施工組織設(shè)計中英文對照外文翻譯文獻

1、 施工組織設(shè)計中英文對照外文翻譯文獻施工組織設(shè)計中英文對照外文翻譯文獻(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)摘要：施工組織設(shè)計的重要性建筑工程在施工過程中，施工組織方案的優(yōu)劣不僅直接影響工程的質(zhì)量，對工期及施工過程中的人員安全也有重要影響。施工組織是項目建設(shè)和指導(dǎo)工程施工的重要技術(shù)經(jīng)濟文件。能調(diào)節(jié)施工中人員、機器、原料、環(huán)境、工藝、設(shè)備、土建、安裝、管理、生產(chǎn)等矛盾,要對施工組織設(shè)計進行監(jiān)督和控制,才能科學(xué)合理的保證工程項目高質(zhì)量、低成本、少耗能的完成。關(guān)鍵詞：項目管理施工組織方案重要性施工組織設(shè)計就是對工程建設(shè)項目整個施工過程的構(gòu)思設(shè)想和具體安排，是施工組織管理工作的核心和靈魂。其目的是使工程速度快、

2、質(zhì)量好、效益高。使整個工程在施工中獲得相對的最優(yōu)效果。1. 編制施工組織設(shè)計重要性的原因建筑工程及其施工具有固定性與流動性、多樣性與單件性、形體龐大與施工周期長這三對特點。所以，每一建筑工程的施工都必須進行施工組織設(shè)計。這是因為：其它一般工業(yè)產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)都有著自己固定的、長期適用的工廠。而建筑施工具有流動性的特點，不可能建立這樣的工廠，只能是當每一個建筑工程施工時，建立一個相應(yīng)的、臨時性的，如同工廠作用性質(zhì)的施工現(xiàn)場準備，即工地。施工單件性特點與施工流動性特點，決定了每一建筑工程施工都要選擇相應(yīng)的機具和勞動力組織。選擇施工方法、擬定施工技術(shù)方案及其勞動力組織和機具配置，統(tǒng)稱為施工作業(yè)能力配置。施

3、工周期的特點，決定了各種勞動力、機具和眾多材料物資技術(shù)的供應(yīng)時間也比較長，這就產(chǎn)生了與施工總進度計劃相適應(yīng)的物資技術(shù)的施工組織設(shè)計內(nèi)容。由此可見，施工組織設(shè)計在項目管理中是相當重要的。2. 施工組織設(shè)計方案的重要性建筑產(chǎn)品作為一種商品， 在項目管理中工程質(zhì)量在整個施工過程中起著極其重要的作用。工程建設(shè)項目的施工組織設(shè)計與其工程造價有著密切的關(guān)系。施工組織設(shè)計基本的內(nèi)容有：工程概況和施工條件的分析、施工方案、施工工藝、施工進度計劃、施工總平面圖。還有經(jīng)濟分析和施工準備工作計劃。其中,施工方案及施工工藝的確定更為重要,如:施工機械的選擇、水平運輸方法的選擇、土方的施工方法及主體結(jié)構(gòu)的施工方法和施工

4、工藝的選擇等等,均直接影響著工程預(yù)算價格的變化。在保證工程質(zhì)量和滿足業(yè)主使用要求及工期要求的前提下,優(yōu)化施工方案及施工工藝是控制投資和降低工程項目造價的重要措施和手段。2.1 施工組織方案在很大程度上影響著工程質(zhì)量，因此合理的施工組織方案不僅是確保工程順利完成的基礎(chǔ)，也是工程安全的依據(jù)。施工組織設(shè)計是建筑工程設(shè)計文件的重要組成部分，是編制工程投資概預(yù)算的主要依據(jù)和編制招投標文件的主要參考依據(jù)。因此，認真做好施工組織設(shè)計，對于正確確定工程造價、降低工程投資，從而有利控制工程造價將有十分重要的作用。2.2 施工組織方案是對施工活動實行科學(xué)管理的重要手段，它具有戰(zhàn)略部署和戰(zhàn)術(shù)安排的雙重作用。它體現(xiàn)了

5、實現(xiàn)基本建設(shè)計劃和設(shè)計的要求，提供了各階段的施工準備工作內(nèi)容，協(xié)調(diào)施工過程中各施工工區(qū)，各施工工種，各項自愿之間的相互關(guān)系。施工組織方案必須能夠根據(jù)工程產(chǎn)品的特點和要求，根據(jù)現(xiàn)有的和可能爭取到的施工條件，從實際出發(fā)，決定各種生產(chǎn)要素的基本結(jié)合方式，不切實解決問題，就不可能進行任何生產(chǎn)。3. 施工組織設(shè)計的指標計算和分析目前施工組織設(shè)計應(yīng)建立哪些指標還不統(tǒng)一，計算方法也不規(guī)范。由于它是評價施工組織設(shè)計整體效果和評價執(zhí)行狀況的尺度，也是對承建工程施工的單位(項目部) 生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營管理水平和效果進行考核的依據(jù)。應(yīng)予重視，提出如下意見。3.1 指標體系。指標體系的設(shè)置要盡量反映施工組織設(shè)計目標達到的水平，

6、為評價、考核、執(zhí)行提供方便。3.2 指標計算。(1)施工準備期。從現(xiàn)場準備開始到正式工程開工的全部時間。(2)單位工程工期。由單位工程施工進度計劃安排的施工期。(3)勞動力不均衡系數(shù)。施工期高峰人數(shù)與平均人數(shù)之比。(4)降低成本額。技術(shù)組織措施降低成本的價格成果。(5)降低成本率。降低成本額占承包成本的百分比。(6)施工機械化程度。機械施工完成產(chǎn)值與工程承包造價之比。(7)工廠化施工程度。預(yù)制廠(采砂場、采石場)完成的產(chǎn)值與工程承包造價之比。(8)臨時工程投資比例。全部臨時工程投資與工程承包造價之比。(9)臨時工程費用比例。全部臨時工程消耗費用減回收費與工程承包造價之比。3.3 指標分析。施工

7、組織設(shè)計指標與同類工程歷史實際水平相比，可以評價施工組織設(shè)計效果；不同施工組織設(shè)計方案的指標對比，可以優(yōu)選方案；分析以往歷次同類工程的各項指標的加權(quán)數(shù)值，可以作為今后再次投標的參考依據(jù)。4. 施工組織設(shè)計的管理隨著社會主義市場經(jīng)濟的建立,建筑市場的競爭日趨激烈,客觀形勢對施工企業(yè)的要求越來越高。不僅在技術(shù)裝備、人員素質(zhì)、施工組織者方面提出較高的要求，而且工程經(jīng)濟管理工作中有關(guān)工程預(yù)結(jié)算也面臨新的挑戰(zhàn)。嚴謹建筑市場形勢下，有些施工企業(yè)沒有積極采取應(yīng)對措施,對員工的專業(yè)技術(shù)沒有更新、培訓(xùn)?？茖W(xué)技術(shù)管理水平相當落后。加上對編制審核施工組織設(shè)計沒有引起足夠的重視。因此就會出現(xiàn)以下幾種常見的情況：4.1

8、 開工前沒有編制審核施工組織設(shè)計：不搞施工平面布置圖,材料亂堆亂放。土方運出運進、機械設(shè)備、勞動力需求無計劃、工程質(zhì)量、安全施工無保證措施。造成窩工浪費現(xiàn)象嚴重,管理水平較低。4.2 是否是專業(yè)人員編制施工組織設(shè)計：為應(yīng)付上級部門及監(jiān)理單位、甲方檢查而給施工員或資料員代編施工組織設(shè)計。因為資料根本對現(xiàn)在的施工管理不了解而又是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)最近安排的，不得不胡亂編造，應(yīng)付了事。4.3 施工組織設(shè)計編制水平低：有的施工單位，不明白施工組織在施工過程中的重要性，寫一寫各分項施工工藝、畫張平面布置圖、工程進度計劃表,便認為是施工組織設(shè)計了。4.4 要技術(shù)棄經(jīng)濟：相當多的施工企業(yè)單位在編制施工組織設(shè)計時。只重視施

9、工組織當中的各分項工程的技術(shù)措施。沒有考慮分項工程經(jīng)濟指標方面內(nèi)容,導(dǎo)致工程竣工結(jié)算時糾紛不斷,蒙受經(jīng)濟損失。因此，要對施工組織設(shè)計進行管理：(1) 實行動態(tài)管理工程施工過程中，不可避免地會遇到意想不到的各種問題，如設(shè)計變更、自然因素等影響，各階段施工進程的變化造成現(xiàn)場方案的調(diào)整，因此必須根據(jù)變化了的現(xiàn)場實際進行動態(tài)管理，對施工組織設(shè)計中不適宜部分進行必須的修改、補充、優(yōu)化，以達到既定的建設(shè)目標。(2) 實行分層管理項目法施工的推行，管理層與作業(yè)層分離，以及固定工人逐步減少的情況，勢必引出總承包與分包的現(xiàn)象，中標單位從過去的直接管理、直接技術(shù)交底，變?yōu)殚g接管理、間接技術(shù)交底，因此應(yīng)根據(jù)施工組織

10、設(shè)計進行分層管理，明確總包與分包單位、管理層與作業(yè)層的技術(shù)權(quán)限、職責(zé)與工作程序。5. 結(jié)語在項目的施工中，一定要對施工組織設(shè)計進行監(jiān)督和控制，確保項目的施工有序， 防止施工組織設(shè)計流于形式。施工組織設(shè)計是工程質(zhì)量、安全、進度的保障有力措施。在一定的資源條件下實現(xiàn)工程的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟效益，達到施工效益與經(jīng)濟效益雙贏的目 的。6. 遵照合同工作除非合法的或現(xiàn)實條件不允許，任何情況下，承包商應(yīng)嚴格遵照合同實施、竣工和修補其任何缺陷以滿足工程師的要求。無論合同中是否提及或接觸或涉及施工，承包商應(yīng)嚴格執(zhí)行工程師的指示。根據(jù)合同第 2 條的規(guī)定，承包商只能從工程師代表處取得指示。7. 提交進度計劃承包商應(yīng)當在中

11、標函簽發(fā)日之后第二部分說明的時間之內(nèi)，以工程師規(guī)定的適當格式和詳細程度，向工程師遞交一份工程進度計劃，以取得工程師的同意。無論工程師何時需要，承包商還應(yīng)以書面形式提交一份對其進行工程施工所擬采用的安排和方法的總說明。8. 修改進度無論何時，如果工程師認為，工程的實際進度不符合第 14.1 款中已經(jīng)同意的進度計劃時，承包商應(yīng)根據(jù)工程師的要求提出一份修訂過的進度計劃，表明為保證工程按期竣工而對原進度計劃所作的修改。9. 提交現(xiàn)金流量估算在中標函簽發(fā)日之后第二部分條款說明的時間之內(nèi)，承包商應(yīng)按季度向工程師提交承包商根據(jù)合同將有權(quán)得到的全部支付的詳細現(xiàn)金流通量估算。若工程師提出要求，依照合同規(guī)定指定承

12、包商的所有支付，承包商還應(yīng)按季度提供修訂的現(xiàn)金流通量估算。10. 承包商的監(jiān)督只要工程師認為是為正確履行合同規(guī)定的承包商義務(wù)所必需的，承包商應(yīng)在工程的施工期間及其后提供一切必要的監(jiān)督。承包商或經(jīng)工程師批準的一位合格的并授權(quán)的代表應(yīng)用其全部時間對該工程進行監(jiān)督。上述批準可由工程師隨時撤回。該授權(quán)代表應(yīng)代表承包商接受工程師的指示，或根據(jù)第 2 條的規(guī)定 接受工程師代表的指示。Importance of construction organization designSummary:Construction work in the construction process, the construc

13、tion organizat ion scheme will not only directly affect project quality, duration and safety als o has an important impact in the construction process. Construction organizati on projects and mentoring in construction of key technical and economic docu ments. Canregulate the construction people, mac

14、hines, materials, environment, technology, equipment, construction, installation, management, production a nd other conflicts , monitoring and control of the construction organization de sign , scientific and reasonable assurance the completion of project of high qu ality, low cost, low energy consu

15、mption.Key words:Project management construction management programme the importanc eConstruction organization design is the idea of the whole construction proc ess of engineering construction project ideas and specific arrangements, organ ization and management of construction work is the heart and

16、 soul. Its aim is t o enable high speed, high quality, efficiency. Engineeringbest results when wo rking in construction as a whole.1. Because of the importance of preparation of construction organiza tion designArchitectural engineering and construction with a fixed and liquidity, div ersity and on

17、epiece, form a large and long construction period the three chara cteristics. Therefore, each construction engineering construction organization design of construction must be carried out. This isbecause other general indust rial products have their own fixed, longterm application factories. Buildin

18、g co nstruction is characterized by mobility, impossible to build such a plant, only when each of the construction, and establishing an appropriate, provisional, as factory construction site preparation, namely, site. Constructioncharacteristics and construction of single pieces of mobility features

19、, decided to select appropriate equipment for each construction and labor organizations. Construction technology of construction method of selecting, developing programmes and labour organizations and equipment configur ation, collectively known as operation capacity configuration. Construction cy c

20、le features determines the labour supply of many material, equipment and technology is a long time,which raises the total progress plan of construction mat erial that is appropriate for the construction organization design of technology content. It can be seen that is of considerable importance in c

21、onstruction orga nization design in project management.2. Importance of construction organization designConstruction products as a commodity and engineering quality in project management plays a vital role in the entire construction process. Construction organization design and engineering cost of c

22、onstruction projects has a close relationship. Constructionorganization design of basic content: project overvie w and analysis of construction conditions, implementation plan, construction t echnology, construction progress plan and general plan of construction. Furth er economic analysis and const

23、ruction preparation plans. , Scheme and constr uction technology in construction of more important , such as : levels of select ion, selection of transport method of construction machinery, earth-moving co nstruction method and construction method and construction technology of m ain structure of ch

24、oice and so on , are directly affecting the estimated project price changes. In ensuring project quality and meet the owners subject to the r equirements and duration requirements , optimizing construction scheme and construction technology are important measures to control investment and red uce pr

25、oject cost and means.2.1 Construction organization scheme is to a large extent affect project quality, reasonable construction programme is not only to ensure that the basis for successful completion of the construction, safety basis. Construction organ ization design is an important part of constru

26、ction design documents, is the m ain basis for preparation of the project investment budget and preparation of t ender documents, the main frame of reference. Therefore, good job in constru ction organization design,correctly determine project cost, reduce engineering investment, thus ena bling to c

27、ontrol project cost would have a very important role.2.2 Construction organization plan of construction activities is an import ant means of implementing scientific management, it has the dual role of strat egic deployment and tactical arrangements. It reflects the requirements of imp lementing the

28、capital master plan and design provides all phases of construction preparation, coordination of construction during the construction projectth e construction trade, the relationship between voluntary. Construction organiz ation scheme must be according to the product's characteristics and requir

29、eme nts, based on existing and possible securing construction conditions, realistic, determine how the basiccombination of various factors of production, does no t solve problems, it is impossible for any production.3. Construction design calculation and analysis of indicatorsConstruction organizati

30、on design should be to establish which indicators are not unified, calculation or specification. Because itis the evaluation of con struction organization design of the overall assessment of the effectiveness an d the status of implementation, as well as project construction units ( project ) produc

31、tion and management levels and to test the effectiveness of thebasis. M ust be given to, and made the following comments.3.1 Index system. Sets as far as possible reflect the construction organiza tion design of index system of the target level of, and to facilitate the evaluati on, examination, imp

32、lementation.3.2 Index calculation. (1) construction preparation phase. Starting from si te preparation to the official project for all time. (2) project duration. Arranged by unit engineering construction progress plan of construction. (3) labour imb alance coefficientDuring peak and the average rat

33、io of the number of. (4) redu cethe cost amount. Technical measures to reduce the cost of results. (5) reduce the cost rate. Cost reduction percentage of total contract costs. (6) constructio n mechanization. Mechanical construction completed production and engineer ing contract cost ratio. (7) the

34、level of industrial construction.Precast factory ( sand excavation, quarries ) completed production and e ngineering contract cost ratio. (8) the investment proportion of temporary wor ks. All temporary works investment and engineering contracts cost ratio. (9) c ost of temporary works. All temporar

35、y works cost recovery fees and contract cost reduction ratio.3.3 Indicator analysis. Construction organization design of indicators as compared to similar projects historical actual levels, can assess the impact con struction organization design; different indicators of construction organization des

36、ign in contrast to optimum programme; analysis of the weighted numerica l indicator of previous similar projects could serve as a reference for future bi dding again.4. Management of construction organization designWith the establishment of the Socialist market economy , building increa singly fierc

37、e market competition , objective conditions on the construction ent erprise requirements getting higher and higher. Not only in terms of technical equipment, quality of personnel, organizer of construction put forward higher requirements, but also in engineering economics and management work engin e

38、ering budget and settlement also faces new challenges. Strict construction m arket situation, some construction companies do not have a positive response , had no update on staff expertise and training. Science and technology manag ement level quite backward. And for the preparation of construction

39、organizat ion design of audit did not attract enough attention. Therefore, there will be se veral common scenarios:4.1 Before commencement of construction organization design of auditing has not been prepared: not to engage in the construction of floor plans , ma terials of rubble lying around. Eart

40、hwork out of transport, machinery and equi pment, quality of labor demand planning, engineering, construction without g uarantees of security. Caused the serious waste of idling , lower levels of man agement.4.2 Is the professional preparation of construction organization design: t o cope with highe

41、r authorities and supervision units, the customer shall check and construction construction organization designfor information or addendum. Because the information simply don't kno w about now, construction management and leadership has recently arranged, had to make up indiscriminately to deal

42、with.4.3 Low levels of construction organization design preparation: some c onstruction units, do not understand the importance of construction organizati on in the construction process, write about the construction process, draw a fl oor plan, project schedule , is considered to be construction org

43、anization plan.4.4 Abandoned technology economy: a considerable number of units at t he time of preparation of construction organization design in construction ente rprise. Only importance to the construction of the project of technical measures. Content does not take into account economic indicator

44、s , leading to projects completion settlement of disputes continue , causing economic losses.Therefore, the management of construction organization design: (1) the introduction of dynamic managementConstruction process, inevitably will encounter unexpected problems, su ch as impact, natural factors

45、such as design changes, change field programme s of each stage of the construction process adjustments must therefore be base d on dynamic management of engineering field, not suitable for construction organization design section must be modified, supplemented, optimization, to reach the established

46、 goal.(2) Implementation of hierarchical managementProject law construction of introduced, management layer and job layer separation, and fixed workers gradually reduced of situation, will leads total c ontract and points package of phenomenon, bid units from past of directly ma nagement, and direct

47、ly technology low-down, becomes indirect management, and indirect technology low-down, therefore should according to construction organization design for tiered management, clear total package and points pa ckage units, and management layer and job layer of technology permission, a nd duties and wor

48、k program.5. Closing remarksIn the construction of the project, be sure to oversight and control of the construction organization design to ensure project construction in order to pre vent construction organization design of formality. Progress of the constructio n organization design of project qua

49、lity, security, strong measures of protection. In conditions of considerable resources to achieve economic benefit of the project and achieve the winwin purpose construction and economic benefit.6. Work to be in Accordance with ContractUnless it is legally or physically impossible, the Contractor sh

50、all execute and complete the Works and remedy any defects therein in strict accordance with the Contract to the satisfaction of the Engineer. The Contractor shall comply with and adhere strictly to the Engineer's instructions on any matter, whether mentioned in the Contract or not, touching or concerning the Works. The Contractor shall take instructions only from the Engineer or, subject to the provisions of Clause 2, form the Engine