2009年考研英語(yǔ)一真題(附答案 )

1、Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blankand mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smarthumans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmers piece

2、inthe Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter thanthe average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burnlonger, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burnsmore

3、 fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning - agradual 7 - instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, andone of the things theyve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? Thats the question behindthis new research. I

4、 like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all thespecies weve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal Iveever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experimentsanimals would

5、13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with anowner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. webelieve that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits ofour patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try todecide what intelligence in

6、 humans is really 17 , not merely how much of itthere is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actuallyaware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. A Suppose2. A tended3. A thinner4. A tendency5. A insists on6. A off7. A incredible8. A fight9. A invisibleB C

7、onsider C ObserveB feared C happened D threatenedB stabler C lighter D dimmerD ImagineB advantage C inclination D priorityB sums up C turns out D puts forwardB behindB spontaneous Cinevitable D gradualB doubt C stop D thinkB limited C indefinite D differentC overD along10. A upward11. A features12.

8、A outside13. A deliverB forward C afterward D backwardB influences C results D costsD acrossD applyD for instanceB onB carryC byC perform14. A by chance B in contrast C as usual15. A ifB unlessC asD lest16. A moderate17. A atB overcome C determineD reachB forC afterD with18. A Above all19. A fundame

9、ntal B comprehensive C equivalentB After all C HoweverD OtherwiseD hostile20. A By accident B In timeC So farD Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text bychoosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1

10、. (40points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains onauto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Notchoice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said inthe 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, e

11、ven the word “habit”carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativityand innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when weconsciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and evenentirely new brain cells, tha

12、t can jump our trains of thought onto new,innovative tracks.But dont bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure areworn into the hippocampus, theyre there to stay. Instead, the new habits wedeliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypassthose old

13、roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” saysDawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive changeconsultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead todecide, just as our president calls himself the Decider. ” She adds,however, tha

14、t “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A goodinnovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”All of us work through problems in ways of which were unaware, she says.Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacityto approach challenge

15、s in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally,relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, thebrain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes ofthought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on st

16、andardized testing highlights analysis andprocedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative andcollaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the Americanbelief system - that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author ofthe 2006 book “This Year I Will.” and Ms

17、. Markovas business partner.“Thats a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowingwhat youre good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This iswhere developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casual B. familiar C. mechanical D

18、. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predicted B. regulated C. traced D. guided23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracks B. series C. characteristics D. connections24. Ms. Markovas comments suggest that the practice of stand

19、ard testing?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness deri

20、ves from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost hispaternal (fatherly) wisdom - or at least confirm that hes the kids dad. All heneeds to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his localdrugsto

21、re - and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first becomeavailable without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chiefoperating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. Morethan two dozen companies sell DNA tests

22、Directly to the public , ranging inprice from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adoptedchildren can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a manypassionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search

23、for afamilys geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth andsending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidatewith whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision beinghawked by people clai

24、ming they are doing ancestry testing,” says TreyDuster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual hasmany ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yetmost ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Ychromosome inherited through men in a

25、fathers line or mitochondrial DNA,which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal geneticinformation about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, justthree generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, fourgenerations back, 14 other great-great-grandpare

26、nts.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as thereference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by somecompanies dont rely on data collected systematically but rather lumptogether information from different research projects. This means that a DNAdata

27、base may differ depending on the company that processes the results. Inaddition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationshipsmay be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTKs _.Aeasy availabilityBflexibility in prici

28、ngC successful promotionD popularity with households27. PTK is used to _.Alocate ones birth place Bpromote genetic researchC identify parent-child kinship D choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to_.Atrace distant ancestorsC fully use genetic informa

29、tionaccuracyB rebuild reliabachievethe29.Intheproblemcommercial_.Adisorganized data collectionB overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be_.AFors and Againsts of DNA testingCDNA testing outside the labText 3B DNA testing and Its proD lies behind DNA testi

30、ngThe relationship between formal education and economic growth in poorwidelymisunderstoodby economistsand bothoftheseand allothertheconventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorifor promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. Weare puttingenough peopl

31、ethroughthem toimproveeconomicperformancewouldrequire two or three generations. The findings of a research institutionconsistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the joachieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher stof living.Ironically, the first evid

32、ence for this idea Unitedlongago,withtheJapanatpeak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primarcause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, theglobal leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research reveathattheU.S.Honda Toyotaachievedabou

33、t95thethetraining that U.S. workers received on the job.More examing housing researchersdiscoveredthatMexican workers indespite the complexity of the building industrys work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development?We have to suspect that continuing economic growth pr

34、omotes thedevelopment of education even when governments dont force it. After all,thats how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters andgatherers 10,000 years ago, they didnt have time to wonder much aboutanything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in amore

35、productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanitys productivity potential, they could in turnafford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably anecessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systemsrequired by advanced eco

36、nomic performance. Thus poor countries might notbe able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may bepossible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education,however, doesnt constrain the ability of the developing worlds workforce tosubstantially improve producti

37、vity for the forested future. On the contrary,constraints on improving productivity explain why education isnt developingmore quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poorcountries _.A is subject groundless doubtsB has fallen victim of biasC is

38、conventional downgradedD has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system_.Achallenges economists and politiciansBtakes efforts of generationsC demands priority from the governmentD requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japa

39、nese and U.S workforces is that_.A the Japanese workforce is better disciplinedB the Japanese workforce is more productiveCthe U.S workforce has a better educationD the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that educationemerged _.A when people had

40、enough timeB prior to better ways of finding foodC when people on longer went hungD as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education _.A results directly from competitive environmentsB does not depend on economic performanceC follows improved produc

41、tivityD cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministersand political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to thestandard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial Americawas “So much important attached

42、 to intellectual pursuits ” According tomany books and articles, New Englands leaders established the basic themesand preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in Americanintellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start withthe Puritans theologica

43、l innovations and their distinctive ideas about thechurch-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with ourexamination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the originalPuritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New worldcircumstances. The New England colonies w

44、ere the scenes of importantepisodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressiveeducation and influence in England. Besides the ninety or so learnedministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade aft

45、er 1629,Therewere political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer,and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wroteand published extensively, reaching both New World and Old Worldaudiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectualearnestness.We

46、should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less welleducated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants,left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had atraditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated inthe late

47、 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filledwith signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-allname together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his fatherthe first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “c

48、omeout from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God andyou shall be my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the carefulsermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments thanDanes, as one clergyman lear

49、ned in confronting folk along the coast whomocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . “Our mainend was to catch fish. ”36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century NewEngland_.A Puritan tradition dominated political life. B intellectualinterests were encouraged.C Politics

50、benefited much from intellectual ellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.D37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders_.A experienced a comparatively peaceful early history. B broughtwith them the culture of the Old WorldC paid little attention to southern intellectual lifeobsesse

51、d with religious innovationsD were38. The early ministers and political leaders in MassachusettsBay_.A were famous in the New World for their writingsgained increasing importance in religious affairsBC abandoned high positions before coming to the New World Dcreated a new intellectual atmosphere in

52、New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated NewEnglanders were often _.A influenced by superstitions B troubled with religious beliefsC puzzled by church sermonsD frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England_.A were mostly engaged in

53、 political activitiesB were motivated by anillusory prospectC came from different backgrounds.D left few formal records forlater referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed.For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fiti

54、nto each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do notfit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolutionproposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British socialphilosopher Herb

55、ert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological andcultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, includinghuman societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection.41._.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced anothertheory of cultural evolution in the late

56、 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, wasone of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted toshow how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution ofsocieties.42._.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born Americananthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of

57、 culture known ashistorical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized theuniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology.43._.Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the resultof a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a br

58、oaderevolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study ofculture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of manystudents of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s alsorejected the particularist theory of cul

59、ture in favor of diffusionism. Someattributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions ofa few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread toother cultures. 45._.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist mile Durkheim developed atheory of cultur

60、e that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheimproposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. Aninterest in the relationship between the function of society and cultureknown as functionalismbecame a major theme in European, and especiallyBritish, anthropology.A Othe