第三章 英漢句式結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)比

1、漢語(yǔ)的意合手段語(yǔ)序意義例1：(因?yàn)?他不老實(shí),我不能信任他。 Because he is not honest, I cant trust him.例2：說(shuō)是說(shuō)了,沒有結(jié)果。(=我雖然說(shuō)了但沒有結(jié)果)Ive made proposals, but they proved futile.英語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)漢語(yǔ)漢語(yǔ)形合形合意合意合轉(zhuǎn)換，省略，增譯和調(diào)整語(yǔ)序例1：All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little co

2、pper ball fell. 過了一些時(shí)候，從遠(yuǎn)方傳來(lái)了消息：在小銅球墜落的當(dāng)天，確實(shí)發(fā)生了 地震。這一切終于得到了澄清。例2： If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天來(lái)了，春天還會(huì)遠(yuǎn)嗎？例3：他不來(lái)，我不去。 If he wont come here, Ill not go there.例4：不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？ If you have never tasted the bitterness of gall, how can you know the sweetness of honey?英語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)漢語(yǔ)漢語(yǔ)靜態(tài)靜態(tài)動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換轉(zhuǎn)換例1：

3、In the cities, there were strict curfews, empty hotels, abandoned streets and office buildings, looters, trigger-happy patrols, and all the rest. 各城市都嚴(yán)格實(shí)行宵禁，飯店旅社都已人去樓空，大街小巷行人絕跡，辦公大樓門可羅雀，歹徒趁火打劫，巡邏隊(duì)動(dòng)輒開槍殺人，完全是一片兵荒馬亂的景象。例2： Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. 讀書可以怡情養(yǎng)性，可以摭拾文采，可以增長(zhǎng)才干

4、。例3：火箭已經(jīng)用來(lái)探索用來(lái)探索宇宙。Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.例4：他帶帶學(xué)生到到工廠去參觀去參觀。He took his students to the factory for a visit.3.英語(yǔ)的英語(yǔ)的“物稱表達(dá)法物稱表達(dá)法”和漢語(yǔ)的和漢語(yǔ)的“人稱表人稱表達(dá)法達(dá)法”英語(yǔ)：句子常用物稱表達(dá)法，讓事物以客觀的口氣呈現(xiàn)出來(lái)，使敘述顯得客觀公正，語(yǔ)氣委婉間接。英語(yǔ)物稱表達(dá)法分三大類：英語(yǔ)物稱表達(dá)法分三大類：（1）使用抽象名詞或無(wú)生命的事物名稱做主語(yǔ)，同時(shí)使用表示人的動(dòng)作或 行為的動(dòng)詞

5、作謂語(yǔ)，此句式常常帶有擬人化的修辭色彩。如： Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance. 我興奮得什么話也說(shuō)不出來(lái)。 The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps. 我走在厚厚的地毯上，一點(diǎn)聲音也沒有。 (2) 使用“it”、“there be”和不定代詞”one”做主語(yǔ)。 It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest. 我從來(lái)也沒有想到她這么不老實(shí)。 There broke out a war between England an

6、d France in 1066. 1066年，英國(guó)和法國(guó)爆發(fā)了一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。 One must make painstaking effort before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language. 要掌握一門外語(yǔ)，非下苦功不可。（3）英語(yǔ)常用被動(dòng)態(tài)，表示物稱表達(dá)法；漢人的思維重“事在人為”，人的動(dòng)作和行為必然是由人做的，事或物不可能自己去完成這些動(dòng)作和行為，因而表達(dá)時(shí)常常說(shuō)出施動(dòng)者，采用人稱表達(dá)法；如無(wú)人稱，則采用泛稱，如“有人”、“人們”、“大家”、“人家”等；當(dāng)主語(yǔ)不言自喻時(shí)，漢語(yǔ)又常常采用無(wú)主語(yǔ)句， 即在句中常常隱含人稱或省略人

7、稱。例1：又要馬兒跑的快，又要馬兒不吃草，簡(jiǎn)直可笑！You want the horse to run fast and yet you dont let it graze. Isnt it ridiculous!例2：沒有調(diào)查，就沒有發(fā)言權(quán)。He who makes no investigation has no right to speak. 漢語(yǔ)：常用主動(dòng)式，采用人稱、泛稱或隱稱表達(dá)法。英語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)漢語(yǔ)漢語(yǔ)物稱表達(dá)物稱表達(dá)人稱表達(dá)人稱表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)換、添加主語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換、添加主語(yǔ) 例1：His passion carried him astray. 他因感情沖動(dòng)而誤入歧途。例2： An idea sudd

8、enly struck me. 我突然想到了一個(gè)注意。例3 ： Neither sorrow nor regret followed my passionate outburst. 我發(fā)一陣怒之后，并不難過，也不后悔。例4：我一時(shí)記不起他的名字。 His name escapes me for the moment.例5：他們違反國(guó)際法，侵犯基本人權(quán)，受到世界人民廣泛的譴責(zé)。 Their violation of international laws and abuse of basic human rights earned them the broad condemnation of th

9、e people in the world.例6：生了兒子，吃啥有啥；生了女兒，有啥吃啥。 If a woman gives birth to a boy, she eats what she wants； if to a girl, she just eats what there is.話題主語(yǔ)：話題主語(yǔ)：主謂結(jié)構(gòu)與謂語(yǔ)的關(guān)系為表示與事、受事、工具、材料、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式等關(guān)系，翻譯時(shí)譯為英語(yǔ)的狀語(yǔ)。v與事主語(yǔ)：與事主語(yǔ)：與事主語(yǔ)占句首，但不與句中某個(gè)具體成分發(fā)生關(guān)系，只在與事主語(yǔ)占句首，但不與句中某個(gè)具體成分發(fā)生關(guān)系，只在總體意義上與句子有關(guān)，具有某種參與意義。與事主語(yǔ)前大多有話題提總體

10、意義上與句子有關(guān)，具有某種參與意義。與事主語(yǔ)前大多有話題提示語(yǔ)如示語(yǔ)如“關(guān)于關(guān)于”、“至于至于”、“說(shuō)到說(shuō)到”、“講到講到”等，翻譯時(shí)，可加等，翻譯時(shí)，可加about ,as fo, as far asconcerned。如：v這套衣服媽媽有個(gè)故事。About the suit of clothes Mother has a story.v打老虎我有經(jīng)驗(yàn)。I am much experienced in killing the tiger.v這本小說(shuō)我讀過一半。 As for this novel, I have read half of it.v教高年級(jí)的翻譯課，他還不是很有經(jīng)驗(yàn)。 As f

11、ar as teaching translation to the senior students is concerned, he is not experienced yet.v婚姻的事，年輕人都自己做主了。As for the marriage, the young people would make their own decision.有些與事話題主語(yǔ)可以處理為句子。寶地，這就是寶地，這幾年越來(lái)越多的人搬到這里來(lái)干什么？What is the lucky place? Here it is, you see, why more and more people move to live

12、 here these years?洋派作風(fēng)，你只要看看他，說(shuō)洋話，信洋教，吃洋飯。 What is the foreign style? Just look at him. He speaks foreign language, follows foreign religion and eats foreign meal.受事主語(yǔ)：受事主語(yǔ)：話題主語(yǔ)是小謂語(yǔ)的受事，句子處理方法有三類1. 直接按英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)序，將漢語(yǔ)的大主語(yǔ)譯為英語(yǔ)的主位化前置的賓語(yǔ)。 說(shuō)話的天賦，只有人類才有。The gift of speech man only has. 對(duì)外貿(mào)易，我們一定要采取有力措施進(jìn)一步搞活。 The

13、 foreign trade, we should adopt effective measure to further enliven.2. 將話題主語(yǔ)移到后面作賓語(yǔ)，選小主語(yǔ)作為英語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)。 老虎老虎獵人打死了。The hunter has killed the tiger. 交通規(guī)則人人要遵守。 Everyone should observe the rules of the road . 別人家里雞零狗碎的事情你都知道，真是個(gè)順風(fēng)耳呀！ You know all the bits and pieces of trifles of other families. You are reall

14、y well informed.3. 將漢語(yǔ)話題主語(yǔ)置于句首作英語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)，即譯為英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)句。 我軍的素質(zhì)、軍政都要提高。 Both the military and political quality of our army must be raised. 這筆錢，在收據(jù)沒有簽字前你們絕對(duì)不能付。 The money absolutely must not be paid before the receipt has been signed.責(zé)任制度，我們?cè)跅l件成熟時(shí)就實(shí)行，條件不成熟時(shí)就不實(shí)行。The system of job reasonability can be adopted w

15、here the conditions are ripe and not otherwise.地點(diǎn)主語(yǔ)：地點(diǎn)主語(yǔ)：洗衣盆里堆著一大堆臟衣服。There were heaped dirty clothes in the washing tub.全市到處都在興建新工廠。New factories are being built all over the city.門口站著兩個(gè)衛(wèi)兵，嚴(yán)峻冷漠。 Two guards ,cold and aloof, stand beside in front of the gate.天上掛著一輪明月。A bright round moon hangs in the

16、sky.時(shí)間主語(yǔ)時(shí)間主語(yǔ)僅僅1個(gè)小時(shí)就洗好了衣服。Only for an hour were all family members clothes washed.北宋時(shí)，蘇東坡在詠湖的詩(shī)篇中，首次把西湖比作古代美女西施。Su Dongpo, a poet of the Northern Song Dynasty, in his poem compared the West Lake to an ancient Chinese Beauty named Xishi.從前海邊的一個(gè)村子里住著個(gè)老漁民。Once there lived an old fisherman in a village by

17、 the sea. 方式主語(yǔ)方式主語(yǔ)：一步一步，慢慢地，他們終于登上了山頂。Gradually ,step by step, they climbed to the top of mountain at last.這么快媽媽就洗好了衣服。Mama finished washing at admirable speed.工具主語(yǔ)：工具主語(yǔ)：這把刀我切肉。With the knife I slice meat.三條長(zhǎng)繩，他們把個(gè)小伙子捆得像只粽子。With the three long ropes they trussed the young man up like a fowl.一塊洗衣板養(yǎng)活一

18、家人。The whole family was kept alive with a washing board. 這把槍他打死五只老虎了。He killed five tigers with this gun.材料主語(yǔ)：材料主語(yǔ)：這些磚頭，他們可以蓋一座房。With these bricks they can build a house.零位主語(yǔ)，即無(wú)主語(yǔ)的句子零位主語(yǔ)，即無(wú)主語(yǔ)的句子1）表示自然現(xiàn)象和人類自身感受的句子）表示自然現(xiàn)象和人類自身感受的句子,常常增補(bǔ)常常增補(bǔ)it。看樣子要變天了。It seems the weather is changing.刮風(fēng)了，下雨了。Its blowin

19、g, its raining.出太陽(yáng)了。The sun is rising.熱得他們?nèi)砻昂?。Its so hot that they are sweating like a pig.The heat makes them sweat like a pig.2) 人身體上或心理上的感受在“把”字句和“得”字句中用無(wú)主句。it 或其他詞餓得他話都說(shuō)不出來(lái)了。把他餓得說(shuō)不出話來(lái)了。It makes him so hungry that he cant speak.He is too hungry to speak.嚇得小女孩哭起來(lái)了。把小女孩嚇得哭起來(lái)了。It scared the little

20、girl to tears.The little girl was scared to tears.搞得我心亂如麻。把我搞得心亂如麻。It made me completely upset. I was made completely upset.3) 類似于祈使句的泛指人稱句。好像是說(shuō)話人對(duì)讀者或聽著發(fā)出的一種勸告、警告、命令、行為指示，或是對(duì)一種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象的描述和評(píng)論。這類無(wú)主句英譯時(shí)，需補(bǔ)充出具有泛指意義的人稱代詞或名詞 只有慎之又慎，才能避免犯不必要的錯(cuò)誤。 Being very careful, you(we) can avoid making unnecessary mistakes

21、. 不能做官當(dāng)老爺，脫離群眾，脫離下面的干部。 You(we) should not act like overlords, nor divorce yourselves (ourselves) from the masses and lower-ranking cadres. 過河拆橋，忘恩負(fù)義絕沒有好下場(chǎng)。 Those who kick the ladder will certainly come to no good end. 熱烈歡迎亞太地區(qū)的客商來(lái)上海浦東投資、建立和發(fā)展貿(mào)易關(guān)系。 Customers from Asian and Pacific regions are welcom

22、e to Pudong of Shanghai to invest, establish and develop business contacts. 打得贏就打，打不贏就走。 Fight when you can win, move away when you cannot win （中國(guó)外文出版社譯文） We can win and run away when we cannot . （英國(guó)勞倫斯出版社譯文） 4) 成語(yǔ)、警句、格言等是人類在生產(chǎn)和社會(huì)生活中積累的經(jīng)驗(yàn)總結(jié)，繁殖性很強(qiáng)，大多不用主語(yǔ)。這些成語(yǔ)除了可用意義相同或相似的英語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)來(lái)翻譯，有時(shí)也只能意譯，需補(bǔ)上主語(yǔ)。 活到老，學(xué)到老

23、。 Its never too old to learn. 三思而后行。 Look before you leap. 不到黃河心不死。 Dont stop until you reach the Yellow River. 入鄉(xiāng)隨俗。 Do as the local people. Do as the Roman do. 不經(jīng)一事，不長(zhǎng)一智。 You cant gain knowledge without practice. Wisdom comes from experience. 不入虎穴，焉得虎子。If one does not enter the tigers den, how can

24、 he get a tigers cub.5) 大量的無(wú)主句是省略主語(yǔ)。在上下文提到情況下，主語(yǔ)不言自明，不必說(shuō)出。翻譯時(shí)，不出主語(yǔ)即可。 我從來(lái)沒有忍過？越忍越不得安然！ Havent I been patient and tolerant? Yet, the more tolerant I was, the more I had英語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)漢語(yǔ)漢語(yǔ)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)話題結(jié)構(gòu)話題結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換轉(zhuǎn)換例1：He was canny, openhanded, brisk, candid, and modest. 他為人聰明，生氣勃勃，忠厚耿直，謙虛謹(jǐn)慎。例2： I am 78 years old; I hav

25、e been confined to my room with a paralytic stroke for the past 14 months. 我78歲了，由于患了癱瘓性的中風(fēng)，14個(gè)月來(lái)一直出不了門。例3：這些新型汽車速度快，效率高，行動(dòng)靈活。 These cars of new types are fast, efficient and handy.例4：你昨天買的水果，一半的味道都不好。 Half of the apples you bought yesterday do not taste well.例5：總共十個(gè)人，五個(gè)病了干不了活。 Five of ten persons i

26、n all are not able to work because of illness.漢譯英過程中主語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換和選擇1）由主語(yǔ)的詞性而引起的主語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換和選擇）由主語(yǔ)的詞性而引起的主語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換和選擇采訪這位演員,是在他公成名就得獎(jiǎng)以后 。The interview with the actor was conducted after he had achieved a great success and got a prize. (動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)名詞短語(yǔ))使用細(xì)菌武器意味著違反國(guó)際法。The use of bacteriological weapons means the violation of in

27、ternational law.能吃能睡不見得健康。Good eaters and sleepers are never good workers.他們派來(lái)的工程師迅速到達(dá)，并檢查了所有的設(shè)備，工廠很快恢復(fù)了生產(chǎn)。譯文譯文a: The engineers sent by them arrived quickly and examined all facilities carefully, thus, the factory restored its production very speedily.譯文譯文b: The quick arrival of the engineers sent b

28、y them and their careful examination of all facilities brought about the very speedy restoration of the factorys production . 他們違反國(guó)際法，侵犯基本人權(quán)，受到世界人民廣泛的譴責(zé)。譯文譯文a: They are condemned broadly by the people in the world because they violate international laws and abuse basic human rights.譯文譯文b: Their viol

29、ation of international laws and abuse of basic human rights earned them the broad condemnation of the people in the world.語(yǔ)言的表達(dá)習(xí)慣不同引起的。原主語(yǔ)的轉(zhuǎn)換原主語(yǔ)的轉(zhuǎn)換我們開了一個(gè)勝利的大會(huì)，一個(gè)團(tuán)結(jié)的大會(huì)。譯文A: We have had a congress of victory, a congress of unity.譯文B: Ours has been a congress of victory, a congress of unity.我們宣傳大會(huì)的路線就是

30、要使全黨和全國(guó)人民建立起一個(gè)信心，即革命一定要?jiǎng)倮Ｗg文A: We propagate the line of the congress in order to build up the confidence of the whole party and the entire people in the certain triumph of the revolution.譯文B: Our aim in propagating the line of the congress is to build up the confidence of the whole party and the entire people in the ce