跨文化商務(wù)溝通筆記

Theessentialelementsofcommunication1.thereshouldbeatleasttwopart1.thereshouldbeatleasttwoparts.2.thereshouldbeamessage3.therealanguagethatshouldbeacontactbetweenthetwoparts4.alanguagethatbothsidesshare.5.thereshouldaplace6.bothsidesshare.5.thereshouldaplace.Message（信息）Sourceofmessageencodecodechannel/mediumdecoderretrieverofmessage（信息源）編碼）（密碼）（渠道/媒介）（解碼）（信息接受者）AttributesofcommunicationItisabornneed2.Itisinteractive3.itcanbeeitherconstructiveordestructivetoarelation4.Itcannotbewhitewashedincaseitisperformed.?I.Whatisculture?Thedefinitioncanbeinthree-stephierarchy/thestructureofcultureSpiritual:beliefs,coreofvalue,ethnics,etc.;Custom/social:manners,organizations,techniques,etc,.Material:food,tools,clothing,etc.Ideologicalculture/socialculture/materialcultureFourAspectsofCultureIt'slearnt,notobtainedfromgenes.Social,family,andregionalfactorsasinput.It'ssharedbyagroupofpeople.Locallanguageandculturetobesharedbypeopleinacertaingroup.It'ssymbolic.Manycanbeofsymbolsofaculture---language（verbalornon-verbalone）,architects,arts,andsoon.It'sadaptive.Nocultureisfixedexceptthedead.Whatmayeffectcross-culturalcommunicationWayofobservingverballanguagenon-verballanguage?Kickbacks回扣（而不是：踢回）?Honeycooler討好女人的男子（而不是：甜飲料）?Dog-eared書頁的折角（而不是：狗耳朵）?Sea-elephant海豹（而不是：海象walrus）?Streetwalker妓女（而不是：行人）?Hospitaltrust銀行（而不是：友好的信任）?Lover情人（而不是：愛人）?Restroom廁所（而不是：休息室）?Dollarsale全部商品一美圓賤賣（而不是：美圓賤賣）?Greenwash塑造環(huán)保形象（而不是：刷綠色）?busboy飯店里的洗碗檫桌子的雜工（而不是：公共汽車上的售票員?busybody工大忙人，它相當于漢語中的"愛管閑事的人”。?從跨文化角度提出了出口商標翻譯的三種方法，即直譯法、音譯法和音意合璧法?Whotowhom??Introducethehosttothevisitor/first(groups)?Firstintroduceyoursidetothevisitingside?Thenthevisitingsidewillmakeanintroductionofthemselves?Youngertotheseniorfirst?Lowranktohighrankfirst?Ladyfirst?Ifonthesameposition,thesenioragedfirst?下面介紹一下西方的名片一些小知識，這個也許對我們將來會有幫助的。P.P:即介紹，意思是當你的合作伙伴劉總送給一張名片上左下角寫著這個字樣的時候，你不用著急，這意思是讓你去認識一個人。你要打電話到你要認識的那個人那邊去，說:"你好我是某某公司的誰誰，是劉總讓我打電話給你的。 。。。"P.F:如果名字左下角寫著這樣的字樣是表示當有什么節(jié)日或有什么事時， 你的朋友為了敬祝或答謝你，送你的禮物。他在禮物上留了一張名片，并在名片左下角寫上P.F。表示敬賀的意思。P.R:表達謹謝。這時當你收到地方的禮物時，想回敬時，也可以在禮物上放上一個名片左下角寫上P.R。當對方收到禮物時，看看名片就知道是你的回敬了。N.B意為請注意。當接到這樣的名片時，意為請你注意的意思。IndividualismvsCollectivism?Individualismstandsforapreferenceforalooselyknitsocialframeworkinsocietyinwhichindividualsaresupposedtotakecareofthemselvesandtheirimmediatefamiliesonly.?Collectivismstandsforapreferenceforatightlyknitsocialframeworkinwhichindividualscanexpecttheirrelatives,clan,orother-in-grouptolookaftertheminexchangeforunquestioningloyalty.SocialInteractionWhentwoormorethantwopersonsaredoingsomethingtogetherinordertofulfillanaim,asocialsituationexists.Elementsofasocialsituation(atleasttwoparticipants;anaim;asetting;schemaforfulfillingtheaim;verbalornon-verbalcommunication;timeandspace)Itisheardbutitisn 'ttakeninthewayitisuttered.Inasocialsituation,allparticipatingsidescanmonitorthecommunicationprocess.Theutterancemeaning/thespeaker'smeaning/thehearer 'sm.Howtogivegifts:Wrappedinapaper,orinaboxorcontainerWithacardontoporinside—WithareceiptincaseitwillbereturnedbyreceiverPersonalpresentingorbydeliverycompanyMoneyinanenvelopeSocialdistanee isatermreferringtothesimilarityordissimilaritybetweenthetwocultures.?Highcontextcultures emphasizethecontextinwhichacommunicationtakesplace;theypayagreatdealofattentiontoimplicit,nonverbalmessages;?Lowcontextculturesplacelessemphasisonthecontextofcommunication(suchasimpliedmeaningornonverbalmessages);theyrelyonexplicitverbalmessages.?PowerDistaneeistheextenttowhichthemembersofasocietyacceptthatpowerininstitutionsandorganizationsisdistributedunequally.?high-power-distanee (orlarge/strong):—Peopleinhighpowerdistaneesocietiesacceptahierarchicalorder.?low-power-distanee (orsmall/lesspowerdistanee):—PeopleinlowpowerdistaneesocietiesstriveforpowerequalizationanddemandjustificationforpowerinequalitiesAttitudes andbehaviorsLargepowerdistaneeSmallpowerdistaneeHierarchyHierarchiesreflectthebasicinequalityofpeople.Hierarchiesareonlyconvenientwaysoforganizingactivities.RelationshipsComfortable withhierarchicalrelationshipsPreferequalrelationshipsPowerAcceptdifferencesinpowerDislike and distrustauthorityUseofpowerWhoeverholdspowerisrightandgood.Whoeverusestheirpowerwillbejudgedastowhethertheyuseitintherightway.DependencyTheless powerful aredependentonthepowerful.InterdependencebetweenlessandmorepowerfulpersonsDecisionmakingDecision-makingtendstobecentralized; the leaderdecides.Decision-makingisdispersedthroughout organization.Peopleatalllevelsmakedecisions.AuthorityLeadershipLeaders direct theLeaders motivate theiractivities ofsubordinatesby giving specificinstructions.subordinatestoworktowardgoals.Theydonotgiveasmuchspecificdirection.InitiativeOnlytheleaderinitiates.Everyone isexpectedtoinitiate.CommunicationflowFromthetopoforganizationtothebottomFromthetopdownandfromthelowerlevelstohigherlevelsStatusHighstatus peopleenjoyprivileges.Peopledisapproveofspecialprivileges andsymbolsofstatus.Howto changetheorganizationReplacepeopleatthetop.Reformtheorganization.Elementsinfluencingrefusals?Powerdistanee(managervsemployee)? Uncertainty(leaveroomforfurtherthinking)?Faceproblem(savingface)? Personalrelationship(afraidofrefusingorbeingrefused,relationshipbreak-up)? SpecialtimeandspacesituationsLanguageandculture.Closerelated,areflectionof.LanguagecommunicationisaffectedbydiffcGendercommunicationSex-->physical/biologicaldescriptivetermGender=sex+culture+roleinsocietyMainculture:ethnic culture/regionculture/religionculture/genderculture/agecultureMasculinity stands foraprefereneeinsocietyforachievement,heroism,assertiveness( 過份自信的), competitiveness andtoughnessthathavetraditionallybeenassociatedwithmen.Femininity standsforaprefereneeformodesty,relationships,cooperation,caringfortheweak,andtendernessthathavetraditionallybeenlabeledasfeminine.Differentstyles presented andstrategiesappliesbymenandwomenintheircommunicationdifferStrategiesforbusinesswomentoapplyinmakingadealwiththeirmakecounterparts.Beawareofbusinesschallenge(itisessentialforabusinesswomantoestablishherrankandauthorityearlyinarelationship)Preparerightattitude(betolerantandunderstanding)Alwaysdressandactprofessionally.NonverbalcommunicationCommunicationingeneralisprocessofsendingandreceiving messagesthatenableshumanstoshareknowledge,attitudes,andskillsWhilewespeakwithourvocalorgans,weconversewithourwholebodies.Therangesofnon-verbalcommunicationinbusiness:1.kinesicsincluding:facialexpression,posture,gesture,eye-contact.businessmanners3.spatialandtemporalarrangements.Nonverbalcommunicationhasbeendefinedascommunicationwithoutwords.Thefunctionofnon-verbalcommunicationRepeatingContradicting（否定）Substituting（代替）Complementing（補充）Accenting（強調(diào)）Regulating（調(diào)節(jié)）MessageVerbalmessage NonverbalmessageOralmessageWrittenmessageGestureFacialexpressionBodilymovePhonespeechletterMemoE-mailHandBlinkEyebrowSmileForwardBlendStrategiesofdealingwithnon-verbalcommunicationinbusinessDogoodhomework.DonottakeeverythingneitherforgrantednortooseriouslyThepartners'behaviorsandresponsecouldbeobservedtoadjustone'sownbehaviorAskforexplanationorchancetoexplain.TypesofNonverbalCommunication1.Kinesics（體態(tài)語） Kinesicsisthetermusedforcommunicatingthroughvarioustypesofbodymovementsincludingfacialexpressions,gestures,posture（姿態(tài)）andstance（立姿）,2.Paralanguage/Metacommunication（副語言）ObjectLanguage（客體語）EnvironmentalLanguage（環(huán)境語）Paralanguagecanbecalled類語言或伴隨語言,副語言特征或伴隨語言特征（paralinguisticfeatures）.Paralanguageisrelatedtooralcommunication;itreferstotherate,pitchandvolumequalitiesofthevoice,whichinterruptortemporarilytaketheplaceofspeechandaffectthemeaningofamessage.CultureConflictionCultureshockmeansaconditionofconfusionandanxietyaffectingapersonwhenbeingsuddenlyexposedtoanewcultureorenvironment.Cultureconflictionreferstoinharmoniousorimpactbetweentwoculturalstrengthsorsystems.ThestemofcultureconflictonCollectivist-individualistculturalpattern.Highcontext-lowcontextculturalpatternHigh-powerdistancesandlow-powerdistancesculturalpatternMonochromictime-polychronictimeculturalpattern.REVERSECULTURESHOCKFourstagesofacculturation.Euphoria-depression-adjustment-acceptanceThedimensionsofcultureincludes:Time,past/present/futureActivitydoing/being/becomingRelationshipsindividual/ranked/mutual/Powerdistancehigh/lowCommunicationcontexthigh/lowNaturecontrolling/harmony/yieldingFormalityformal/informalCompetitivenesscompetitive/cooperativeConceptofspaceprivate/publicBehaviortolerancelooseculture/tightcultureUncertaintyavoidancehigh/lowSelfvsgroupindividualism/collectivismBusinessInteractioncredibilityNotricks談判注意needo