上海牛津版八年級(jí)下冊(cè)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)綜合-賓從,定從,倒裝,句子成分

PartOne句子成分成分詞性例句主語(yǔ)（處于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前）名詞Theappleisred.代詞Nobodyishere.數(shù)詞Fourandfivemakesnine.名詞化的形容詞Theoldneedourhelp.todo/doingTobeadoctorismydream.Runningisgoodforhealth.從句Thatheishandsomeiswellknown.Whatyousaidisright.謂語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)：一個(gè)動(dòng)詞/動(dòng)詞詞組Heoftenreadsnewspaper.Theplanetakesoff.復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)：助動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞HecanspeakEnglishwell.表語(yǔ)位于系動(dòng)詞后面的成分一般為：名詞，代詞，形容詞，數(shù)詞，todo/doing;介詞短語(yǔ)，從句；畐U詞Mywishistobecomeadoctor.Timeispressing.時(shí)間緊迫Iamatwork.ThisiswhyIamhere.賓語(yǔ)位干及物動(dòng)詞或者介詞后的部分名詞；代詞；數(shù)詞；名詞化的形容詞；todo/doing;從句weloveourmotherland.Buyit.Givemefive.Weshouldhelpthepoor.DoyouunderstandwhatIsaid?補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：對(duì)賓語(yǔ)講行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明形容詞分詞短語(yǔ)不定式名詞介詞短語(yǔ)副詞Ifoundthebookveryinteresting.Hemadehimselfknowntoothers.Heaskedmetodosth.wemustkeepitasecret.makeyourselfathome.keepthedogout.主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：對(duì)主語(yǔ)進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明名詞；形容詞等Thedogwasfounddead.Heiselectedmonitoroftheclass.定語(yǔ)修飾限定名詞或者代詞的成分介詞短語(yǔ)代詞數(shù)詞名詞不定式分詞從句Thebookonthedeskismine.Mybagishere.Threedogsarebarking.stonetablethewaytodothismovingfilm/boiledwaterIknowtheboywhoisstandingthere.狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞.形容詞.副詞.句子副詞不定式分詞短語(yǔ)介詞短語(yǔ)從句Tomspeaksfast.Ibuythecaketoeat.Arrivingthere,Icalledhim.WhenIwasachild,Iwassocute.Parttwo句子的類(lèi)型簡(jiǎn)單句---五種基本句型1）主語(yǔ)+不及物動(dòng)詞【主謂】Thedogdied.2）主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)【主謂賓】IteachEnglish.）主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)【主謂賓賓】Shesentmeapresent.）主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)【主謂賓賓補(bǔ)】）主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)【主系表】并列句…由并列連詞【fanboys】連接的句子。fanboys:for,and,nor,but,or,yet,so1.注意就遠(yuǎn)原則、就近原則2.注意邏輯語(yǔ)義關(guān)系。>主從復(fù)合句1.分類(lèi)名詞性從句主語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句*同位語(yǔ)從句形容詞性從句定語(yǔ)從句副詞性從句狀語(yǔ)從句2.名詞性從句的連接詞使用一覽表連接詞從句內(nèi)部情況是否可省例句that不缺成分；意義完整賓語(yǔ)從句可以??；主從，表從不可省Iknow(that)youloveEnglish.ThatyouloveEnglishiswellknown.ThereasonisthatyouloveEnglish.whether不缺成分；意義''是否”不可省WhetherIamalivedependsonyou.Theproblemiswhetherhewillagreewithyou.if不缺成分；意義''是否”只能用在賓語(yǔ)從句中的某些情況whose從句缺定語(yǔ)；“誰(shuí)的”不可省Iwanttoknowwhosebagitis.whichwhatwho/whom從句缺主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)不可省Whichboywillgothereisunknown.Whatyousaidisright.Iwonderwhoheis.wherewhywhenhow從句缺狀語(yǔ)；地點(diǎn)意義，時(shí)間意義，方式，原因意義不可省Whereyouwanttoliveisnotaquestionnow.Iwonderwhyyouaresobrilliant.Ididn'tknowwhenheleft.Letteachyouhowtowrite.從句的語(yǔ)序：陳述語(yǔ)序---引導(dǎo)詞后緊跟從句的主語(yǔ)。【注意特例】：特殊疑問(wèn)詞本身做主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，改為賓從的時(shí)候，語(yǔ)序不變。what'swrong/thematter/theproblem(with...)whichisthewayto...whatisthemostbeautiful..whatishappeningoverthere.whoisstandingthere.3)時(shí)態(tài)主現(xiàn)從不限，主過(guò)從必過(guò)，真理永一現(xiàn)。注意：在改寫(xiě)賓從的時(shí)候，1)如果主句是一般過(guò)去式，從句要用相應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。2)注意人稱(chēng)變化；3)注意時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的變化3.定從考點(diǎn)梳理連接詞使用一覽表從句內(nèi)部情況連接詞是否可省例句從句缺主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)that當(dāng)從句缺的是賓語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，可以省略IknowagirlthatisgoodatEnglish.Iknowthegirl(that)youtalkabout.which【先行詞為物】who/whom【先行詞為人】當(dāng)從句缺的是賓語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，可以省略Thisisthebag(which)youboughtforme.Thisistheman(whom)Ilove.從句缺定語(yǔ)；“誰(shuí)的”whoseIliveinthehousewhosedooriswhite.從句基本完整wherewhywhenIsthereaplacewherewecanspendourholidays?Idon'tknowthereasonwhyheislate.Iwillneverforgetthedayswhenwelivedtogether.注意：只能用that的情況先行詞是all,few,little,much,something,anything,everything等不定代詞先行詞由only,very修飾先行詞被最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞修飾先行詞中既有人又有物非限制性定語(yǔ)從句：特點(diǎn):先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)which引導(dǎo)：先行詞既可以是一個(gè)單詞，也可以是一整個(gè)句子as引導(dǎo)：可參考常見(jiàn)搭配：assbexpectedasismentionedbeforeasiswell-known4.狀語(yǔ)從句重點(diǎn)連接詞時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句since---自從；與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用assoonas-一…就not...until...直到….才…原因狀語(yǔ)從句since；as目的狀語(yǔ)從句sothat讓步狀語(yǔ)從句：though/although/evenif/eventhough,不與but連用條件狀語(yǔ)從句：if,unless,as/solongas方式狀語(yǔ)從句：as（按照），asif/asthoughPartThree倒裝句---NAOSHI原則NAOSHI----N---negativewords【當(dāng)句首出現(xiàn)否定意義成分，需要進(jìn)行部分倒裝】否定成分倒裝類(lèi)型否定詞：never,seldom,searcely,not,nowhere,littleNevershallIforgivehim.「咅B(yǎng)分倒裝］否定短語(yǔ)：(決不)Onnoaccount,bynomeans,innocase,undernocircumstance,innoway,innosenseBynomeanscanyougetmymoney.「部分倒裝］否定句型：)Notunitl)Nosooner.than)Hardly/scarcely...when)notonly....butalso.「從句不倒裝，主句倒裝］)NotuntilTimycamecouldthestudentshavetheclass.)NosoonerhadTimycomethanthestudentsstartedtolaugh.［than此處為從屬連詞，后面連接的是從句)Hardly/ScarcelyhadTimycomewhenthestudentsstartedtolaugh.［when此處為從屬連詞，后面連接的是從句N(xiāo)otonlydidheloveEnglish,butalsosheloveEnglish.?NAOSHI----A（as/though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句）結(jié)構(gòu)1:一adj?/adv?/分詞/名詞（無(wú)冠詞"短語(yǔ)+as/though+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)Although/ThoughIwasverytired,Itriedtohelpthem.=Tiredas/thoughIwas,triedtohelpthem.Thoughsheisagirl,shebehaveslikeaboy.=Girlas/thoughsheis,［此處強(qiáng)調(diào)部分為a+n單時(shí)；倒裝時(shí)不用加a］NAOSHI—o:only+狀語(yǔ)（adv./介詞短語(yǔ)/狀從）+助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞（部分倒裝）Onlythendidherealizehismistake.OnlyinthiswaycanyoulearnEnglishwell.OnlywhenyoufinishyourhomeworkcanyouwatchTV.［從句不倒裝，主句倒裝］注意易錯(cuò)：Onlyyoucangotoschool.【only后不接狀語(yǔ)，不用倒裝。此句only修飾的是主語(yǔ)】NAOSHI—s==so,neitherSodidI.我也是SoIdid.確實(shí)如此Ididso.我做過(guò)這件事。1.So+助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)；表示“也…”Neither/Nor+助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ):表示“也不…”【拓展固定結(jié)構(gòu)】：Soitiswith...表示前面提及的事也適合后者。Mancan'tlivewithoutwaterorair.Soitiswithanimals.人不能離開(kāi)水和空氣。動(dòng)物也是如此。NAOSHI—H：Here等引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)（方向）、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，位于句首時(shí)，要用完全倒裝。Herecomesthebus.InfrontofyousitsTimy.HearingTimy'shomework,awayfledthestudents.常見(jiàn)標(biāo)志詞：here,there,now,then,away,off,in,out,up,down等+介詞短語(yǔ)易錯(cuò)：當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是人稱(chēng)代詞的時(shí)候，不用完全倒裝Awaytheywent.Awaywentthestudents.Outwenttheman.Outherushed.*NAOSHI—I:if引導(dǎo)的虛擬從句;若省略if,從句要用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表達(dá)結(jié)構(gòu)：Were+主語(yǔ)+其他；Had+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞+其他；should+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形+其他=were+主語(yǔ)+todo+其他IfIwereaboy,Iwouldmarryyou.WereIaboy,Iwouldmarryyou.IfIhadknownthis,Iwouldhavetoldyou.HadIknowthis,Iwouldhavetoldyou.heretomorrow,hewouldshowushisnewpictures.A.WerehetocomeB.ShouldhecomeC.HadhecomeD.AandBPartFour時(shí)態(tài)綜合一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：表示經(jīng)常，習(xí)慣的動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)；真理；名人名言標(biāo)志詞：often,always,usually,sometimes,onceaweek,everyday考點(diǎn)：真理永一現(xiàn)Ourteachertoldustheearth_goesaroundthesun.(go)時(shí)間/條件狀從：主將從現(xiàn)，主祈從現(xiàn)，主情從現(xiàn)Ifitrainstomorrow,wewon'tgotothepark.一般過(guò)去時(shí)：過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)標(biāo)志詞：yesterday;last...,...ago,in1998,justnow,usedtodo考占.usedtodosth過(guò)去常常做beusedtodoingsth習(xí)慣于做某事beusedtodosth被用來(lái)做某事一般將來(lái)時(shí)：將要發(fā)生/計(jì)劃發(fā)生的動(dòng)作標(biāo)志詞：tomorrow,nextweek,inthefuture,in+時(shí)間段，in2100,考點(diǎn)：begoingto—主觀判斷據(jù)現(xiàn)有跡象判斷將發(fā)生will—客觀必然；無(wú)跡象Heisseriouslyill.Heisgoingtodie.Hewillbetwentyyearsold.進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：1)說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作2)最近一段時(shí)間持續(xù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作標(biāo)志詞：現(xiàn)在此刻看和聽(tīng)；最近在哪要小心。(now,atthismoment;look;listen;thesedays;whereis.;Becareful!)?過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：1)過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作2)過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間段持續(xù)的動(dòng)作標(biāo)志詞