商務英語泛讀教案

2009年第?學期商務英語泛讀教案

TeachingNotesforBusinessEnglishExtensiveReading

課程內(nèi)容及目標：

i閱讀理解：能夠讀懂英語國家出版的中等難度的各種材料和文章（包括新聞電訊與特寫、短文、電報、傳記、游記及

史地科普文章）、難度相當于ThemoonIsDown的文學原著、Reader'sDigest等報刊、雜志，以及少年百科全書中各種文

章。閱讀速度為80個詞/分鐘，能了解中心大意，抓住主要論點或情節(jié)；能根據(jù)所讀材料進行推理和分析，領會作者的真

實意圖。H快速閱讀：能在3-4分鐘內(nèi)速讀1000詞左右的中等難度的文章（生詞不超過總詞數(shù)3%）,了解中心大意，根

據(jù)上下文和構(gòu)詞知識猜測和判斷詞義?？焖匍喿x可分為：1、略讀：耍求以“全景式”瀏覽全文。目的是檢查對文章大意的

理解程度。重點放在從整體意義上把握作者思維的軌跡。包括：文章的中心思想、作者的觀點、文章的風格、文章的口

吻、文章的體裁。2、尋讀：旨在尋找各種特定的具體信息，不要求了解全文大意。尋讀的閱讀材料可分為：英語詞典，

百科全書，年鑒，廣告，說明書，圖表，旅游見聞，信件，火車、飛機、輪船、瀏覽車的時刻表，索引，數(shù)據(jù)，菜單，

報刊、雜志，論文、備忘錄、報告、講座等的摘選篇章。

教學環(huán)節(jié)：1,ReadingSkill2、3,Text4<VocabularyBuilding5xCloze6<Text7<FastReading8、TopicsforDiscussion

andReflection..

考核形式：1、Vocabulary2,Cloze3^ReadingComprehension4,FastReading

教材及主要參考書：《商務英語閱讀》總主編：虞蘇美高等教育出版社

《新編英語教程》（1-4冊），王守仁，趙文書主編，上海外語教育出版社，2001年7月

版；《新編英語泛讀教程（1-4）參考答案》，《新編英語泛讀教程》編寫組，上海外語教育出版社，1997年8月版：《英語

泛讀教程1、2》曾肯干等編著，上海外語教育出版社，1998年版；《英語閱讀論》胡春洞等編著，廣西教育出版社。

FastReadingSkills

i.解決短篇文章閱讀理解問題的過程:

>Stepl：快速遜全文，旨在繪文章的主旨及把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)。不求完全看懂每詞每句的意思。

>Step2：逐個看問題。

>Step3：磔與回答問題相關的信息。（*|可的就是要只花時間在與回答問題相關的詞句上面。盡量減少作無用功。）

>Step4：分析信息，遜答案。（*要充分利用你的經(jīng)驗、知識和直覺。）

>Step5：評選多選項，選出與自己的推斷答案一致的選項。（*正確的選擇項不過是對自己推斷答案的確認。）

具體執(zhí)行要點：

>Step1：快速遜全文，旨在鹿度文章的主旨及把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)。不求完全看懂每詞每句的意思。

1.英語議論文和說明文的典型結(jié)構(gòu)：

I.Introduction

Thesubjectortopic.Astatementoftheproblem,etc.Comments

onthewayitistobetreated.

ILDevelopment

Presentation,analysisanddiscussion(involvingcommentson

"advantagesanddisadvantages").

1.mainidea.(+examples,details)

2.mainidea(+examples,details)

3.etc.

III.Conclusion

PerhapsasummaryofthemainpointsinIL

Ownviews/opinionsanddecisions.

3.英語議論文和說明文的典型段落:

DevelopingParagraphsMainlinkingwords

1CauseandeffectwhydidXhappened?whatcausedX?the

因果型causeis...,because/becauseof,thereasons

for...,since,nowthat,asaresultof,on

accountof,forthisreason,owingto,due

to,theresult/effect/consequenceof...,thus,

hence,therefore,so,sothat,resultin,lead

to,consequently,accordingly,

2Comparisonandcontrastmorethan,lessthan,as...as...,not

比較和對比型so...as...,thesameas..,,similarly,

likewise,justas,incomparisonwith,

comparedwith,incontrast,while,whereas,

ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,

however,

3Exemplificationforexample,forinstance,thatistosay,that

舉例型is,namely,say,suppose,suchas,one

exampleis...,take...asanexample,there

aremanyexamplestoshow

4Interpretationofdataaccordingto,inaccordancewith,inrelation

解釋型to,ascanbeseenfromthe

chart/diagram/table/graph,asshowninthe

table/figure/chart,

5Listingfirst,second,third,...last

列舉型inthefirstplace,then,next,besides,

inadditionto,moreover,furthermore

finally,

6Classificationbeclassifiedinto...,consistof...,

分類型comprises,iscomposedof...,isdivided

into.???,constitutes,

7GeneralizationItisgenerallyaccepted/argued/held

演繹概括型/believedthat...,generallyspeaking,

8DrawingconclusionsInshort,inaword,inbrief,tosumup,in

歸納推理型conclusion,onthewhole,altogether,in

all,...

1.演繹型段落：主題句通常在段落的開頭。

2.歸納型段落：主題句通常在段落的末尾。

3.將各段落的主題句概括起來就是主題思想。

Step2：逐個看問題。

閱讀問題的主要類型：

?就文章主題、段落大意提問

Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

Whatdowelearnfromthelastparagraph?

?就作者觀點、態(tài)度提問

Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardhigh-techcommunicationsequipment?

Intheauthor'sview,highservicestandardsareimpossibleinIsrael.

就文章基調(diào)、寫作目的提問

Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheauthor'stoneinthepassage?

Theauthor'spurposeinwritingthepassageis.

?就邏輯性推理判斷提問‘,

Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.

Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat.

Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothepassage?

Thispassageismostprobablytakenfromanarticleentitled

就具體的細節(jié)確認康問

WhydidBezaq'sinternationalbranchlose40%ofitsmarketshare?

Whocanmakebigmoneyinthenewcenturyaccordingtothepassage?

Whatistherealcauseofthepotentialwatercrisis?

?就詞匯、短語的意義提問

Inthepassage,44outofsightandoutofmind^^(Line2,Para.3)probablymeans.

Theword''spas"(Line2,Para3)mostprobablymeans.

Step3：搜索與回答問題相關的信息。

如何搜索與問題相關的信息：

I.抓問題中的關鍵詞語：

2.基于對段落大意和文章結(jié)構(gòu)把握(Stepl),以及問題類型對信息的要求(Step2),運用快讀法(Skimming),找到

與回答問題相關的語句；

3.運用詳細研讀法(Scanning),獲取這些語句傳達的信息。

Step4：分析信息，摧新答案。

推斷出正確的答案主要受三個因素的影響：

I.英語基礎知識和應用技能；

2.應試者的綜合知識；

3.科學的思維方法。

分析問題的方法：根據(jù)問題的類型，相機抉擇。

一、關于主題思想(SubjectMatter)

SubjectMatter(SM中心思想)是作者在文章中要表達的主要內(nèi)容，是貫穿全文的核心。作者在文章中努力通過各種

SupportingDetails來闡明中心議題。因此，把握主要思想對于全文理解具有重要意義。主旨題類常被列為5題之首。然而，

如何找出主題常使考生倍感棘手。因為他們總希望通過某個詞或某句話就能找到答案，而找主:題往往需要通讀全文后才

能作出判斷。

針對SM問題，應采用快速閱讀法(Skimming)瀏覽全文，理解文章主旨大意，閱讀時要注意抓住中心思想的句子

在文章中的位置也不同，但閱讀時，文章的開頭、結(jié)尾及段落的段首句和段尾句特別重要，因為他們往往名包含文章的

中心議題(SM).

根據(jù)問題內(nèi)容的不同，這類問題可分成主題型、標題型和目的型。主題型一目了然就是找中心(Mainldea)：標題型

是為文章選擇標題(Title)；目的型就是推斷作者的寫作意圖(Purpose)。這類題常見的命題方式有：

(1)Whatisthemainidea(subject)ofthispassage?

(2)Whatdoesthispassagemainly(primarily)concerncd?

(3)Themainthemeofthispassageis.

(4)Themainpointofthepassageis.

(5)Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?

(6)Thetitlethatbestexpressesthethemeofthepassageis.

(7)Onwhichofthefollowingsubjectwouldthepassagemostlikelybefoundinatextbook?

(8)Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthepassageasawhole?

（9）Thepurposeofthewriterinwritingthispassage.

（10）Theauthorwritesthispassageto.

解題步驟

A.找出主題句主題句大多數(shù)情況下出現(xiàn)在比較重要的位置，如文章的開頭或結(jié)尾，如果一篇文章包括多個段落，一般

來說每個自然段的首句也是主題句。文章主題句之外的其他內(nèi)容?般都是對主:題句加以解釋、補充說明或列舉事實等。

主題型例文1

Mostepisodesofabsent-mindedness-forgettingwhereyouleftsomethingorwonderingwhyyoujustenteredaroom-

arecausedbyasimplelackofattention,saysSchacter."You'resupposedtoremembersomething,butyouhaven'tencodedit

deeply.”

Encoding,Schaclerexplains,isaspecialwayofpayingattentiontoaneventthathasamajorimpactonrecallingitlater.Failure

toencodeproperlycancreateannoyingsituations.Ifyouputyourmobilephoneinapocket,forexample,anddon'tpayattention

towhatyoudidbecauseyou'reinvolvedinaconversation,you'llprobablyforgetthatthephoneisinthejacketnowhangingin

youwardrobe（衣柜）.“Youmemoryitselfisn'tfailingyou."saysSchactcr."Rather,youdidn'tgiveyourmemorysystemthe

informationitneeded.”

Lackofinterestcanalsoleadtoabsent-mindedness.i4Amanwhocanrecitesportsstatisticsfrom30yearsago,“sayZelinski,

“maynotremembertodropaletterinthemailbox.^^Womenhaveslightlybettermemoriesthanmen,possiblybecausetheypay

moreattentiontotheirenvironment,andmemoryreliesonjustthat.

Visualcuescanhelppreventabsent-mindedness,saysSchacler."Buibesurethecueisclearandavailable,“hecautions.If

youwanttoremembertotakeamedication（藥物）withlunch,putthepillbottleonthekitchentable-don'tleaveitinthe

medicinechestandwriteyourselfanotethatyoukeepinapocket.

Anothercommonepisodeofabsent-mindedness:walkingintoaroomandwonderingwhyyou*rethere.Mostlikely,you

werethinkingaboutsomethingelse."Everyonedoesthisfromtimetotime,"saysZelinski.Thebestthingtodoistoreturnto

whereyouwerebeforeenteringtheroom,andyou'lllikelytoremember.

30.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

A）Theprocessofgradualmemoryloss.

B）Thecausesofabsent-mindedness.

C）Theimpactoftheenvironmentonmemory.

D）Awayofencodingandrecalling.

略加瀏覽一下各段的第一句話（不用都讀完），即可看出這是一篇科普性的說明文，文章的話題是absent-mindedness。

本文開頭第,句話即點明了文章的主題。第二段說明了absent-mindedness的原因之，failuretoencodeproperly0第

三段說明了它的另一個原因lackofinteresto第四段是關于如何"preventabsent-mindedness"，最后一段通了

absent-mindedness的另一種形式、其原因以及發(fā)生了這種情況后該怎么辦。所以綜合起來，文章的主題是absent-mindedness

的原因，故B）是正確答案。

B.概括和歸納出主題思想在閱讀理解中有的文章是沒有主題句的。這是由于文章體裁的原因，或是由于短文是節(jié)選的。

這時就要靠應試者自己進行概括或歸納隱含的主題思想了。概括主題可以從歸納每段的要點開始（大部分文章都是由數(shù)

段組成），最后將各段要點集中概括并歸納出全文的主題思想。

主題型例文2

Itishardtotrackthebluewhale,theocean'slargestcreature,whichhasalmostbeenkilledoffbycommercialwhalingand

isnowlistedasanendangeredspecies.Attachingradiodevicestoitisdifficult,andvisualsightingsaretoounreliabletogivereal

insightintoitsbehavior.

Sobiologistsweredelightedearlythisyearwhen,withthehelpoftheNavy,theywereabletotrackaparticularbluewhale

for43days,monitoringitssounds.ThiswaspossiblebecauseoftheNavy'sformerlytop-secretsystemofunderwaterlistening

devicesspanningtheoceans.

TrackingwhalesisbutoneexampleofanexcitingnewworldjustopeningtocivilianscientistsafterthecoldwarastheNavy

startstoshareandpartlyuncoveritsglobalnetworkofunderwaterlisteningsystembuiltoverthedecadestotracktheshipsof

potentialenemies.

Earthscientistsannouncedatanewsconferencerecentlythattheyhadusedthesystemforcloselymonitoringadeep-sea

volcaniceruption（爆發(fā)）forthefirstlimeandthattheyplansimilarstudies.

Otherscientistshaveproposedtousethenetworkfbrtrackingoceancurrentsandmeasuringchangesinoceanandglobal

temperatures.

Thespeedofsoundinwaterisroughlyonemileasecond-slowerthanthroughlandbutfasterthanthroughair.Whatis

mostimportant,differentlayersofoceanwatercanactaschannelsforsounds,focusingtheminthesamewayastethoscope（聽診

器）doeswhenitcarriesfaintnoisesfromapatient'schesttoadoctor'sear.Thisfocusingisthemainreasonthatevenrelatively

weaksoundsintheocean,especiallylow-frequencyones,canoftentravelthousandsofmiles.

31.Thepassageischieflyabout.

A）anefforttoprotectanendangeredmarinespecies

B）thecivilianuseofamilitarydetectionsystem

C）theexposureofaU.S.Navytop-secretweapon

D）anewwaytolookintothebehaviorofbluewhales

本文是一篇科普類說明文。第一、二段以追蹤藍鯨引出話題，即軍事技術（水下監(jiān)聽）在非軍事領域的應用。第三段進

一步加以明確，說明trackingwhales僅僅是這一技術應用的一個例子。第四段說的是水卜,監(jiān)聽技術在monitoringdeep-sea

volcaniceruption方面的應用。第四段說的是水下監(jiān)聽技術在trackingoceancurrentsandmeasuringchangesinoceanand

globaltemperatures方面的應用。最后一段是作了原理性的說明。

綜上所述，本文的話題是水下監(jiān)聽技術，主題則是這一技術的非軍事領域的廣泛應用。因此31題的正確答案應為B）。

此外，這一題也可用排除法解題或加以驗證。C）的錯誤之處在于與文章內(nèi)容完全不符，文中只提到了水下監(jiān)聽技術曾是

絕密的（formerlytop-secret）,況且這項技術也并不是weapon。A）、D）兩項涉及到藍鯨，而追蹤藍鯨只是這一技術應用

的一個例子，屬細枝末節(jié)。如果A）或D）是文章的主題的話，那么后面的三段與主題有多大關系呢？

標題型例文

Americansareproudoftheirvarietyandindividuality,yettheyloveandrespectfewthingsmorethanauniform,whetheritis

theuniformofanelevatoroperatorortheuniformofafive-stargeneral.WhyareuniformssopopularintheUnitedStates?

Amongtheargumentsfbruniforms,oneofthefirstisthatintheeyesofmostpeopletheylookmoreprofessionalthancivilian（白

姓的）Clothes.Peoplehavebecomeconditionedtoexpectsuperiorqualityfromamanwhowearsauniform.Thetelevision

repairmanwhowearsauniformtendstoinspiremoretrustthanonewhoappearsincivilianclothes.Faithintheskillofagarage

mechanicisincreasedbyauniform.Whateasierwayistherefbranurse,apoliceman,abarber,orawaitertoloseprofessional

identily（身份）thantostepoutofuniform?

Uniformsalsohavemanypracticalbenefits.Theysaveonotherclothes.Theysaveonlaundrybills.Theyaretax-deductible（可減

稅的）.Theyareoftenmorecomfortableandmoredurablethancivilianclothes.

Primaryamongtheargumentsagainstuniformsistheirlackofvarietyandtheconsequentlossofindividualityexperiencedby

peoplewhomustwearthem.Thoughtherearemanytypesofuniforms,thewearerofanyparticulartypeisgenerallystuckwithit,

withoutchange,untilretirement.Whenpeoplelookalike,theytendtothink,speak,andactsimilarly,onthejobatleast.

Uniformsalsogiverisetosomepracticalproblems.Thoughtheyarelong-lasting,oftentheirinitialexpenseisgreaterthanthe

costofcivilianclothes.Someuniformsarealsoexpensivetomaintain,requiringprofessionaldrycleaningratherthanthehome

launderingpossiblewithmanytypesofcivilianclothes.

65.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe.

A）UniformsandSociety

B）TheImportanceofWearingaUniform

C)PracticalBenefitsofWearingaUniform

D)AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofUniforms

本文可分為三個部分。第一段提出話題：uniform.以卜?的四段中，每段的第一句話都是該段的主題句。第二、三兩段

說明了制服的好處，第三、四兩段說的是制服的不利方面。因此，這篇文章的主題是：制服的利與弊，故標題應為D)。

目的型例文

Sportisnotonlyphysicallychallenging,butitcanalsobementallychallenging.Criticismfromcoaches,parents,andother

teammates,aswellaspressuretowincancreateanexcessiveamountofanxietyorstressforyoungathletes(運動員).Stresscan

bephysical,emotional,orpsychologicalandresearchhasindicatedthatitcanleadtoburnout.Burnouthasbeendescribedas

droppingorquittingofanactivitythatwasatonetimeenjoyable.

Theearlyyearsofdevelopmentarecriticalyearsfbrlearningaboutoneself.Thesportsettingisonewherevaluable

experiencescantakeplace.Youngathletescan,forexample,learnhowtocooperatewithothers,makefriends,andgainother

socialskillsthatwillbeusedthroughouttheirlives.Coachesandpaientsshouldbeaware,atalltimes,thattheirfeedbackto

youngsterscangreatlyaffecttheirchildren.Youngstersmaytaketheirparents*andcoaches5criticismstoheartandfindaflaw(缺

陷)inthemselves.

Coachesandparentsshouldalsobecautiousthatyouthsportparticipationdoesnotbecomeworkforchildren.Theoutcome

ofthegameshouldnotbemoreimportantthantheprocessoflearningthesportandotherlifelessons.Intoday'syouthsport

setting,youngathletesmaybeworryingmoreaboutwhowillwininsteadofenjoyingthemselvesandthesport.Followingagame,

manyparentsandcoachesfbcusontheoutcomeandfindfaultwithyoungsters'performances.Positivereinforcementshouldbe

providedregardlessoftheoutcome.Researchindicatesthatpositivereinforcementmotivatesandhasagreatereffectonlearning

thancriticism.Again,criticismcancreatehighlevelsofstress,whichcanleadtoburnout.

Theauthor'spurposeinwritingthepassageis.

A)toteachyoungathleteshowtoavoidbuniout

B)topersuadeyoungchildrennottoworryaboutcriticism

C)tostresstheimportanceofpositivereinforcementtochildren

D)todiscusstheskillofcombiningcriticismwithencouragement

本文第一段論述了sportsarementallychallenging(第一句話后半句)。指出教練和家長的批評和急于獲勝的壓力可能

會帶來負面的影響。

第二段指出在早期發(fā)展階段教練和家長要意識到他們的反應會極大地影響孩子(theirfeedbacktoyoungsterscan

greatlyaffecttheirchildren)0

第三段的第一句話是這一段的主題句。本段告誡教練和家長不要使運動成為孩子的負擔。注意此處的標志詞“also”。

綜上所述，本文的主題是勸告教練和家長不要對孩子的運動成績過于批評，而應該象倒數(shù)第三、第二句話暗示的那

樣，多加以鼓勵。所以本文的寫作目的應選擇C)。

二.態(tài)度類問題(Altilude)

閱讀理解的最后一題常常提問在作者對文章中某一問題的態(tài)度(Attitude)、全文的基調(diào)(Tone)、文章的出處(Source)

及對文章前后接續(xù)內(nèi)容的判斷等。

關于態(tài)度或基調(diào)(AttitudefTone)類題的回答應從篇章的體裁著手，一般來說，在說明文中作者的態(tài)度是客觀的

(objective)或中立的(neutral)；而在議論文中，作者的觀點才會顯得多種多樣，常見的選項有：

(1)positive

(2)negative

(3)neutral

(4)approval

(5)disapproval

(6)indifferent

(7)sarcastic

(8)critical

(9)optimistic

(10)pessimistic

下面是這類問題常見的兒種提問方式：

(1)What'sthewriter'sattitudeto...?

(2)What*sthetoneofthepassage?

(3)Theauthor'sviewis

(4)Thewriter'sattitudeofthispassageisapparently.

(5)Theauthorsuggeststhat

(6)Accordingtoauthor,

有的文章中，作者觀點明確，文章基調(diào)清楚，而有的文章中，作者僅僅暗示對某一問題的態(tài)度和觀點，需要閱讀時

仔細琢磨。解答這類問題時，首先應請注意篇章中起連接手段作用的那些詞語：其次應注意有些表明作者觀點詞匯，如

形容詞、副詞、動詞等。

對文章的出處及文章前后接續(xù)內(nèi)容判斷等可從全篇著手，從個別句子或詞匯找線索進行判斷。

態(tài)度類問題例文

Newtechnologylinkstheworldasneverbefore.Ourplanethasshrunk.It*snowa“globalvillage*'wherecountriesareonly

secondsawaybefaxorphoneorsatellitelink.And,ofcourse,ourabilitytobenefitfromthishigh-techcommunications

equipmentisgreatlyenhancedbyforeignlanguageskills.

Deeplyinvolvedwiththisnewtechnologyisabreedofmodernbusinesspeoplewhohaveagrowingrespectforthe

economicvalueofdoingbusinessabroad.Inmodernmarkets,successoverseasoftenhelpssupportdomesticbusinessefforts.

Overseasassignmentsarebecomingincreasinglyimportanttoadvancementwithinexecutiveranks.Theexecutivestationed

inanothercountrynolongerneedfearbeing“outofsightandoutofmind."Heorshecanbesurethattheoverseaseffortis

centraltothecompany'splanforsuccess,andthatpromotionsoftenfolloworaccompanyanassignmentabroad.Ifanemployee

cansucceedinadifficultassignmentoverseas,superiorwillhavegreaterconfidenceinhisorherabilitytocopebackinthe

UnitedStateswherecross-culturalconsiderationsandforeignlanguageissuesarebecomingmoreandmoreprevalent(普遍的).

Thankstoavarietyofrelativelyinexpensivecommunicationsdeviceswithbusinessapplications,evensmallbusinessesin

theUnitedStatesareabletogetintointernationalmarkets.

Englishisstilltheinternationallanguageofbusiness.Butthereisanever-growingneedforpeoplewhocanspeakanother

language.Asecondlanguageisn'tgenerallyrequiredtogetajobinbusiness,buthavinglanguageskillsgivesacandidatetheedge

whenotherqualificationsappeartobeequal.

Theemployeepostedabroadwhospeaksthecountry'sprincipallanguagehasanopportunitytofast-forwardcertain

negotiations,andcanhavetheculturalinsighttoknowwhenitisbettertomovemoreslowly.Theemployeeatthehomeoffice

whocancommunicatewellwithforeignclientsoverthetelephoneorbyfaxmachineisanobviousassettothefirm.

21.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardhigh-techcommunicationsequipment?

A)Critical.B)Indifferent.C)Prejudiced.D)Positive.

本題的基調(diào)是比較鮮明的。題干表面是問作者對于高科技通訊工具的態(tài)度，但我們從全文可以感覺到，作者對現(xiàn)代通

訊是持正面態(tài)度的，因而對于其通訊工具估計也是持肯定態(tài)度的。當然，細心一點的話，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)第四段中的

''communicationsdevices”與題干中的communicationsequipment相對應。而它所在的這一段說：由于各種各樣的相對來說

并不貴重的通訊設備用于商業(yè)，連小企業(yè)也能進入國際市場了。能進入國際市場自然是好事，所以作者明顯是持正面的

態(tài)度的。

三.細節(jié)類問題(SupportingDetails)

細節(jié)性問題是關于SupportingDetails類的問題，通過Skimming找出主題后，應進一步掌握闡述和發(fā)展主題的主要

事實，或按要求找出特定細節(jié)。在回答此類問題時，應采用查讀法（Scanning）,因為這些具體內(nèi)容（Details）是用來說

明、論證或分析文章中心的。這類題目常以“WH-”形式來提問，如who,what,when,where,why及how等形式。

這些問題的表達常不采用文章中的原話提問，而是使用同義詞語等，因此，在選擇答案前應首先看準題干，看清問題所

問：然后，在查讀時注意尋找與題目相關的關鍵詞語：最后，在充分理解原文、原題的基礎上確定正確答案。

當然，這類細節(jié)性問題所涉及的面是很廣的。有的涉及數(shù)字計算，如問時間、距離、次數(shù)、數(shù)量等，認真計算后方

可選定正確答案；有的涉及正誤判斷，要先看選項，根據(jù)選項提供的線索，尋視文中相應部分，最后在題中選出肯定答

案；還有的尋問事實、原因、結(jié)果、口的等。總之，做細節(jié)題切忌通過自己對某類知識的主觀了解和認識做出想像判斷，

一定要緊扣文章內(nèi)容，不可隨心所欲。

細節(jié)類問題的命題方式有以下幾種：

(1)WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtotheinformationinthepassage?

(2)Whichofthefollowingismentionedinthepassage?

(3)Whatistheexampleof...asdescribedinthepassage?

(4)Theauthormentionsallofthefollowingexcept...

(5)Thereasonfor...is...

(6)Theauthorstatesthat...

(7)Accordingtothepassage,when(where,why,how.who,etc.)...

細節(jié)類問題例文

Likemanyofmygeneration,Ihaveaweaknessforheroworship.Atsomepoint,however,weallbegintoquestionour

heroesandourneedforthem.Thisleadsustoask:Whatisahero?

Despiteimmensedifferencesincultures,heroesaroundtheworldgenerallyshareanumberofcharacteristicsthatinstruct

andinspirepeople.

Aherodoessomethingworthtalkingabout.Aherohasastoryofadventuretotellandacommunitywhowilllisten.Buta

herogoesbeyondmerefame.

Heroesservepowersorprincipleslargerthanthemselves.Likehigh-voltagetransformers,heroestaketheenergyofhigher

powersandstepitdownsothatitcanbeusedbyordinarypeople.

Theherolivesalifeworthyofimitation.Thosewhoimitateagenuineheroexperiencelifewithnewdepth,enthusiasm,and

meaning.Asuretestfbrwould-beheroesiswhatorwhomdotheyserve?Whataretheywillingtoliveanddiefor?Iftheanswer

orevidencesuggeststheyserveonlytheirownfame,theymaybefamouspersonsbutnotheroes.MadonnaandMichaelJackson

arefamous,butwhowouldclaimthattheirfansfindlifemoreabundant?

Heroesarecatalysts(催化劑)fbrchange.Theyhaveavisionfromthemountaintop.Theyhavetheskillandthecharmto

movethemasses.Theycreatenewpossibilities.WithoutGandhi,IndiamightstillbepartoftheBritishEmpire.WithoutRosa

ParksandMartinLutherKing,Jr.,wemightstillhavesegregated(隔離的)buses,restaurants,andparks.Itmaybepossiblefor

largescalechangetooccurwithoutleaderswithmagneticpersonalities,butthepaceofchangewouldbeslow,thevision

uncertain,andthecommitteemeetingsendless.

11.Althoughheroesmaycomefromdifferentcultures,they.

A)generallypossesscertaininspiringcharacteristics

B)probablesharesomeweaknessesofordinarypeople

C)areofteninfluencedbypreviousgenerations

D)allunknowinglyattractalargenumberoffans

木題即對應于第二段這一句話。題干中的“Althoughheroesmaycomefromdifferentcultures"，完全對應于第二段的狀

語“Despiteimmensedifferencesincultures”,選項A)「日的"generallypossess”對應于主句「口的"generallyshare“，“inspiring”

對應于原主句中的定語從句“thatinstructandinspirepeople”。

四.推理性問題(Inference)

推理性問題與細節(jié)性問題相似，也是對文章具體內(nèi)容的判斷。但推理不但要求掌握文章所表達的字面含義，還耍掌

握一定的邏輯判斷能力及寫作技巧知識，從文章表面推出更深層含義，這部分往往出題分量大，難度大，出錯也最多，

歸根結(jié)底還是對文章內(nèi)容沒有做到真正的理解和掌握。

文字表面往往沒有明顯反映作者的全部意圖，有些含義需要讀者從字里行間去體會，靠自己的邏輯推理能力去判斷，

從上下文的聯(lián)貫及文中有關部分的暗示去明析作者隱含的意思。這類問題的命題方式有：

A)(1)Thewriterimpliesbutnotdirectlystatesthat

(2)Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.

(3)Theauthorstronglysuggeststhat.

(4)Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat.

(5)Thepassageisintendedto.

(6)Thewriterindicatesthat.

Example1

(15)Theauthorconcludesthathistoricalchangeswould.

A)bedelayedwithoutleaderswithinspiringpersonalqualities

B)nothappenwithoutheroesmakingthenecessarysacrifices

C)takeplaceiftherewereheroestoleadthepeople

D)produceleaderswithattractivepersonalities

題干中的concludes和historicalchanges告訴我們答案應該在文章的最后一段的最后一句話。這句話說我：在缺少

leaderswithmagneticpersonalities的情況下，大規(guī)模的變革也許會發(fā)生，但速度遲緩，前景不明朗，人們將無休止地爭論。

在此基礎上，我們可以得出結(jié)論，即選項A)。

Example2

Inrecentyears,Israeliconsumershavegrownmoredemandingasthey'vebecomewealthierandmoreworldly-wise.

Foreigntravelisanationalpassion;thissummeralone,onein10citizenswillgoabroad.Exposedtohigherstandardsofservice

elsewhere,Israelisarereturninghomeexpectingthesame.Americanfirmshavealsobegunarrivinginlargenumbers.Chains

suchasKFC,McDonald'sandPizzaHutaresettinganewstandardofcustomerservice,usingstrictemployeetrainingand

constantmonitoringtoensurethefriendlinessoffrontlinestaff.EventheAmericanhabitoftellingdepartingcustomersto“Havea

niceday“hascaughtonalloverIsrael.,4Nobodywakesupinthemorningandsays,'Let'sbenicer,“saysItsikCohen,directorof

aconsultingfirm.l4Nothinghappenswithoutcompetition.”

Privatization,orthethreatofit,isamotivationaswell.Monopolies(壟斷者)thatuntilrecentlyhavebeenfreetotaketheir

customersfbrgrantednowfearwhalMichaelPerry,amarketingprofessor,calls“therevengeful(報復的)consumer/5Whenthe

governmentopenedupcompetitionwithBczaq,thephonecompany,itsinternationalbranchlost40%ofitsmarketshare,even

whileofferingcompetitiverates.SaysPerry,“Peoplewantedrevengefbralltheyearsofbadservice.^^Theelectriccompany,

whosemonopolymaybeshort-lived,hassuddenlystoppedrequiringuserstowaithalfadayfbrarepairman.Now,appointments

arescheduledtothehalf-hour.ThegracelessElAlAirlines,whichisalreadyatauction(拍賣)，hasretraineditsemployeesto

emphasizeserviceandisboastingabouttheresultsinanadcampaignwiththeslogan.ktYoucanfeelthechangeintheair."For

thefirsttime,praiseoutnumberscomplaintsoncustomersurveysheets.

26.Itmaybeinferredfromthepassagethat.

A)customerserviceinIsraelisnowimproving

B)wealthyIsraelicustomersarehardtoplease

C)thetouristindustryhasbroughtchainstorestoIsrael

D)Israelicustomers