisusuallytrying

tosellyousomething!

Mostpeoplesaythattheyhatespam.Formanypeople,spammailisjustanuisance,butfor

businessesifsveryexpensive,astheiremployeewasteconsiderableworkingtimegoing

throughanddeletingspan.AccordingtoMessageLabs,acompanythatprovidese-mail

security,76%oftheworld'se-mailisspamanditcostsbusinessesapproximately$12

billiondollarsayear.AccordingtoasurveybyCommtouchSoftware,anotheranti-spam

company,inthelastfewmonthsthenumberofspamattacksincreasedby43%.Their

reportpredictsthatwithintwoyears,98%ofalle-mailwillbespam!

Chapter5Language:HowChildrenAcquireTheirs

Whatrdlietotalktoyouabouttodayisthetopicofchildlanguagedevelopment.Iknow

thatyouallaretryingtodevelopasecondlanguage,butfbramoment,lefsthinkabouta

relatedtopic,andthatis:Howchildrendeveloptheirfirstlanguage.Whatdoweknow

abouthowbabiesdeveloptheirlanguageandcommunicationability?Well,weknow

babiesareabletocommunicateassoonastheyarebom—evenbeforetheylearntospeak

theirfirstlanguage.Atfirst,theycommunicatebycrying.Thiscryingletstheirparents

knowwhentheyarehungry,orunhappy,oruncomfortable.However,theysoonbeginthe

processofacquiringtheirlanguage.Thefirststateoflanguageacquisitionbeginsjustafew

weeksafterbirth.Atthisstage,babiesstarttomakecooingnoiseswhentheyarehappy.

Then,aroundfourmonthsofagetheybegintobabble.Babiesallovertheworldbeginto

babblearoundthesameage,andtheyallbegintomakethesamekindsofbabblingnoises.

Now,bythetimetheyaretenmonthsold,however,thebabblingofbabiesfromdifferent

languagebackgroundssoundsdifferent.Forexample,thebabblingofababyina

Chinese-speakinghomesoundsdifferentfromthebabblingofababyinan

English-speakinghome.Babiesbeginanewstageoflanguagedevelopmentwhenthey

begintospeaktheirfirstwords.Atfirst,theyinventtheirownwordsfbrthings.For

example,ababyinanEnglish-speakinghomemaysay"baba"fbrtheword“bottle”or

“kiki"fbr"cat."Inthenextfewmonths,babieswillacquirealotofwords.Thesewords

areusuallythenamesofthingsthatareinthebaby'senvironment,wordsfbrfoodortoys,

fbrexample.Theywillbegintousethesewordstocommunicatewithothers.Forexample,

ifababyholdsupanemptyjuicebottleandthensays"juice,tohisfather,thebabyseems

tobesaying,“Iwantmorejuice,Daddy"or"MayIhavemorejuice,Daddy?”Thisword

'juice“isreallyaone-wordsentence.

Now,thenextstageoflanguageacquisitionbeginsaroundtheageof18months,when

thebabiesbegintosaytwo-wordsentences.Theybegintouseakindofgrammartoput

thesewordstogether.Thespeechtheyproduceiscalled“telegraphic“speechbecausethe

babiesomitallbutthemostessentialwords.AnEnglish-speakingchildmightsay

somethinglike“Daddy,up“whichactuallycouldmean“Daddy,pickmeup,please.^^Then,

betweentwoandthreeyearsofage,youngchildrenbegintolearnmoreandmoregrammar.

Forexample,theybegintousethepasttenseofverbs.Thechildrenbegintosaythings

suchas“Iwalkedhome"and"IkissedMommy."Theyalsobegintoovergeneralizethis

newgrammarruleandmakealogofgrammarmistakes.Forexample,childrenoftensay

suchthinsas"Igoedtobed”insteadof"Iwenttobed,^^or“Ieatedicecream^^insteadof"I

ateicecream."Inotherwords,thechildrenhavelearnedthepasttenseruleforregular

verbssuchas“walk"and“kiss,“buttheyhaven'tlearnedthattheycannotusethisrulefbr

allverbs.Someverbslike“eat"areirregular,andthepasttenseformsfbrirregularverbs

mustbelearnedindividually.Anyway,thesemistakesarenormal,andthechildrenwill

soonlearntousethepasttenseforregularandin,egularverbscorrectly.Thechildrenthen

continuetolearnothergrammaticalstructuresinthesameway.

Ifwestoptothinkaboutit,actuallyit'squiteamazinghowquicklybabiesandchildren

allovertheworldlearntheirlanguageandhowsimilartheprocessisforbabiesalloverthe

world.

Doyourememberanythingabouthowyoulearnedyourfirstlanguageduringtheearly

yearsofyourlife?Thinkabouttheprocessforaminute.Whatwasyourfirstword?Wasit

“mama”ormaybe“papa"？NowthinkalsoabouttheprocessoflearningEnglishasa

secondlanguage.CanyourememberthefirstwordyoulearnedinEnglish?Idoubtthatit

was"mama."Now,thinkaboutsomeofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesinvolvedinthe

processesofchildandadultlanguagelearning.We'Htalkaboutsomesimilaritiesand

differencesinthefirstandsecondlanguagelearningprocessestomorrow.Seeyouthen.

PostlisteningA.TheComprehensionCheck

1.RecognizingInformationandCheckingAccuracy

1.Atwhatagedobabiesbegintocommunicate?(a)

2.Whichofthefollowingisanexampleof“telegraphic“speech?(b)

3.Atwhatagedochildrenbegintousethepasttense?(c)

4.Atfourmonthsofagethebabblingofbabiessoundsthesameallovertheworld.(T)

5.Ababy'sfirstwordsareusuallywordsthatheorsheinverts.(T)

6.Achildusesonlyvocabularyandnogrammarbeforeabouttwoyearsofage.(FHe/she

actuallyusedakindofgrammarinmakingtwo-wordsentencesatabout18monthsofage.)

7.Childrenprobablysay“Igoed,9insteadof“Iwent“becausetheyheartheirparentssay

this.(FChildrensay"Igoed^^insteadof“Iwent“becausetheyareovergeneralizingthe

grammarrulefortheregularpasttenseverbstotheirregularverb"go.")

ListeningFactoid#1

Haveyoueverwonderedaboutwhattheworld'soriginallanguagewas?Orwhether

childrenwouldbegintospeakiftheyneverheardlanguage?Well,morethan2,500years

ago,anEgyptianpharaohaskedhimselfthesamequestions.Hehadtheideathatchildren

whodidn'thearadultsspeakinganylanguagewouldbegintospeaktheworld's"original

language."Sohehadtwonewbornbabiesofpoorparentstakenawayfromthem.Hegave

thebabiestoashepherdtotakecareof.Noonewasallowedtospeaktothem.Abouttwo

yearslater,theshepherdreportedtothepharaohthatthechildrenweremakingasoundlike

nbekos.nThissoundnbekos"soundedlikethewordfbrbreadinthePhrygianlanguage,so

thepharaohconcludedthatPhrygianwastheoriginallanguageintheworld.Therewas

onlyoneproblemwiththepharaoh*sconclusion.Heoverlookedthefactthatnbekos"

soundedverymuchlikethenoisethatsheepmake!

Listeningfactoid#2

Doyouknowthatgrownupsusebabytalk?Why?TohelpbabieslearntospeakDavid

Sacks,alinguist,saysthat,"babiesintheirfirstyearoflifelearntospeak-firstinbabytalk,

thenwiththerudimentsofgenuinevocabulary-byimitatingthespeechsoundstheyhear

aroundthem.(Oftenthesesoundsareaddressedtothebabyinanexaggerated,singsong

form;fbrexample,uHowdidyousleeeep?”whichapparentlyhelpsthechildtolearn.)But

somescholarshavetheorizedthatlanguageinthenurseryispartlyatwo-waystreetand

thatcertainfamily-relatedwordsinEnglishandothertongueswereformed

originally-perhapsprehistorically-inimitationofbabytalk.Suchwordsareeasyforbabies

topronounce.Theparentwillsaytothebaby,"Saydada"andsotheword"dada"retainsa

secureplaceinthelanguage.Whatarethesewordsthatareeasytosay?Whilethe