沖壓模具設計畢業(yè)外文翻譯@中英文翻譯@外文文獻翻譯

1、完美WORD格式編輯畢業(yè)設計（論文）外文資翻譯系部：專業(yè)：姓名：學號：外文 出處：The Pofessional English of DesignManufacture for Dies & Moulds附 件：1.外文資翻譯譯文；2.外文原文。指馬教師評語：學習指導參考資料完美WORD格式編輯附件1 :外文資翻譯還沖壓模具設計對于汽車業(yè)與電子業(yè)，各種各樣的快件是有各種同的成型工藝所 生產(chǎn)出來的，這些均可以入一般種類“快成形的范疇。板成形（也稱為沖 壓或壓成形）經(jīng)常在廠區(qū)面積非常大的公司中進。如果自己沒有去這些大公司訪問，沒有站在巨大的機器旁，沒有感受到地面的 震顫，沒有看巨大型的機器人的手

2、臂吧件從一個機器移動到另一個機器，那么廠 區(qū)的范圍與價值真是難以想象的。當然，一盤錄像帶或一部電視專題片能反映出 汽車沖壓水線的宏大規(guī)模。站在這樣的水線旁觀看的另一個因素是觀看大的 汽車板類件被進同類型的板成形加工。是簡單的剪完成的，然后進 同類型的加工，諸如：彎曲、深、延、斷、剪等，每一種情況均要求 特法的、專門的模具。而且還有大后續(xù)的加工工藝，在每一種情況下，均可以通過諸如深、延 與彎曲等工藝同的成形方法得到所希望的得到的形狀。根據(jù)板平面的各種各樣 的受應狀態(tài)的小板單元體所可以考慮到的變形情形描述三種成形，原圖 1描述 的是一個簡單的從圓坯深成一個圓柱水杯的成形過程。學習指導參考資料完美W

3、ORD格式編輯圖1 板成形一個簡單的水杯深是從凸緣型玨考慮的，即通過模具上沖頭的向下作用使材被水平深。一個凸緣板上的單元體在半徑方向上被限定,，市板厚保持幾乎交。板成形的原如圖 2所示。延通常是用來描述在板平面上的兩個互相垂直的方向被長的板的直元體的變形原的術語。延的一種特法形式，可以在大多數(shù)成形加工中遇到，即 平面張延。在這種情況下，一個板的單元體僅在一個方向上進延，在 長的方向上寬沒有發(fā)生變化，但是在厚上有明確的變化，即變薄。學習指導參考資料完美WORD格式編輯圖2板成形原彎曲時當板經(jīng)過沖模，即沖頭半徑加工成形時所觀察到的變形原，因此在 定向的方向上受到改變，這種變形式一個平面張長與收縮的

4、典型實。在一個壓機沖程中用于在一塊板上沖出一個或多個孔的一個完整的沖壓模具可以歸類即制造商標準化為一個直工序沖孔模具，如圖3所示。圖3典型的單工序沖孔模具1一下模座2、5導套3凹模4導桿6一彈壓卸板7凸模8托板9凸模護套10扇形塊11 固定板12凸模固定板13一墊塊15一階梯釘16一上模座17一模柄任何一個完整的沖壓模具是有一副 （或多副的組合）用于沖制工作的（沖壓） 件組成，包括：所有的支撐件部分與模具的工作部分件，即構成一副沖模。沖 壓（術語）通常將完整壓制工具的凹模（母模）部分定義為模具。導桿，或?qū)е?，是安裝在下模座上的。上模座則安裝有用于導桿動的導套， 分別裝有導套與導桿的模座與下模座

5、組合成為木架。模架有許多規(guī)格與結構設計 用于商業(yè)銷售。安裝在模座上的凸模固定裝置固定兩個凸模（模具中的突出部分），這兩個學習指導參考資料完美WORD格式編輯圓形凸模則通過插入在卸板上的導套進導向。套筒，或凸模護套，是用來保護 沖頭，以免在沖壓過程中被卡住。在沖穿工件材后，兩個沖頭進入到凹模一定 距離。凹模（母模）部分，即凹模，通常是由插入模具體內(nèi)的兩個模具導套組成的。 因為沖頭的直徑是被沖孔的直徑所要求的，所以有一定間隙的凹模直徑是大于沖頭 直徑的。由于工件材玨或工件在沖制回程時與沖頭時連在一起，所以把材從沖頭 上剝離是必需的。逆壓卸板則保持沖頭在沖制工件回程時縮回，使工件與工件剝 離。一個沖

6、制的工件通常是在槽內(nèi)的，槽是由包含整個件外輪的平 板組成。模座是由封釘支撐板以及其他的塊下程時定位的擋塊等定位的。彎曲時一種最常見的成形工序。當我們僅將目光移至汽車或電器上的部件，或 一個剪紙機或檔案柜上時，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)許多件是由彎曲成形的。彎曲僅可以用 來成形法蘭、接頭、波紋，也可以提高件的強（通過增加件的慣性矩） 。彎曲中所用的術語，如圖4所示，應該注意的是，在彎曲中材的外纖維是處于應狀態(tài)，而材的內(nèi)纖維則處于壓應狀態(tài)。由于泊松比原因，在外部區(qū)域的件（彎曲長 L）是小于原始寬，處于內(nèi)部區(qū)域的則比原始寬大。這種現(xiàn)學習指導參考資料完美WORD格式編輯象可在彎曲一個矩形的松膠板擦時容觀察到的。最小彎曲

7、半徑對于同的屬是變化的。一般而言，各種退火的展板在沒有斷或變?nèi)醯那疤嵯拢梢詮澢梢粋€等同屬板厚的半徑。隨著 R/T比值的減少（彎曲半徑對厚的比值變?。?，外纖維的應增加，材最終斷（參見圖我制方向（彎曲半徑對厚的比值變?。饫w維的應增加，材最終斷（參見圖我制方向圖5泊松效應同材的最小彎曲半徑參考表1同材的最小彎曲半徑參考表1，他通常是按照同板厚夾表示的，諸如：2T，3T，4T 等。表1 在室溫狀態(tài)下各種材的最小彎曲半徑材狀態(tài)軟硬鋁合06T釹青銅合，釹合04T黃銅，低鉛02T鎂5T13T郊奧氏體銹鋼0.5T6T低碳鋼，低合鋼，高強鉛合0.5T4T鈦0.7T3T鈦合2.6T4T學習指導參考資料完美

8、WORD格式編輯注：T材厚。彎曲容許范圍，是指彎曲中的中性線（層）的長，用來確定彎曲件的玨長。然而，中性線（層）的位置是喲彎曲角（正如在材學課本中所描述）來決定的。彎曲容許范圍（L/的近似的公式為：Lb= a （R+kT）式中：Lb彎曲容許范圍，毫米；a彎曲角（弧），；T屬板厚，毫米；R彎曲內(nèi)層半徑，毫米；k當半徑RV2T時為0.33，當半徑R2T時為0.50。彎曲方式通常用于沖壓模具。屬鋼板或帶，由 V形支撐，參見圖6 （a）在 楔形沖頭的沖壓作用下進入 V形模具內(nèi)彈簧加載壓花銷和件之間的摩擦將會防止或減少件在彎曲期間的邊緣移。緊博具體上沖頭圖6彎曲方式棱邊彎曲，參見圖6 （b）是懸臂橫式加

9、載方式，彎曲沖頭對相對支撐的凹模 上的屬施加彎曲。彎曲軸線是與彎曲模具的棱邊和平的。在沖頭接觸工件之 緊博具體上沖頭圖6彎曲方式彎曲的大小是可以通過對一根短形橫的簡單彎曲的工藝過程的確定來估學習指導參考資料完美WORD格式編輯算。在此情況下的彎曲是材強的函數(shù)，此彎曲的計算式為：P=KLST2/W式中：P彎曲，噸（對于米制使用單位，噸乘以 8.896數(shù)位以得到千牛 頓單位）；K模具開啟系數(shù)：16倍材厚（ 16T）時的開啟系數(shù)為1.20，8倍材厚（ 8T）時的開啟系數(shù)為1.33;L件長，英寸 ；S極限張強，噸 /平方英寸；WV或U形模具的寬，英寸；T材厚，英寸。對于U形彎曲（槽形彎曲），彎曲大約是

10、 V形彎曲所需要的彎曲壓的兩倍，棱邊彎曲則大約是V形彎曲所需要的彎曲壓的 1/2?；貜?。所有屬材均有一個固定的彈性模，隨之而來的是塑性變形，當施加在材上的彎曲消除時就會有一些彈性恢復（見圖7）。在彎曲過程中這種恢復稱為回彈。一般而言，這樣的回彈在0.55之間變化，取決于固定的彈性模、 彎曲方式、模具間隙等。磷青銅的回彈則在1015之間。學習指導參考資料完美WORD格式編輯圖7 彎曲中的回彈減少或消除在彎曲工序中回彈方法可以根據(jù)下工藝方法進，如圖 8所示，在彎曲模具中產(chǎn)生的件也可以通過等同回彈角彎曲模上挖凹模或彈性緩沖式彎曲模而被過彎曲來減少或消除回彈。（ ）（ ）圖8減少或消除回彈的方法從應用

11、角來說，有許多類型的壓機，諸如：閉式雙點偏心軸直動機械壓機，沖壓成形機，液壓成形壓機，液壓機，彎板機，三動式壓機，沖?；剞D(zhuǎn)壓機，雙點壓機，雙邊齒輪驅(qū)動壓機，雙點直動壓機，臺式壓機，邊壓機，閉式直動（曲柄）壓機，肘桿式壓機，單點直動壓機，開式雙柱可傾壓機，開式壓機，四點式壓機，四曲柄壓機，飛輪式旋壓機，摩擦傳動旋壓機，閉式雙點單動雙曲柄壓機，搖臂式壓機旋式壓機和上傳動板沖壓自動壓機等。雙動式壓機是用于鈑件的深加工。此種類型的壓機有一個外塊（壓邊圈），并且有一個斷的內(nèi)耳（沖頭夾緊器）。在加工工作循環(huán)期間，壓邊圈首先與件接觸，然后施加壓使沖頭夾緊器進適當件深（見圖9）。學習指導參考資料完美WORD格

12、式編輯圖9典型通用壓機三動式壓機具有和雙動式壓機相同的內(nèi)、外塊。另外，三動式壓機床 身還有另一個塊，它可向上運動，從而在一個沖壓循環(huán)中實現(xiàn)反向伸。三動式 壓機應用是很廣泛。肘桿式壓機是用于壓印加工。這裝置的設計是在沖壓程的末端以很高壓。此種壓機用一個曲柄（曲柄帶動這節(jié)運動，連節(jié)是由兩個在上死點到下死 點之間進擺動的連桿組成，連桿擺動時間很短）在臨近沖程底部時慢速移動的 塊具有功很大的短距離位移。液壓機主要是用于成形加工工序中，相比大多散 機械式壓機，它有一個比較長的工作周期。液壓機的優(yōu)點足工作壓、沖程和 塊的速均是可調(diào)的（見圖 10）。學習指導參考資料完美WORD格式編輯圖10典型液壓機液壓機

13、屬于壓限定型的成形機械，液壓機的主要用途體現(xiàn)在沿塊徑外是必須保持恒定或處于確攤制鋒成形技術領域中?；钆c液壓缸的驅(qū)動機構是用 線性方式實現(xiàn)的，并且直接連接到此。液壓機框架結構的形式是非常類似于機 械式機。液壓驅(qū)動裝置于安裝在機械框架結構中。因此幾種液壓機驅(qū)動很容 就被制成復雜成形與斷加工（深、擠壓、斷、模鍛等）的單一機械，并且所 要求的運動可以容地定位，彎扳機除它的長床身之外基本是與開式壓機棚同 的，床身長可為620英尺（1.86米）或長，它基本上是用在尺寸大的鈑件上的各種類型的彎曲加工成形，它也可以使用同整套的刀具分別進涔沖孔、 口與成形（見圖 11）。這就可以使件僅通過把復雜的件分成幾個簡單

14、的加工 工序?qū)崿F(xiàn)由復雜設計到確制造的過程，且沒有使用昂貴的沖制刀具。此種類型加 工工序用于小批生產(chǎn)或試樣件。學習指導參考資料完美WORD格式編輯傳動機構圖11典型彎板機使用帶有簡單工具的彎扳機可以容地對鈑進彎曲。彎板機使用一個用在 機械或液壓饑上的長模具，適用于小批生產(chǎn)。模具簡單，適于各種類型的成形加 工，而且，加工工序很容實現(xiàn)自動化。彎板機的模具材可以是硬木（用于低強 材與小批生產(chǎn)） ，也可以是硬質(zhì)合材。大多數(shù)應用中，一般是使用碳鋼 或灰鑄鐵材模具。學習指導參考資料完美WORD格式編輯附件2：外文原文Stamping Die DesignThe wide variety of sheet m

15、etal parts for both the automobile and electronic industries is produced by numerous forming processes that fall into the generic category of sheet-metal forming. Sheet-metal forming (also called stamping or pressing )is often carried out in large facilities hundreds of yards long.It is hard to imag

16、ine the scope and cost of these facilities without visiting an automobile factory, standing next to the gigantic machines, feeling the floor vibrate, and watching heavy duty robotic manipulators move the parts from one machine to another. Certainly, a videotape or television special cannot convey th

17、e scale of todays automobile stamping lines. Another factor that one sees standing next to such lines is the number of different sheet-forming operations that automobile panels go through. Blanks are created by simple shearing, but from then on a wide variety of bending, drawing, stretching, croppin

18、g , and trimming takes place, each學習指導參考資料完美WORD格式編輯requiring a special, custom-made die.Despite this wide variety of sub-processes, in each case the desired shapes are achieved by the modes of deformation known as drawing, stretching, and bending. The three modes can be illustrated by considering t

19、he deformation of small sheet elements subjected to various states of stress in the plane of the sheet. Figure 1 considers a simple forming process in which a cylindrical cup is produced from a circular blank.Figure 1 Sheet forming a simple cupDrawing is observed in the blank flange as it is being d

20、rawn horizontally through the die by the downward action othe punch. A sheet element in the flange is made to elongate in the radial direction and contract in the circumferential direction, the sheet thickness remaining approximately constant Modes of sheet forming are shown in Figure 2.學習指導參考資料完美WO

21、RD格式編輯Figure2 Modes of sheet formingStretching is the term usually used to describe the deformation in which an element of sheet material is made to elongate in two perpendicular directions in the sheet plane. A special form of stretching, which is encountered in most forming operations, is plane st

22、rain stretching. In this case, a sheet element is made to stretch in one direction only, with no change in dimension in the direction normal to the direction of elongation but a definite change in thickness, that is, thinning.Bending is the mode of deformation observed when the sheet material is mad

23、e to go over a die or punch radius, thus suffering a change in orientation. The deformation is an example of plane strain elongation and contractionA complete press tool for cutting a hole or multi-holes in sheet material at one stroke of the press as classified and standardized by a large manufactu

24、rer as a single-station piercing die is shown in Figure3.學習指導參考資料完美WORD格式編輯Any complete press tool, consisting of a pair( or a combination of pars ) of mating member for producing pressworked (stmped) parts, including all supporting and actuating elements of the tool, is a die. Pressworking terminol

25、ogy commonly defines the female part of any complete press tool as a die.The guide pins, orposts, are mounted in the lower shoe. The upper shoe contains bushings which slide on the guide pins. The assembly of the lower and upper shoes with guide pins and bushings is a die set. Die sets in many sizes

26、 and designs are commercially available. The guide pins are shown in Figure 3.Figure3 Typical single-station die for piercing hole1 Lower shoe 2,5Guide bushings 3Cavity plate 4Guid pin學習指導參考資料完美WORD格式編輯6Spring-loaded stripper 7Punch 8Support plate 9Punch bushing10Fan-shaped block 11Fixed plate 12Pun

27、ch-holder plate 13Backingplate 14Spring 15Stepping bolts 16Upper shoe 17ShankA punch holder mounted to the upper shoe holds two round punches (male members of the die) which are guided by bushings inserted in the stripper. A sleeve, or quill, encloses one punch to prevent its buckling under pressure

28、 from the ram of the press. After penetration of the work material, the two punches enter the die bushings for a slight distance.The female member, or die, consists of two die bushings inserted in the die block. Since this press tool punches holes to the diameters required, the diameters of the die

29、bushings are larger than those of the punches by the amount of clearance.Since the work material stock or workpiece can cling to a punch on the upstroke, it may be necessary to strip the material from the punch. Spring-loaded strippers hold the work material against the die block until the punches a

30、re withdrawn from the punched holes. A workpiece to be pierced is commonly held andlocated in a nest (Figure 2-3) composed of flat plates shaped to encircle the outside part contours. Stock is positioned in dies by pins, blocks, or other types of stops for locating before the downstroke of the ram.B

31、ending is one of the most common forming operations. We merely have to look at the components in an automobile or an appliance-or at a paper學習指導參考資料完美WORD格式編輯clip or a file cabinet-to appreciate how many parts are shaped by bending. Bending is used not only to form flanges, seams, and corrugations b

32、ut also to impart stiffness to the part ( by increasing its moment of inertia ).The terminology used in bending is shown in Figure 4. Note that, in bending, the outer fibers of the material are in tension, while the inner fibers are in compression. Because of the Poissons ratio, the width of the par

33、t (bend length, L) in the outer region is smaller, and in the inner region is larger than the original width. This phenomenon may easily be observed by bending a rectangular rubber eraser.Minimum bend radii vary for different metals, generally, different annealed metals can be bent to a radius equal

34、 to the thickness of the metal without cracking or weakening. As R/T decreases (the ratio of the bend radius to the thickness becomes smaller), the tensile strain at the outer fiber increases, and the material eventually cracks (Figure 5).Figure 4 Bending terminology學習指導參考資料Rolling directionNo crack

35、sRolling direction完美WORD格式編輯Rolling directionNo cracksRolling directionElongated inclusions(stringers)(a) Parallel with bending direction (b) Vertical with bending directionFigure5 Poisson effectThe minimum bend radius for various materials is given in Table 1 andit is usually expressed in terms of

36、the thickness. such as 2 T, 3 T, 4T.Table 1 Minimum bend radius for various materials at room temperatureMaterialConditionSoftHardAluminum alloys06TBeryllium copper04TBrass,low-leaded02TMagnesium5T13TSteelsAustenitic stanless0.5T6TLow-carbon,lowalloy,HSLA0.5T4TTitanium0.7T3T學習指導參考資料完美WORD格式編輯Titaniu

37、m alloys2.6T4TNote :Tthickness of materialBend allowance as shown in Figure 4 is the length of the neutral axis in the bend and is used to determine the blank length for a bent part. However, the position of the neutral axis depends on the radius and angle of bend (as described in texts on mechanics

38、 of materials).An approximate formula for the bend allowance, Lb is given byLb= a(R，kT)Where Lbbend allowance, in (mm).abend angle, (radians) (deg).Tsheet thickness, in (mm).Rinside radius of bend, in (mm).k0.33 when R is less than 2T and 0.50 when JR is more than 2T.Bend methods arc commonly used i

39、n press tool. Metal sheet or strip, supported by-V bockFigure 6(a),is forced by a wedge-shaped punch into the block. This method, termed V bending, produces a bend having an included angle which may be acute, obtuse, or 90.Friction between a springloaded knurled pin in the vee die and the part will

40、prevent or reduce side creep of the part during its bending.Edge bending Figure 6(b) is cantilever loading of a beam. The bending punch forces the metal against the supporting die. The bend axis is parallel to the edge of the die. The workpiece is clamped to the die block by a學習指導參考資料完美WORD格式編輯sprin

41、g-loaded pad before the punch contacts the workpiece to prevent its movement during downward travel of the punch.Figure 6 Bending methodsBending Force can be estimated by assuming the process of simple bending of a rectangular beam. The bending force in that case is a function of the strength of the

42、 material. The calculation of bending force is as follows:P二KLST/WWhere P-bending force, tons (for metric usage, multiply number of tons by 8.896 to obtain kilonewtons).Kdie opening factor: 1.20 for a die opening of 16 times metalthickness, 1.33 for an opening of 8 times metal thickness.Llength of p

43、art, in.Sultimate tensile strength, tons per square in.Wwidth of V or U die, in.Tmetal thickness, in.For U bending (channel bending) pressures will be approximately twice學習指導參考資料完美WORD格式編輯those required for V bending, edge bending requires about one-half those needed for V bending.Springback in that

44、 all materials have a finite modulus of elasticity, plastic deformation is followed, when bending pressure on metal is removed, by some elastic recovery (see Figure 7). In bending, this recovery is called springback. Generally speaking, such a springback varies in sheet from 0.5to 5, depending upon

45、finite modulus of elasticity, modes of bending, clearance of die and so on, but phosphor bronze may spring back from 10to15.Figure 7 Springback during bendingMethods of reducing or eliminating springback in bending operations can be made according to the following operations, shown in Figure 8, and

46、parts produced in bending die are also overbent through an angle equal to the springback angle with an undercut or relieved punch.學習指導參考資料完美WORD格式編輯(a)(b)(c)Figure8 Methods of reducing or eliminating springback(a)(b)(c)Figure8 Methods of reducing or eliminating springbackFor the applications, there

47、are many types of the presses, such as the single-action straight-slide eccentric mechanical press, punch press, hydro-former press, hydraulic press, press brake, triple-action press, turret press, two-point press, twin-drive press, two point single-action press, watch press, trimming press, closed-

48、type single-action crank press, knuckle-lever press, one-point single-action press, open-back inclinable press, open-side press, four-point press, four-crank press, flywheel-type screw press, friction screw press, straight-side single-action double-crank press, rocker-arm press, screw press and top-

49、drive sheet-metal stamping automatic press and so on.A double-action press is used for large, or deep drawing operations on sheet metal parts. This type of press has an outer ram ( blank holder ) and a section inner ram ( punch holder ) . During the operating cycle, the blank holder contacts the mat

50、erial first and applies pressure to allow the punch holder to properly draw the part (Figure 9).學習指導參考資料完美WORD格式編輯Figure9 Typical versatile pressA triple-action press has the same inner and outer ram as the double-action press, but a third ram in the press bed moves up allowing a reverse draw to be

51、made in one press cycle. The triple-action press is not widely used.A knuckle press is used for coining operation. The design of the drive allows for very high pressures at the bottom of the ram stroke. This type uses a crank, which moves a joint consisting of two levers that oscillate to and from d

52、ead center and results in a short, powerful movement of the slide with slow travel near the bottom of the stroke.A hydraulic press is used basically for forming operations and has a slower operating cycle time than most mechanical presses. The advantages of hydraulic presses are that the working pressure stroke, and speed of the學習指導參考資料完美WORD格式編輯ram are adjustable (Figure 10).Hydraulic presses belong to the force-constrained type of forming machines . Their main use is found in those areas of forming technology where the force along the path