現(xiàn)代教育與傳統(tǒng)教育

1、現(xiàn)代教育與傳統(tǒng)教育Teachers and students separations, namely the teacher in the time, the space, the psychology is at the discrete state with the teacher.The distance learning studies these at home or students question which studies in the unit, to such student, the convention face-to-face, the class and grad

2、e teaches the system not to exist to a great extent.Between the teachers and students even propagates between the separation not to mean the teachers and students and propagated between have lost individual relation or the direct relation, this kind of relation passed through the processing: It guar

3、antees the information through the use communication the transmission, the guarantee teaching, the guarantee to the study the support.Distance learning distance this attribute, has brought the distance learning open characteristic, distance learning openness has broken students physics (for example

4、place), the physiology (flaw), the society (occupation, status) the barrier, causes “to teach all comers without discrimination” and “according to must study” becomes possibly, the learner may the selecting time, choose the place, the choice study content, the choice study method freely even chooses

5、 the teacher.This or had the barrier for in office adult to accept the education to provide the enormous convenience.The modern education technical support is take the multimedia computer network, the satellite TV network and the telecommunication network as the foundation technology progress, in pa

6、rticular the digital technology by its fast transmission speed and the lifelike clarity, reduced face-to-face the teaching and the education difference, establishes good in for the learner interactive, has realized the education real-time or the non-real-time two-way exchange.In 1969 was born in the

7、 US Stanford Universitys Internet after separates for 30 years at the height of power, today, the world had 200,000,000 people to wander about on Intenet, this numeral also by every day 600,000 speed rises; Flow on Intenet information also by every 6 date doubling speed sharp increase.But, Internet

8、because is unable to suspend the off-line cable throughout the fetter, cannot satisfy the people the signal communication and gains the information freedom in the migration, will satisfy today peoples this request take the blue tooth (Bluetooth) technology as symbol wireless Internet (Wireless), alo

9、ng with the network band width unceasing enhancement and the support real-time multimedia communication protocol research and the development, as well as the new highly effective compression technology use, the long-distance teaching will support between the teacher and the student, the student and

10、the student (specially will be audio frequency and video frequency) carries on the real-time synchronized intersection by many kinds of media.Interactive, in under the modern electronic technology support, the modern education had the unprecedented progress.Since 1980s, the modern education integrat

11、ed many new technologies, like the satellite, the interactive video frequency, the pronunciation duplicate answer machine, the computer network, the email and the WWW technology and so on, has realized between the teachers and students real-time or non-real-time by forms and so on text, graph/elepha

12、nt, audio frequency or video frequency carries on the interactive teaching activity, like through BBS, the network chats, networks and so on E-mail as well as telephone is interactive.Is alternately the teacher and the student “the dialogue or “the exchange”，it is the info rmation dissemination and

13、the information receivers two-way exchange.Modern education interactive, reduced the education with “face-to-face the education disparity, improved the quality of teaching greatly.It is well known, the teaching process is one kind of human communication process, also is the information transmission

14、process, says from the education content, it has included the knowledge education, ability education, the emotion education, the will education and the character guidance, between the teachers and students if lacks the exchange, lacks the information feedback, causes its quality of teaching lowly, t

15、he effect to be bad inevitablyIndependencies, the modern education is realizes the lifelong education main body, lets the individual fully, the free development education.The modern education is one kind of nimble opening, the independent study individualizing study way.In take the computer network

16、as in the foundation modern education learning environment, the student is the study center, he may seek the curriculum through the network database which oneself needs and be interested the information, and downloads the free combination, then in most suits in own space and time the free study.The

17、individualizing independent study way can maximum limit satisfy different individual the different demand, causes the self-plan, the self-adjustment independent study to become easier.Thus, each learners all can act according to own interest, the hobby, the request and ability carry on the study, ma

18、tches the knowledge structure according to own need group, the formulation study goal, the choice study content, the arrangement studies the location, thus constructs own knowledge skill structure, the consummation and the development.The independent study has manifested the humanity to the individu

19、al value attention, this study way most suits in the knowledge economy society the development lifelong cational, the education also are one kind of pedagogical activity, it produces in the traditional education, distinguishes in the conventional education.The early time correspondence education pro

20、duction, is in order to make up, the modern education which the traditional education the limitation produces is by education development and so on correspondence education, broadcast television education comes.The education is one education way, says from the function, it may apply in all levels of

21、 each kind of education, like elementary education, higher education, adult education, continuing education and so on; Says from the content, it may apply in each kind of curriculum, in particular social sciences, humanities education; Says from the method, it suits in any kind of education; Adminis

22、tratively says, it is one kind has the goal, the organized pedagogical activity.Therefore, the research education must study its laws of education and the characteristic.Around World War II, the people only pay attention to such as educational techniques and so on the slide show, radio cassette play

23、er in the education promotion; After the 60s the people pay attention also are the educational technique hardware facilities; The 70s people note the software to develop go far beyond importantly the hardware; 80s people clear realizing, has educated is not merely the technical question, but more im

24、portantly the education question and the management question, the success education cannot because of digitized and the network technology use the spontaneous generation, the modern education production all has its rich pedagogy or the psychology foundation.The modern education must from the modern

25、education principle, the psychology principle embark the research teaches with study the rule, studies the learner psychology characteristic, the construction modern education theory and the idea.For instance: 1) is suitable for the modern education education principle, the method and the strategy r

26、esearch.Although educates with other education way is somewhat similar, but its teaching environment and the traditional classroom education has the essentially difference, like in the traditional classroom education learners level or the level difference are not big, but educates, learners age, lev

27、el, cultural context, even language all possible infinite variety.Therefore, needs to study and the use and the traditional education different education method and the skill, enables the education to strengthen the compatibility, and highly effective, high quality implementation.(2) education cours

28、eware research.In the modern education, the learner is to a great extent direct and the multimedia coursewares carries on studies alternately.Therefore, the courseware is in the education important resources.The courseware research mainly divides into two kinds.How first is provides simple Yi Yong f

29、or the general teachers, do need the complex programming the multimedia courseware work tool (authoring tools); Next, how studies to the courseware content carries on the organization, the management, and provides the good man-machine connection and the navigation mechanism, in order to the learner

30、fast, highly effective the study and grasping needs content.Simultaneously the modern education also inevitably brings the modern education idea and the education thought. o美國教育美國是世界上教育事業(yè)最發(fā)達(dá)的國家之一。美國教育體系早在其建國時就初具規(guī)模，經(jīng)過 200多年的發(fā)展和逐步完美，形成了今天的初等教育、中等教育和高等教育三級體制。 美國高等院校半數(shù)以上是私立的，因為這些大學(xué)最初主要是由教會和其它宗教團體創(chuàng)立的， 雖然

31、今天這些學(xué)校依然同教會有著千絲萬縷的聯(lián)系，但卻不再以宗教教育為主了。全美50 個州中，幾乎每個州至少都有一由州政府或當(dāng)?shù)爻鲑Y創(chuàng)辦的公立大學(xué)，雖然經(jīng)費來源與么立 大學(xué)不同，但學(xué)制和課程并無多少差別。美國現(xiàn)有的院校主要衽二年或四年的學(xué)制，二年制的多為技術(shù)?？茖W(xué)校和社區(qū)學(xué)院。是連接 高中和正規(guī)四年制大學(xué)的一個橋梁，主要培養(yǎng)美國社會需求的技能和專業(yè)知識，而且學(xué)費低 廉。正規(guī)四年制的學(xué)校主要為文理學(xué)院、獨立專業(yè)學(xué)院和綜合性大學(xué)，代表著美國科研和教 學(xué)最高水平，培養(yǎng)大批高層次的專業(yè)人才。這些院校除教學(xué)外，還承擔(dān)著美國政府的大量高 精尖的科研任務(wù)。美國高等院校師資力雄厚、學(xué)歷高，教師要在四年制高等學(xué)校任教通

32、常必須獲得博士學(xué)位， 并在教學(xué)方法和教學(xué)內(nèi)容上適應(yīng)專業(yè)需要。在美國，學(xué)生18歲高中畢業(yè)生不需要入學(xué)考試 就能升入高等院校學(xué)習(xí)，60%以上的高中畢業(yè)生都能進大學(xué)繼續(xù)深造。美國高等學(xué)校實行學(xué)分制。教師在每學(xué)期開始時給學(xué)生布置大量的閱讀書目和材料，培養(yǎng)學(xué) 生自學(xué)和學(xué)術(shù)研究能力，在此基礎(chǔ)上爭取獲得每科6-18個學(xué)分，四年制的本科生要想獲得 學(xué)士學(xué)位，必須按規(guī)定修滿120128個學(xué)分，通過考試和撰寫學(xué)位論文，合格后才能獲得 學(xué)位。美國高等院校規(guī)定，大學(xué)畢業(yè)獲得學(xué)士學(xué)位后才有資格繼續(xù)攻讀碩士學(xué)位。學(xué)位體制采用五 級制，即：準(zhǔn)學(xué)士、學(xué)士、碩士、博士、和第一專業(yè)學(xué)位。其中，碩士學(xué)位分為兩種：一種 必須撰寫學(xué)位

33、論文另一種不要求寫論文，但分學(xué)分有更高的要求，同時還有進行口試和筆試。 碩士學(xué)位學(xué)制通常為二學(xué)年，博士學(xué)位為2-3年。博士研究生由幾名專家和教授組成的指導(dǎo) 小組負(fù)責(zé)指導(dǎo)，專業(yè)考試合格通過博士論文簽辦后獲得學(xué)位。美國高等教育學(xué)校通過多種途徑為大學(xué)生提供各類經(jīng)濟資助，如獎學(xué)金、助學(xué)金、校內(nèi)長期 低息貸款、短期貸款、校外長期低息貸款、聯(lián)邦政府勤工儉學(xué)計劃、學(xué)校內(nèi)外兼職工作和打 工.美國的教育是先有教會和私立學(xué)校后有公立學(xué)校，故傳統(tǒng)的教育體制是地方分權(quán)制和公私 并舉制美國立國時的憲法規(guī)定，聯(lián)邦政府無權(quán)干涉各州的教育.1865年南北內(nèi)戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后美國開始感 到設(shè)立中央教育領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機構(gòu)的必要性。1868年才在內(nèi)政

34、部中設(shè)教育總署，也只是管理很少的聯(lián)邦教育經(jīng)費，為各州的學(xué)校提供幫 助和咨詢，直到1979年才正式建立了聯(lián)邦教育部.各州的教育委員會和下屬的地方學(xué)區(qū)委員 會，與基層學(xué)區(qū)委員會仍然分別掌握各地的教育大政，發(fā)展計劃，經(jīng)費分撥等實權(quán).但聯(lián)邦 政府由于教育經(jīng)費的不斷增加和1958年以來幾部教育大法（如 國防教育法中小學(xué)教育法天 才教育法;成人教育法;等）的頒布實施，使中央政府的教育政策逐步滲透到州和地方，對全國 施加有力的影響.教育既以全民為對象，并涉及到每個家庭和個人的未來，故教育既是國家的大事，又是各州和 地方政府及社會團體的大事，大家都把人力，物力，財力，精力投到教育上，使形成教育多軌 制，調(diào)動起

35、多方面辦教育的積極性，運用市場經(jīng)濟的規(guī)律辦三全（全民，全面，全程）教育，這 是美國教育體制的最大特色.這比單純靠政府出資（單軌制）辦學(xué)，按計劃經(jīng)濟規(guī)律去辦教育 有更高的效率和良好的效果.美國眾多的社會團體（宗教，工會,企業(yè)）和教育團體（教育基金 會，協(xié)會，研究會）對推動美國的教育改革起了巨大的作用，如天主教，卡內(nèi)基，福特，洛克菲勒 等基金會，以其雄厚的資金和強大的輿論來推動教育的各項實驗，教改，科研及設(shè)立新專業(yè), 傳播先進經(jīng)驗，提出教育宗旨與政策建議等，其影響力和潛能往往超過政府部門.美國教育的多元文化主義是美國教育的國策，多元文化教育是使多民族移民融入美國主體文 化的最大途徑.歸化主義是用占統(tǒng)治地位的文化去壓迫,消滅或混合別的文化.而多元 文化主義則是把一國中的多種民族文化接受為特色的，獨立的成份，在平等的基礎(chǔ)上認(rèn)同 與互補.美國文化教育的高水平也決定了美國在世界科技方面的領(lǐng)先地位。在美國人