SAT真題匯編：201703北美及答案

1 1???????????????????

CONTINUE

PAGE

1

ReadingTest

65MINUTES,52QUESTIONS

TurntoSection1ofyouranswerssheettoanswerthequestionsinthissection.

DIRECTIONS

Eachpassageorpairofpassagesbelowisfollowedbyanumberofquestions.Afterreadingeachpassageorpair,choosethebestanswertoeachquestionbasedonwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassageorpassagesandinanyaccompanyinggraphics(suchasatableorgraph).

line

5

10

15

20

25

Questions1-10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

ThispassageisfromIanMcEwan,Atonement.?2001byIanMcEwan

Shewasoneofthosechildrenpossessedbyadesiretohavetheworldjustso.Whereasherbigsister'sroomwasastewofunclosedbooks,unfoldedclothes,unmadebed,unemptiedashtrays,Briony'swasashrinetohercontrollingdemon:themodelfarmspreadacrossadeepwindowledgeconsistedoftheusualanimals,butallfacingoneway--towardstheirowner--asifabouttobreakintosong,andeventhefarmyardhenswereneatlycorralled.Infact,Briony'swastheonlytidyupstairsroominthehouse.Herstraight-backeddollsintheir

many-roomedmansionappearedtobeunderstrictinstructionsnottotouchthewalls;thevariousthumb-sizedfigurestobefoundstandingaboutherdressingtable--cowboys,deep-seadivers,humanoidmice--suggestedbytheirevenranksandspacingacitizen'sarmyawaitingorders.

Atastefortheminiaturewasoneaspectofanorderlyspirit.Anotherwasapassionforsecrets:inaprizedvarnishedcabinet,asecretdrawerwasopenedbypushingagainstthegrainofacleverlyturneddovetailjoint,andhereshekeptadiarylockedbyaclasp,andanotebookwritteninacodeofherowninvention.Inatoysafeopenedbysixsecretnumbersshestoredlettersandpostcards.Anoldtinpettycashboxwashiddenunderaremovablefloorboardbeneathherbed.Intheboxweretreasuresthatdated

backfouryears,toherninthbirthdaywhenshebegancollecting:amutantdoubleacorn,fool'sgold,

30arain-makingspellboughtatafunfair,asquirrel'sskullaslightasaleaf.

Buthiddendrawers,lockablediariesandcryptographicsystemscouldnotconcealfromBrionythesimpletruth:shehadnosecrets.Herwish

35foraharmonious,organizedworlddeniedhertherecklesspossibilitiesofwrongdoing.Mayhemanddestructionweretoochaoticforhertastes,andshedidnothaveitinhertobecruel.Hereffectivestatusasanonlychild,aswellastherelativeisolationofthe

40Tallishouse,kepther,atleastduringthelongsummerholidays,fromgirlishintrigueswithfriends.Nothinginherlifewassufficientlyinterestingorshamefultomerithiding;nooneknewaboutthesquirrel'sskullbeneathherbed,butnoonewantedto

45know.Noneofthiswasparticularlyanaffliction;orrather,itappearedsoonlyinretrospect,onceasolutionhadbeenfound.

Attheageofelevenshewroteherfirststory--afoolishaffair,imitativeofhalfadozenfolktalesand

50lacking,sherealizedlater,thatvitalknowingnessaboutthewaysoftheworldwhichcompelsareader'srespect.Butthisfirstclumsyattemptshowedherthattheimaginationitselfwasasourceofsecrets:onceshehadbegunastory,noonecouldbetold.

55Pretendinginwordswastootentative,toovulnerable,tooembarrassingtoletanyoneknow.Evenwritingouttheshesaids,theandthens,madeherwince,andshefeltfoolish,appearingtoknow

CONTINUE

PAGE

2

1???????????????????1

abouttheemotionsofanimaginarybeing.

60Self-exposurewasinevitablethemomentshedescribedacharacter'sweakness;thereaderwasboundtospeculatethatshewasdescribingherself.Whatotherauthoritycouldshehave?Onlywhenastorywasfinished,allfatesresolvedandthewhole

65mattersealedoffatbothendssoitresembled,atleastinthisonerespect,everyotherfinishedstoryintheworld,couldshefeelimmune,andreadytopunchholesinthemargins,bindthechapterswithpiecesofstring,paintordrawthecover,andtakethefinished

70worktoshowtohermother,orherfather,whenhewashome.

3

Whichsituationismostsimilartotheonedescribedinlines13-17(“thevarious…orders”)?

Peopleofallshapesandsizesmarchtogetherinaparade.

Studentsarelinedupinrowsbyheightforaclasspicture.

Differenttypesofflowersandshrubsareplantedinevenrowsinagarden.

Booksonnumeroustopicsarefoundinthesamesectionofalibrary.

4

Detailsinthepassagesuggestthat,incomparisontoBriony,theothermembersofherfamilyweremuchless

affectionate

content

studious

neat

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

Lines1-2(“She…so”)

Lines9-11(“Infact…h(huán)ouse”)

Lines38-41(“Hereffective…friends”)

Lines42-45(“Nothing…know”)

Asusedinline19,“spirit”mostnearlymeans

1

temperament

development

vigor

atmosphere

5

Themainideaofparagraphstwoandthree(lines18-47)isthatBriony

appearedguilelessbutwasextremelysecretive.

2

lovedsecretsbuthadnonethatmattered.

triedtoestablishorderinthemidstofchaos.

wenttoelaboratelengthstokeepsecrets.

6

Accordingtothenarrator,allofthefollowingweretrueofBriony’sfirststoryEXCEPTthatit

wasunoriginal.

revealedalackofknowledge.

taughtitsauthoranimportantlesson.

wasneversharedwithothers.

1 1???????????????????

CONTINUE

PAGE

3

7

9

Thereferenceto“shesaids”and“andthens”(line57)servesmainlytoshowBriony’s

boredomwiththemorebasicelementofwriting.

preferencefordialogueandplotovercharacterdescription.

frustrationwithherinabilitytowriteoriginalstories.

sensitivitytothevulnerabilityinherentinstorytelling.

Accordingtothepassage,atwhichpointintheprocessofauthorshipwouldBrionyfeelmostsecure?

Beginningastory.

Describingthecharacters

Writingastory’sending

Preparingthefinishedproducttoshowothers

10

8

Asusedinline63,“authority”mostnearlymeans

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

power.

support.

source.

right.

Lines52-54(“Butthis...told”)

Lines57-59(“Even...being”)

Lines60-62(“Selfexposure…h(huán)erself”)

Lines63-71(“Onlywhen…h(huán)ome”)

1 1???????????????????

CONTINUE

PAGE

4

Questions11-21arebasedonthefollowingpassageandsupplementarymaterial.

ThepassageisadaptedfromDavidDisalvo,WhatMakesYourBrainHappyandWhyYouShouldDotheOpposite.?2011byDavidDiSalvo.

Whetherinpersonoronscreen,oneofthestrongestinfluencesonourthinkingiswovenintotheverbiageallofususeindiscussionsbigandsmall:

linemetaphors.Let’ssaythatwearecomparingcitieswe

5havevisitedorwouldliketovisit,andImentiononethatIhavenotbeento,butyouhave.Yousay,“It’samassive,stinkingcesspoolfilledwithgarbageandcrawlingwitheveryformoffilthimaginable.Immediatelymymindconjuresanimageofafilthy

10retentionpondcoveredwithscum,loadedwithtrashandlousywithratsandroaches.Howclosethemetaphoryouhavechosenistoactuallydescribingthecityisdebatable,butinthefewminuteswearespeakingthisdoesn’treallymatter.Whatmattersis

15thatyouhaveprovidedthemetaphoricalrudimentsformetoconstructanimagethatisnowschematicallyassociatedwiththecityinmymind.OnedayImayvisitthatcityanddeterminethatyourmetaphorwasinaccurate,orImayconcludethatitwasdead-on.

20Untilthen-oruntilIcomeacrossinformationthatcontradictsorverifiesyourdescription,theimagewillbethere.Andevenafter,I’llfindremovingthatimagefrommymindverydifficult.

Thatisthepowerofmetaphor-apowersosubtlewe

25barelynoticehowmuchitimpactsourthinking.ResearchersPaulThibodeauandLeraBoroditskyfromStanfordUniversitydemonstratedhowinfluentialmetaphorscanbethroughaseriesoffiveexperimentsdesignedtoteaseapartthe“why”and

30“when”ofametaphor’spower.First,theresearchers

crimeinthecityofAddison.Latertheyhadtosuggestsolutionsfortheproblem.

Inthefirstreport,crimewasdescribedasa“wild

35beastpreyingonthecity”and“l(fā)urkinginneighborhoods.”Afterreadingthesewords,75percentofthestudentsputforwardsolutionsthatinvolvedenforcementorpunishment,suchasbuildingmorejailsorevencallinginthemilitaryfor

40help.Only25percentsuggestedsocialreforms,such

asfixingtheeconomy,improvingeducation,or

Thesecondreportwasexactlythesameexceptitdescribedcrimeasa“virusinfectingthecity”and

45“plaguing”communities.Afterreadingthisversion,only56percentoptedforgreaterlawenforcementwhile44percentsuggestedsocialreforms.

Interestingly,veryfewoftheparticipantsrealizedhowaffectedtheywerebythedifferingcrime

50metaphors.WhenThibodeauandBoroditskyaskedtheparticipantstoidentifywhichpartsofthetexthadmostinfluencedtheirdecisions,thevastmajoritypointedtothecrimestatistics,notthelanguage.Only3percentidentifiedthemetaphorsasculprits.The

55researchersconfirmedtheirresultswithmoreexperimentsthatusethesamereportswithoutasmanyvividwords.Eventhoughthesereportsdescribedcrimeasabeastorvirusonlyonce,theresearchersfoundthesametrendasbefore.

60 Theyalsodiscoveredthatthewordsthemselvesdonotwieldmuchinfluencewithouttherightcontext.WhenThibodeauandBoroditskyaskedparticipantstocomeupwithsynonymsforeither“beast”or“virus”beforereadingcrimereportsthatomittedthe

65metaphorsentirely,theparticipantsprovidedsimilarsolutionsforsolvingthecity’sproblems.Inotherwords,themetaphorsonlyworkediftheyframedthestory.

Figure1:PercentofParticipantsOfferingEnforcementResponseandReformResponsesWhenBeastandVirusmetaphorsFramedStory

TypeofMetaphor

Figure2:PercentofParticipantsOfferingEnforcementResponseandReformResponsesWhenPrimedWithBeastandVirusmetaphorsSynonymsTask

TypeofMetaphor

AdaptedfromMetaphorswethinkwith:TheRuleofMetaphorinReasoning?2011byPaulH.ThibodeauandLeraBoroditsky

11

Themainpurposeofthepassageisto

discusshowmetaphorsareusedindepictionsofcrime.

demonstratehowmetaphorsshapepeople’sperceptions.

illustratehowmetaphorscanunderminesocialpolicies.

showhowmetaphorscanbeusedtoenhancestorytelling.

12

Thepassagemakesthemostextensiveuseofwhichtypeofevidence?

Datafromsurveys

Testimonyfromexperts

Resultsfromexperiments

Storiesfrompersonalexperience

13

Asusedinline9,“conjures”mostnearlymeans

charges.

summons.

enchants.

practices.

14

Inthefirstparagraph,theauthorsuggeststhatmetaphorsfunctionby

creatinghumorousimagesthroughobviousexaggeration.

challengingpeople’sperceptionsoffamiliarobjectsandplaces.

challengingconceptionsoftruthandfalsehood.

establishingfoundationsforstrongmentalconnections.

15

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

Lines6-8(“Yousay…imaginable”)

Lines11-14(“How…matter”)

Lines14-17(“What…mind”)

Lines17-19(“One…dead-on”)

16

Asusedtwiceinline24,“power”mostnearlymeans

controllinginfluence.

moraleffectiveness.

physicalmight.

officialauthority.

17

20

ItcanreasonablybeinferredfromthepassagethatthemajorityofstudentsrecallingthefirstreportviewedcrimeinAddisonasrepresentinga

physicalthreatthatneededtobemanaged.

failureofthecity’seconomicpolicies.

commonplaceoccurrencesinmosturbanareas.

socialepidemicsthatcouldnotbecontained

18

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencethatpeoplearegenerallyunawareofhowmetaphoricallanguageaffectstheirdecisionmaking?

Lines9-11(“Immediately…roaches”)

Lines26-30(“Researchers…power”)

Lines50-53(“When…language”)

Lines60-61(“Theyalso…context”)

Assumingthatanequalnumberofparticipantsreadpassagescontaining“beast”and“virus”metaphors,whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutparticipantresponsesisNOTsupportedbyfigure1?

Moreparticipantsofferedenforcementresponsestothe“beast”metaphorthantothe“virus”metaphor.

Reformresponsestothe“virus”metaphoroutnumberedreformresponsestothe“beast”metaphor.

Theoverallpercentageofparticipantsofferingreformresponseswaslowerthantheoverallpercentageofparticipantsofferingenforcementresponses.

Participantsofferednearlytwicethenumberofreformresponsestothe“beast”metaphorastheydidtothe“virus”metaphor.

21

19

Thelastsentenceofthepassagemainlyservesto

restatethepassage’scentralideaaboutconstructingmetaphors.

acknowledgeapotentialweaknessofthestudy’streatmentofmetaphors.

expressconcernaboutanapparentlimitationofmetaphors.

reinforceaclaimabouthowmetaphorsachievetheireffect.

Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutparticipantresponsesissupportedbyfigure2?

Thepercentagesofparticipantsofferingenforcementtoreformresponsesafterproviding“beast”or“virus”synonymswerenearlyequal.

Thepercentageofparticipantswhocameupwithvividsynonymstendedtoofferthegreatestnumberofenforcementresponses.

Theoverallpercentageofparticipantsofferingreformresponsesdecreasedwitheachrepetitionofthesynonymtask.

Amuchlargerpercentageofparticipantsproviding“beast”synonymsofferedreformresponsesthandidparticipantsproviding“virus”synonyms.

1 1???????????????????

CONTINUE

PAGE

10

line

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Questions22-32arebasedonthefollowingpassageandsupplementarymaterial.

ThispassageisadaptedfromErikStokstad,“BoneStudyShowsT.RexBulkedUpwithMassiveGrowthSpurt”?2004byAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience.

Tyrannosaurusrexwasacreatureofsuperlatives.Asbigasabullelephant,T.rexweighed15timesasmuchasthelargestcarnivoreslivingonlandtoday.Now,paleontologistshaveforthefirsttimechartedthecolossalgrowthspurtthatcarriedT.rexbeyonditstyrannosauridrelatives.

Growthrateshavebeenstudiedinonlyahalfdozendinosaursandnolargecarnivores.That’sbecausetheusualmethodoftellingages—countingannualgrowthringsinthelegbone—isatrickytaskwithtyrannosaurids.“IwastoldwhenIstartedinthisfieldthatitwasimpossibletoageT.rex,”recallsGregoryErickson,apaleobiologistatFloridaStateUniversity,wholedthestudy.Thereasonisthattheweight-bearingbonesoflargedinosaursbecomehollowwithageandtheinternaltissuetendstogetremodeled,thuserasinggrowthlines.

Butlegbonesaren’ttheonlyplacetocheckage.

WhilestudyingatyrannosauridcalledDaspletosaurusattheFieldMuseumofNaturalHistory(FMNH)inChicago,Ericksonnoticedgrowthringsontheendofabrokenrib.Lookingaround,hefoundsimilarringsonhundredsofother25bonefragmentsinthemuseumdrawers,includingthefibula,gastralia,andthepubis.Thesebonesdon’tbearsubstantialloads,sotheyhadn’tbeenremodeledorhollowedout.

Switchingtomodernalligators,crocodiles,andlizards,Ericksonfoundthatthegrowthringsaccuratelyrecordedtheanimals’ages.Heandhiscolleaguesthensampledmorethan60bonesfrom20specimensoffourcloselyrelatedtyrannosaurids.

Countingthegrowthringswithamicroscope,theteamfoundthatthetyrannosauridshaddiedatagesrangingfrom2yearsto28.

Byplottingtheageofeachanimalagainstitsmass—conservativelyestimatedfromthecircumferenceofitsfemur—theyconstructedgrowthcurvesforeachspecies.GorgosaurusandAlbertosaurus,bothmoreprimitivetyrannosaurids,

begantoputonweightmorerapidlyataboutage12.For4yearsorso,theyadded310to480gramsperday.Byaboutage15,theywerefull-grownatabout1100kilograms.ThemoreadvancedDaspletosaurus

45followedthesametrendbutgrewfasterandmaxedoutatroughly1800kilograms.

T.rex,incomparison,wasalmostoffthechart.AstheteamdescribesthisweekinNature,itunderwentagiganticgrowthspurtstartingatage14andpacked

50on2kilogramsaday.Byage18.5years,theheaviestofthelotweighedmorethan5600kilograms.JackHorneroftheMuseumoftheRockiesinBozeman,Montana,andKevinPadianoftheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,havefoundthesamegrowth

55patterninotherspecimensofT.rex.

ItmakessensethatT.rexwouldgrowthisway,expertssay.Severallinesofevidencesuggestthatdinosaurshadahighermetabolismandfastergrowthratesthanlivingreptilesdo(althoughnotas

60fastasbirds’).PreviousworkbyEricksonshowedthatyoungdinosaurssteppedupthepaceofgrowth,thentaperedoffintoadulthood;reptiles,incontrast,growmoreslowly,buttheykeepatitforlonger.

Beingabletoagetheanimalswillhelpshedlight

65onthepopulationstructureoftyrannosaurids.Forinstance,theresearchersdeterminedtheagesofmorethanhalfadozenAlbertosaursthatapparentlydiedtogether.Theyrangedinagefrom2to20inwhatmighthavebeenapack.“You’vegotreally

70younglivingwiththereallyold,”Ericksonsays.”Thesethingsprobablyweren’tloners.

Thetechniquecouldalsohelpresearchersinterpretthemedicalhistoryofindividuals.Growthringsmightrevealatwhatagevarioustypesof

75injuriesoccurred.Andbecauseavarietyofscrapbonescanbeanalyzedforgrowthrings,moreindividualscanbeexamined.

23

LogisticsGrowthCurvesforTyrannosaurusandThreeRelatedTyrannosaurids

AdaptedfromGregoryM.Erickson.etal."GigantismandcomparativeLifeHistoryParametersofTyannosauridDinosaurs"

22

Whichfinding,ifaccurate,wouldmostclearlyundermineErickson’stheoryaboutthegrowthrateofT.rex?

Astyrannosauridsevolvedintomoreadvancedspecies,theirgrowthratesincreased.

GrowthratesforindividualT.rexvariedaccordingtodifferencesinmedicalhistory.

T.rexhadasignificantlylongerlifespanthanothertyrannosauridsdid.

BonegrowthringformationinT.rexisarandomevent.

Whatdoesthepassageindicateabouttyrannosauridbonesthatwerenotthedinosaur’sprimaryweightbearingbones?

Theyyieldmoreaccurateresultsinscientificstudiesthantheribbonesoftyrannosauridsdo.

Theyweremorepronetoinjurythanotherbonesinthetyrannosauridskeleton.

Theygrewataslowerratethanthatatwhichthelegbonesoftyrannosauridsgrew.

Theyretainedgrowthringsthatwerelostincertainothertyrannosauridbones.

24

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

Line18(“Butleg…age”)

Lines22-27(Looking…out”)

Lines28-32(“Switching…tyrannosaurids”)

Lines73-75(“Growth…occurred”)

25

Asusedinlines29and34,“found”mostnearlymeans

located.

disclosed.

encountered.

discovered.

26

Lines56-57(“It…say”)servemainlyto

reintroduceatopicmentionedearlierinthepassageandexploresitingreaterdetail.

transitionfromasetoffactstoalargercontextinwhichthosefactscanbeconsidered.

anticipateandrefuteapotentialobjectiontotheauthor’sargument.

acknowledgethelimitationsofapositionbutsuggestthatthoselimitationsareirrelevant.

27

31

Basedonthepassage,theoverallpatternofthegrowthexhibitedbyT.rex

istypicalofdinosaurspeciesthatlivedinpacks.

confirmsthatT.rexhadashorterlifespanthantoday’sreptilesdo.

ismorelikethatofothertyrannosauridsthanthatofreptileslivingtoday.

suggeststhatpreviousestimatesofT.rex

growthratesweretooconservative.

28

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

Lines36-39(“Byplotting…species”)

Lines48-51(“Theteam…5600kilograms”)

Lines60-63(“Previous…longer”)

Lines68-71(“They…loners”)

29

Asusedinline68,“ranged”mostnearlymeans

aligned.

varied.

roamed.

corresponded.

30

Basedonthefigure’slogisticgrowthcurves,atapproximatelywhatagedidTyrannosaurussurpassDaspletosaurusinbodymass?

8years

10years

13years

15years

Thefigure’slogisticgrowthcurvessupportwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutTyrannosaurus?

Tyrannosaurusisestimatedtohavereachedapproximatemaximumbodymassatabout25yearsofage.

Tyrannosaurusisestimatedtohaveexperiencedadecreaseinmetabolismbeginningatage15

Tyrannosaurusvariedlessinweightfromonespecimentoanotherthanothertyrannosauridspeciesdid.

Tyrannosaurushadthelargestestimatedbirthweightofalltyrannosauridspecies.

32

Whichofthefollowingchoicesbestidentifiesapointofdisagreementbetweenthefigureandthepassage?

ThepassageliststheadultAlbertosaurusasbeingequalinsizetotheadultDaspletosaurus,butthefigureindicatesthatatfullsizeDaspletosauruswasheavierthanAlbertosaurus.

ThepassagestatesthatAlbertosaurusandGorgonsaurusreachedfullsizeataboutage15,butthefigureindicatesthatneitherspeciesreachedfullsizeuntilafter18.

Thepassageassertsthatthefourspecieslivedatthesametime,butthefigureindicatesthatTyrannosauruslivedatalaterperiodthantheotherthreespeciesdid.

ThepassageimpliesthatTyrannosaurushadafasterrateofmetabolismthantheotherthreespecies,butthefigureindicatesthatallfourspeciessharedthesamerateofmetabolism.

line

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Questions33-42arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

ThepassageisadaptedfromRalphWaldoEmerson’s“Politics”.Originallypublishedin1844

Everyman'snatureisasufficientadvertisementtohimofthecharacterofhisfellows.Myrightandmywrong,istheirrightandtheirwrong.WhilstIdowhatisfitforme,andabstainfromwhatisunfit,myneighborandIshalloftenagreeinourmeans,andworktogetherforatimetooneend.

ButwheneverIfindmydominionovermyselfnotsufficientforme,andundertakethedirectionofhimalso,Ioverstepthetruth,andcomeintofalserelationstohim.Imayhavesomuchmoreskillorstrengththanhe,thathecannotexpressadequatelyhissenseofwrong,butitisalie,andhurtslikealiebothhimandme.Loveandnaturecannotmaintaintheassumption:itmustbeexecutedbyapracticallie,namely,byforce.Thisundertakingforanother,istheblunderwhichstandsincolossaluglinessinthegovernmentsoftheworld.Itisthesamethinginnumbers,asinapair,onlynotquitesointelligible.Icanseewellenoughagreatdifferencebetweenmysettingmyselfdowntoaself-control,andmygoingtomakesomebodyelseactaftermyviews:butwhenaquarterofthehumanraceassumetotellmewhatImustdo,Imaybetoomuchdisturbedbythecircumstancestoseesoclearlytheabsurdityoftheircommand.Therefore,allpublicendslookvagueandquixoticbesideprivateones.For,anylawsbutthosewhichmenmakeforthemselves,arelaughable.IfIputmyselfintheplaceofmychild,andwestandinonethought,andseethatthingsarethusorthus,thatperceptionislawforhimandme.Weareboththere,bothact.Butif,withoutcarryinghimintothethought,Ilookoverintohisplot,and,guessinghowitiswithhim,ordainthisorthat,hewillneverobeyme.Thisisthehistoryofgovernments,—onemandoessomethingwhichistobindanother.Amanwhocannotbeacquaintedwithme,taxesme;lookingfromafaratme,ordainsthatapartofmylaborshallgotothisorthatwhimsicalend,notasI,butashehappenstofancy.Beholdtheconsequence.Ofalldebts,menareleastwillingtopaythetaxes.Whatasatireisthisongovernment!Everywheretheythinktheygettheirmoney'sworth,exceptforthese.

Hence,thelessgovernmentwehave,thebetter,

—thefewerlaws,andthelessconfidedpower.The

45antidotetothisabuseofformalGovernment,is,theinfluenceofprivatecharacter,thegrowthoftheIndividual;theappearanceoftheprincipaltosupersedetheproxy;theappearanceofthewiseman,ofwhomtheexistinggovernment,is,itmustbe

50owned,butashabbyimitation.Thatwhichallthingstendtoeduce,whichfreedom,cultivation,intercourse,revolutions,gotoformanddeliver,ischaracter;thatistheendofnature,toreachuntothiscoronationofherking.

55 Toeducatethewiseman,theStateexists;andwiththeappearanceofthewiseman,theStateexpires.TheappearanceofcharactermakestheStateunnecessary.ThewisemanistheState.Heneedsnoarmy,fort,ornavy,-helovesmentoowell;nobribe,

60orfeast,orpalace,todrawfriendstohim;novantageground,nofavorablecircumstance.Heneedsnolibrary,forhehasnotdonethinking;nochurch,forheisaprophet;nostatutebook,forhehasthelawgiver;nomoney,forheisvalue;noroad,forheisathome

65whereheis;noexperience,forthelifeofthecreatorshootsthroughhim,andlooksfromhiseyes.Hehasnopersonalfriends,forhewhohasthespelltodrawtheprayerandpietyofallmenuntohim,needsnothusbandandeducateafew,tosharewithhimaselect

70andpoeticlife.Hisrelationtomenisangelic;hismemoryismyrrhtothem;hispresence,frankincenseandflowers.

Wethinkourcivilizationnearitsmeridian,butweareyetonlyatthecock-crowingandthemorning

75star.Inourbarbaroussocietytheinfluenceofcharacterisinitsinfancy.Asapoliticalpower,astherightfullordwhoistotumbleallrulersfromtheirchairs,itspresenceishardlyyetsuspected.

33

37

Themainpurposeofthepassageisto

questionthelegitimacyofformalgovernments

Suggesthowgovernmentscouldbemoreeffective.

arguethatgovernmentsunderminecommunities

explainhowgovernmentsdiscourageindividuality.

34

Overthecourseofthispassage,themainfocusshiftsfrom

acritiqueoftheroleofgovernmenttotheanticipationofanewsocietalmodel.

anadmissionofindividualpoorjudgmenttothepursuitofhumanexcellence.

asatiricviewofgovernmentpracticestoanidealizedviewofancientsocieties

alightheartedaccountofpeople’spoortreatmentofoneanothertoanearnestcallforimprovedrelations.

35

Asusedinline4,“fit”mostnearlymeans

familiar.

suitable.

healthy.

adapted

Emersonarguesthatgovernmentsmakewhicherrorsintheirtreatmentofpeople?

Theyfailtoeducatepeopleaboutcivicresponsibilities.

Theyenactpoliciesthatturnpeopleagainsttheirneighbors.

Theyimposelawsthatmayviolatepeople’spersonalvalues.

Theyrefusetoacknowledgetheirtyrannyoverthepeopletheygovern.

38

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

Lines1-6(“Everyman’s…end”)

Lines13-15(“Love…force”)

Lines25-27(”Therefore…laughable”)

Lines45-47(“Theant