跨文化交際中的非語言交際

1、華中科技大學(xué)文華學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文PAGE PAGE 20畢業(yè)論文題 目： 跨文化交際中的非語言交際 T i t l e: Nonverbal Communication in Cross-cultural Communication AcknowledgesWhen I write this degree paper, I met many problems. So in all the process I gain a lot of help from others.First, I thank the supervision of my teacher, Mrs.liu. From the b

2、eginning to the end, whenever I have problems, she is always ready to help me. When I ask her questions she answers very carefully. When she corrects my thesis, although she is very busy, she does it seriously quite a lot, which make me deeply moved.Second, I want to thank my classmates and my famil

3、y who help me. They give me many good advices.At last, I think I have to thank the college of foreign studies. It provides me an opportunity to learn English further. All the teachers taught me is very serious and careful, so that I learn well and can write it relatively smooth.AbstractVerbal commun

4、ication and nonverbal communication are the two means in intercultural communication. Verbal communication and nonverbal communication, the cultural production of a certain society, have differences as well as similarities in that. On the one hand, they both belong to communication, which refers to

5、the passing process of a message from one person to another either consciously or unconsciously through a certain means; on the other hand, the message is passed from the sender to the receiver in a different way. It is very important to make clear the relationships between verbal and nonverbal comm

6、unication in learning intercultural communication. When people send message or communicate, they usually use verbal communication and nonverbal communication together. But when the two means became contradictory, people always ready to accept the nonverbal message. For people believe that nonverbal

7、behavior is more natural, instinctive and difficult to disguise than verbal behavior. It remains the same situation when people of different countries communicate one another. So we should think highly of the study of nonverbal communication. Nowadays, globalization has become inevitable tide especi

8、ally after entering WTO. International communication has become more and more frequently. Under such a situation, the relevance of study the problem gets speak for itself.Many scholars are studying and researching the influence of nonverbal communication to intercultural communication. Now, a few sc

9、holars begin to solve the conflict according to the location of thought. The article is analyzed in terms of actions and methods in nonverbal communication.Key words: cross culture; nonverbal communication; cultural identity摘 要跨文化交際有兩種途徑：語言交際和非語言交際。非語言交際系統(tǒng)和語言交際都是一定社會文化的產(chǎn)物。二者有相似性也有差異性：他們都屬于交際。即一個(gè)有意識或

10、無意識的將信息通過某種途徑傳遞給另一個(gè)人的過程；所不同的是信息從發(fā)出者到接收者之間傳遞的途徑。在跨文化交際中，弄清非語言交際與文化的關(guān)系很重要。人們在傳遞信息交流思想時(shí)，經(jīng)常將語言交流手段和非語言交流手段結(jié)合起來。當(dāng)語言信息與非語言信息相沖突時(shí)，人們總是樂于接受非語言信息。因?yàn)槿藗兿嘈欧钦Z言行為比起語言行為來，顯得更為自然，更為本能，也就更難偽裝。在跨文化交際情況下，則更是如此了。因此，對非語言交際的研究應(yīng)得到重視?，F(xiàn)在，在全球已成為不可阻擋的潮流，尤其是我國加入WTO后，對外交往越來越頻繁，跨文化交際也越來越多。在這種情況下，研究非語言交際問題的重要性，就不言而喻了。至于對非語言的研究，大量

11、學(xué)者都在研究非語言交際的方式對跨文化交際的影響，目前也有少數(shù)學(xué)者開始從交際者自身的思想定位問題著手解決跨文化交際中的矛盾和沖突。本文主要通過對非語言交際的行為和手段的分析，提出提高非語言行為的交際能力的途徑。關(guān)鍵詞：跨文化；非語言交際；文化身份目 錄 TOC o 1-3 u Abstract PAGEREF _Toc231391786 h I1.0 Introduction PAGEREF _Toc231391790 h 12.0 The definition and functions of nonverbal communication PAGEREF _Toc231391791 h 12

12、.1 The definition of nonverbal communication PAGEREF _Toc231391792 h 12.2 The functions of nonverbal communication PAGEREF _Toc231391793 h 23.0 The similarities and differences between verbal and nonverbal communications PAGEREF _Toc231391794 h 33.1 Similarities PAGEREF _Toc231391795 h 33.2 Differen

13、ces PAGEREF _Toc231391796 h 44.0 The behavior and means of nonverbal communication PAGEREF _Toc231391797 h 54.1 Nonverbal behavior PAGEREF _Toc231391798 h 54.2 Nonverbal means PAGEREF _Toc231391799 h 95.0 The means to enhance the ability of nonverbal communication PAGEREF _Toc231391800 h 125.1 The w

14、ay to improve the social intercourse ability of the non- language behaviors. PAGEREF _Toc231391801 h 125.2 The other paths to improve non- language behavior ability PAGEREF _Toc231391802 h 176.0 Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc231391803 h 18Bibliography PAGEREF _Toc231391804 h 201.0 IntroductionThe forefinge

15、r-to-thumb gesture can mean “OK” in the United States. In France, it means zero or worthless. In Japan, the same gesture can mean “money”, but it is a symbol many times more offensive than the raised middle finger in Brazil. The same gesture leads to different meanings in different countries. Howeve

16、r, as the same reason, different nonverbal behaviors may express the same meaning. For example, waving good-bye varies among cultures. In Italy, Colombia, and China, people may wave good-bye by moving the palm and fingers back and forth, a gesture that more likely means “come here” in the United Sta

17、tes. But in Malaysia, beckoning someone by moving the forefingers back and force would be taken as an insult.Nonverbal communication is connected with cultures and it is the result of cultures. Therefore what we what to talk in this essay is how to overcome the obstacles of communication which is th

18、e result of the different cultures. We call it nonverbal in cross-communication. So we should understand it better in every aspect. 2.0 The definition and functions of nonverbal communication 2.1 The definition of nonverbal communicationThere are four different definitions: simply to say, nonverbal

19、communication is communication without words; the second, nonverbal communication is all kinds of communication except verbal communication; the third, nonverbal communication is the nature or action of human known by all of use, but it is not expressed by language; the fourth, nonverbal communicati

20、on means not articulation factors, in a certain situation; these factors are made up from people on purpose or surroundings.But according to some writers, nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that have potential message value for the source or recei

21、ver. For example, if you go to a job interview, your clothing must be in harmony with the color of the wall. If not, your interviewers first impression of you is not as good as you should be, so the color of the wall is also one part of the whole nonverbal communication event.The definition also per

22、mits us to include unintentional as well as intentional behavior in the total communication event. This approach is realistic because we send the preponderance of nonverbal messages without ever being aware that they have meaning for other peopleWe can also say that everyone learns the nonverbal com

23、munication when he was born, started before language learning. Crying means he is hungry or something hurts him, or he would like to hug with you means he likes you. Although he cant speak, he can express his feelings through nonverbal communication. It is nature. However, nonverbal communication ge

24、ts changed when in the different cultures or different countries. . 2.2 The functions of nonverbal communicationNonverbal communication covers quite a lot of contents, which has many kinds of functions. In order to utilize nonverbal communication well, we should know the functions as followings.2.2.

25、1 Replacing spoken language We are always in some situations where words cant be used. For examples, working in a very noisy manufacturing factory, communicators might use hand gestures to replace spoken message. We always wave hands to friends far away to greet them. Communicators who do not share

26、a language may try to make themselves understood with gestures. Nonverbal symbols can communicate utilitarian messages. On highway we can see symbols to show where restaurants are located.2.2.2 Sending uncomfortable messages instead of words Some messages are awkwardly difficult to express in words,

27、 but the meaning can be conveyed nonverbally without hurting feelings or causing embarrassment. Imagine being on your way home and being stopped by a friend who wants to talk. The message in your mind that you want to communicate is dont bother me. I am busy. I have no time to talk with you now. You

28、 may not want to say those words, but you can convey that meaning by slowly walking away. Your nonverbal communication followed by the verbal message of I really have to go is received without hurting feelings because its clear you really do have to leave.2.2.3 Forming impressions that guide communi

29、cation. We all attempt at times to manage the impression that others want us to be. If somebody wants to have a job interview, he/she will intentionally choose to wear certain clothes and take a certain way to send a message about who they are to the employer. In total, we can look on nonverbal comm

30、unication not only as independent communication but also as adjutant way. For example, the feelings such as fearful happy, sad, angry can be expressed by nonverbal factors such as gesture, facial expressions, and eye contact and sound. The functions of nonverbal communication are obvious and very im

31、portant. Samuel said: Most communication researchers agree that in formal face-to-face communication, messages are sent by 35% of spoken language and 65% of nonverbal actions. Person also thought that only 7% of the feelings are expressed by language and 93% of them are sent by nonverbal methods. Al

32、bert Mehrabian, a psychologist, designed the following formula: all the results of language equal 7% of the words plus 38% of tone plus 55% of facial expression. If you think of saying I hate you to somebody and made him/her feel disgusting, the importance of tone becomes easy to see.3.0 The similar

33、ities and differences between verbal and nonverbal communications Both verbal and nonverbal symbol systems can represent our experiences, ideas and feelings. They parallel each other in certain ways; they are also different. To better understand the workings of nonverbal codes, let us examine the si

34、milarities and differences between the two systems.3.1 SimilaritiesThe most obvious similarity between verbal and nonverbal communication is that both can be used to communication in the daily life, which was the most important similarity. We use these modes to tell people who we are, how we experie

35、nce the world, and the meaning we attach to our experience.When two persons, A and B, are attempting to communicate with each other, their communication is distorted by their personalities, attitudes, values, belief systems, biases, the assumptions they are making about each other, their experience,

36、 background, and so on. As communication to B flows through As screen and through Bs screen. When B responds to A, B is responding to what she heard rather than what A might have intended. She shoots her message back to B through her own screen of attitudes, values, and so on, through As screen. Wha

37、t is often not understood is that the way we get messages through our screens and through another persons screen often is confusing and distorting in and of itself. We add to what we hear, we fail to hear, and we distort messages according to the modes that are used to convey messages.A second simil

38、arity between the two systems is that they are both products of individuals. Whether we speak, laugh, point, touch, or remain silent, we have a special way different from others.In both systems, someone is attaching meaning to the symbols we produce. We can use words to make people follow certain di

39、rections. For instance, we say, turn left, and the person moves left, or we point to the left and the person turns in that direction. In each case, by attaching meaning to our symbols and responding to it, another human being is altering his/her behavior. 3.2 DifferencesThe basic difference between

40、verbal and nonverbal communication is whether accompany with the word when communicate with others. What we dress or what we do can give information to people what kind a people we are. However, Another important difference between verbal and nonverbal communication is that nonverbal behaviors are o

41、ut of biological control. For example, if someone tells a lie he/she cant control himself/herself to be blush. That is, we can see biology winning out over personal desire. We have much more control over verbal communication. We dont have this same control over pupil size, blinking, trembling and th

42、e like. In the case, the meaning sending by nonverbal messages are more believable.A second difference deals with the stage in life at which we learn these two systems. We learn nonverbal communication much earlier in life.Third, nonverbal message can be more emotional in their appeal and impact the

43、 verbal ones. Your tears, even when perceived by someone from another culture, have a much stronger impact than the words I am very sad. Fourth, verbal communication obeys a certain rules and has serious structure. But nonverbal communication doesnt have formal regulation, mode and fixed structure.

44、So to understand nonverbal communication behavior correctly is not easy, we should analyze the surroundings in total to make conclusions. Of course, the verbal and nonverbal communication is often done at one time.4.0 The behavior and means of nonverbal communicationNonverbal communication is a stud

45、y of cross-course subject, which involves many kinds of knowledge. On the eye on cross cultural communication and foreign language teaching, drawing lessons from the ideas of western scholars, we can classify it into four types: body language, paralanguage, object language and environmental language

46、. The former two are called nonverbal behavior, and the latter are called nonverbal means.4.1 Nonverbal behavior 4.1.1 Body language In our daily life, we can communicate with each other by language. Also, we can do it by the actions of different parts in our body. The actions and facial expressions

47、 used to send messages and communicate thoughts are called body language. It appears earlier than language. Its the earliest communicatory pattern for human beings. Since 70s in 20 centuries and the beginning of 80s, the range of research that the body language learning is more and more extensive, a

48、nd permeates toward other courses continuously. It plays an important part in the research of other realms. Body language includes posture, gestures, eye contact and gaze and facial expressions.(1) PosturePosture and sitting habits offer insight into a cultures deep structure. In Japanese culture, t

49、he bow is much more than a greeting. It dignifies that cultures concern with status and rank. For example, in Japan, low posture is an indicator of respect. Although it appears simple to outsider, actually it is very complicated. The person who occupies the lower status begins the bow and his/her bo

50、w must be deeper than the other person. The superior, in the other hand, determines when the bowing is to end. When the participants are of equal rank, they begin the bow in the same manner and end at the same time.In the United States, where being casual and friendly is valued, people often fall in

51、to chairs to slouch when they are tired or have a rest. In many countries such as German and Sweden, where lifestyle tend to be more formal, a slouching posture is considered a sign of rudeness and poor manner.Cultures also differ in the body orientations they assume during communication. Anyone who

52、 is interested in Arabs realized that they use a very direct body orientation when communicate. The Chinese, on the other hand, tend to feel uncomfortable with this style and will normally carry out their business in a less direct stance. Culture influences even the manner in which we organize our s

53、eating. For example, American tends to talk more with people who sit opposite them than with the people who are seated or standing beside them in groups. So when having a meeting or dinner in groups, the leader always sits at the end of the table. But in China, people like to sit side by side. They

54、will feel uneasy sitting face to face; it makes them feel as if they are on trial.In Korea, seating arrangement reflects status and role distinctions. Whenever you are in a car, or in the office, the seat at the right is considered the one of the honor. In Japan and China, the most important person

55、sits at the seat facing the door, with those nearest in rank at the right and left of this senior position. The person who is the lowest in class sits nearest the door.The table-manner can also communicate a message. In China, sitting with ones leg crosses is extremely offensive. Turks have much the

56、 same response to crossed legs. People in Thailand believe that since the bottoms of the feet are lowest part of the body, they should never point to the direction of another person. In fact, for the Thai, the feet take on so much significance that people avoid stomping with them.All the differences

57、 are related to different cultural styles(2) GesturesThe hand and arms match with mutually will produce various carriages and abundant non-language phrase. Most of gestures are learned in a certain cultural atmosphere. So that different cultures have different meanings. Lets see how gestures communi

58、cate.In the United States, make a circle with ones thumb and index figure while extending the others means ok, in Japan, baring of teeth, and together signify extreme hostility. The same gesture has a vulgar connotation in Mexico and Germany, and to the Tunisian, it means Ill kill you. In china, it

59、means zero. Placing index finger and middle finger like a v while extending China means the number 2, in England, after the second world war , Churchill, the administer of England, made this gesture it means victory. V is the first letter of the word victory. It has the same meaning in American and

60、most of Africa countries. We had ever seen the SARS patients do this gesture to signify determines to vanquish SARS. Turning up your thumb, it means praising somebody in China. In American and Canada, it means agreement and satisfaction, while turning down means objection and discontent. In Greece,