外文翻譯模板

1、 鄭州科技學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（外文翻譯） 題 目 欒川旅游資源開發(fā)模式探析 學(xué)生姓名 專業(yè)班級(jí) 10財(cái)務(wù)管理本科 學(xué) 號(hào) 院 （系 ) 工商管理學(xué)院 指導(dǎo)教師(職稱) 王金蕊（講師） 完成時(shí)間 2014年3月31日 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: TOURISM DEBATE1 OBJECTIVES After reading this Unit you will be able to: understand the concept of sustainable development, know about some of the major developmental ap

2、proaches, link the above mentioned objectives with tourism development, and appreciate the role to be played by different segments of the tourism system for sustainable tourism development. 2 INTRODUCTION In 1999, international tourist arrivals touched the 664 million figure. Out of this 62.1 per ce

3、nt market share went to 15 countries. In terms of international tourism receipts of US $455 billion, with US having the largest share of US $ 74.4 billion. Well these figures are not just numbers as they demonstrate a variety of things. Massive movements of people also mean utilization and consumpti

4、on of resources (both man-made and natural) and leaving behind impacts (socio -cultural, environmental, economic, etc.). If you add to this the numbers of domestic tourists (virtually ignored in such analysis) the resources consumed and the impacts would be mind-boggling. The impacts are both positi

5、ve as well as negative. Whereas the developed and rich nations have the resources to mitigate the negative impacts, the poor and developing nations continue to suffer in this regard. However, in both the cases application of the concept of sustainable development is the talk of the day. Hence, the d

6、evelopment debate has been consciously selected as the first theme of this course. The Unit starts with describing the concept of sustainable development and goes on to explain some aches. Of course, the emphasis is on the tourism development. Why should the industry support the efforts for sustaina

7、ble tourism development and what should be the role of consumers (tourists) and service providers (hosts) are the other questions which the Unit attempts to answer. In brief the Unit also discusses the views of WTO on the issue of sustainability in tourism development. It is expected that the knowle

8、dge provided in this Unit would be put into actual practice by our learners.3 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT The two alternative paths for development, i.e., you live in harmony with nature or you exploit nature have always been available to the human beings. Different societies, at different intervals hav

9、e adopted either of the two paths. Some, on the other hand, adopted a middle path. There are village societies where while consuming the natural resources precautions were taken that the future generations should not be adversely affected. Decision making in such societies was done keeping in view t

10、he interests of future generations and not just of the present ones. Hence, what in modern terminology is described as sustainable may not be a new concept for many students of history. With over 300 definitions of sustainable development and every one claiming to be a “green”, it is not an easy tas

11、k to define sustainability in the developmental context. However, the awareness and growth of nature conservation, concern for environmental degradation, etc. have all contributed to the emergence of this concept in its modern sense. The most widely accepted definition is the one given by Brundtland

12、 Commission in 1987 which defined sustainable development as “a process of change in which the exploitation of resources, the direction of investments, the orientation of technology development, and institutional changes are made consistent with future as well as present needs” and as “meeting the n

13、eeds of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. In 1983, the UN established the World Commission on Environment and Development which was chaired by the Prime Minister of Norway, Gro Harlem Brundtland. The report of this commission Sustainability

14、is an integrative concept because it looks at the human use and management of resources in a manner that should not destroy or disturb the habitat that is the basis of survival. Socio- economic and environmental dimensions thus become the focus of the management approach. Changes in the views of the

15、 community and its attitudes towards development are relegated to a secondary position. For the first time an effort was made at the international level in 1990 during the Globe 90 Conference (Vancouver, Canada) to link tourism and travel with sustainable development. The Tourism Stream Action Strat

16、egy Commission of the conference prepared an Action Strategy for Sustainable Development. Further, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development came with the famous Rio declaration (June 1992). Some of the highlights of this declaration are: In order to achieve sustainable developmen

17、t, environmental protection should constitute an integral part of the development process and cannot be considered in isolation from it.(Principle 4). All States and all people shall cooperate in the essential task of eradicating poverty as an indispensable requirement for sustainable development, i

18、n order to decrease the disparities in standards of living and better meet the needs of the majority of the people of the world (principle 5). The right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitably meet developmental and environmental needs of present and future organizations (principle 3), e

19、tc. 4 SUSTAINABLE TOURISM AND DEVELOPMENT The concept of sustainability has become a fundamental issue in tourism development and growth after the debate at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992. Seeing the rapid changes in tourism and the world trends, we are now examining geopolitical, socio-economic, tech

20、nological and environmental impacts of contemporary tourism. It was realized that tourism requires an agenda of its own, and not as a part. “Sustainable tourism means achieving a particular combination of numbers and types of visitors, the cumulative effect of whose activities at a given destination

21、, together with the actions of the servicing businesses, can continue into the foreseeable future without damaging the quality of the environment on which the activities are based.” The scope of environment in this definition is quite large and (Practical Environmental Policies in Travel and Tourism

22、,)thinks that tourism is concerned environment “quality of natural resources such as landscape, air, sea water, fresh water, and the quality of built and cultural resources judged to have intrinsic value and be worthy of conservation.” Achieving sustainability for tourism, according to them requires

23、 that: “the cumulative volume of visitor usage of a destination and the associated activities and impacts of servicing businesses should be managed below the threshold level at which the regenerative resources available locally become incapable of maintaining the environment.” Here, we must also tak

24、e note of Richards view (1994), which differentiates between sustainable tourism and sustainable development in the context of tourism. Sustainable tourism, according to him, is tourism in a form that can maintain its viability in an area for an indefinite period of time, whereas sustainable develop

25、ment in the context of tourism is tourism that is developed and maintained in an area in such a manner and at such a scale, that it remains viable over an indefinite period and does not degrade or alter the environment in which it exists to such a degree that it prohibits the successful development

26、and well being of other activities and processes. We can say that for sustainable tourism development, environment conservation and management of visitor usage and servicing businesses are interlinked concepts. They are susceptible to the impacts of: Tourist/host behavior and attitudes, the policies

27、 of the servicing businesses, the government policies, the changes in technology. None of the above four can be described as static and hence, the management of sustainable tourism is also a dynamic activity.As globalization and the World Trade Organization demolish protective barriers, we have to r

28、enew our commitments to: 1) The conservation and enhancement of ecological processes and set our priorities so that in the new world order we may not be subject to non-tariff barriers. 2) Protection of our bio-diversity as the extinction of any species is the first alarm call for human beings.3) Int

29、er-and intra-generational equity, which involves the rights of the child, youth, the elderly, the poor and women, and particularly indigenous communities whose survivor is so closely tied with the survival of our bio-diversity. 4) Integration of economic, social, political, cultural and environmenta

30、l concerns, which will help to bring about a holistic model of tourism that represents our ethics and culture.5 APPROACHES Development means different things to different people. It is a combination of differing values, both material and ethical. It covers the present and the future, but uses the pa

31、st to show the way to compare and to evaluate the nature of social change that includes economic and technological changes as well as the cultural and geo-political context of change. Consequently, there has not only been a debate on the nature and structure of development, but approaches have been

32、suggested on how to measure tourism and its impacts and also to create perspectives that express the evolution of balance, Modernization theories see societies passing through a series of stages, from lower to higher levels of development. The highest level is where the role of innovation and entrep

33、reneurship is of great importance, as the developed areas of the world have demonstrated. Investments in such projects in partnership with the private sector have been encouraged in all developing countries. In India the state owned Ashok group of western style hotels in metros, urban areas and even

34、 remote destinations was a part of the modernization model. As tourism moves into the twenty-first century, the enterprise will have to make the environment a priority. Because tourism is now the worlds largest industry, the environment is taking center stage in tourism development. Tourism is not o

35、nly a powerful economic force but a factor in the physical environment as well. Because more attention will be paid to the environment in the future, projects that are economically feasible but not environmentally desirable will remain not build. The environment is the core of the tourism product. P

36、rofitability in tourism depends on maintaining the attractiveness of the destination people want to see and experience.Ecotourism, nature tourism and green tourism, low-impact tourism, adventure tourism, alternative tourism, environmental preservation, symbiotic development, responsible tourism ,sof

37、t tourism, appropriate tourism ,quality tourism, new tourism ,sustainable development ,and sustainable tourism all are monikers for similar types of tourist activities and developments. Of all the terms, ecotourism and sustainability are most frequently used. The principle of both is to sustain or e

38、ven enhance the quality and attractiveness of the natural environment.Ecotourism is environmentally friendly travel that emphasizes seeing and saving natural habits and archeological treasures.Ecotourism is a tool for conservation.Ecotourism is ecologically responsible tourism.Ecotourism is a form o

39、f travel that responds to a regions ecological ,social，and economical needs. It also provides an alternative to mass tourism. It encompassed all aspects of travel, from airlines to hotels to ground transportation to tour operator. That is，each component of the ecotourism product is environmentally s

40、ensitive. 1) The Product Approach：In this approach sustainability is regarded as an alternative to or replacement of conventional mass tourism by developing new green products. 2) The Industry Approach ：Considering that mass tourism is inevitable because of the tourist demand the requirement is to m

41、ake all forms of tourism more sustainable.Sustainable Tourism Development: Guide for Local Planners, What Tourism Managers Need to Know: Indicators of Sustainable Tourism, For achieving sustainable development it lays stress on three aspects: 1) An Environmental Planning Approach 2) Community based

42、tourism, and 3) Concept of quality tourism. The first takes into account all elements of environment before going for development ,the second focuses on community involvement in planning and the third “refers to tourist attractions, facilities and services that offer good value for money, protect to

43、urism resources and attract the kinds of tourists who would respect the local environment and society.” 6 The principles of sustainable development(1) Human beings are at the centre of concerns for sustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature. (2

44、) The right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitably meet developmental and environmental needs of present and future generations. (3)In order to achieve sustainable development, environmental protection shall constitute an integral part of the development process and cannot be considered

45、 in isolation from it. (4)States shall cooperate in a spirit of global partnership to conserve, protect and restore the health and integrity of the Earth's ecosystem. (5)To achieve sustainable development and a higher quality of life for all people, States should reduce and eliminate unsustainab

46、le patterns of production and consumption. 談?wù)撀糜慰沙掷m(xù)發(fā)展1目的讀完這篇論文后，你會(huì)了解到可持續(xù)發(fā)展的概念，了解主要的旅游發(fā)展方法，把以上提到的論文目的和旅游發(fā)展結(jié)合起來，了解旅游可持續(xù)發(fā)展的旅游行業(yè)各個(gè)部門的角色。2引言在1999年，國(guó)際游客達(dá)到664,000,000余人，62.1%去過15個(gè)國(guó)家，國(guó)際旅游收入達(dá)到4450億美元，而美國(guó)占據(jù)的份額最大，達(dá)到744億美元，這么多的游客流量不僅代表很多事情， 更多的是證明了自然和人文資源的使用和消費(fèi)，同時(shí)也帶來了社會(huì)文化，環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響，如果再加上國(guó)內(nèi)游客數(shù)量，那么社會(huì)文化，環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟(jì)影響將難以想象

47、。既有積極影響也有消極影響，然而，富裕的發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家有能力減緩負(fù)面影響，而貧窮的發(fā)展中國(guó)家卻要仍然受此負(fù)面影響，考慮到這兩個(gè)因素，可持續(xù)發(fā)展的概念仍是今天人們討論的話題，這也說明了發(fā)展這個(gè)話題仍是今天論文討論的首要問題的原因。本論文討論了可持續(xù)發(fā)展的概念和其他的一些問題，但是重點(diǎn)仍是旅游的可持續(xù)發(fā)展，為什么該行業(yè)要支持旅游可持續(xù)發(fā)展和游客和景點(diǎn)東道主的職責(zé)是什么是本論文討論的關(guān)鍵，本論文也討論了世界貿(mào)易組織在旅游可持續(xù)發(fā)展方面的觀點(diǎn)，希望本論文的論點(diǎn)可以被應(yīng)用到實(shí)踐當(dāng)中。3可持續(xù)發(fā)展對(duì)于發(fā)展，有兩種選擇，要么與自然和諧相處，要么破壞自然，這兩種選擇一直影響著人類，不同的社會(huì)層次采取不同的方法，同時(shí)

48、，另一方面，另外一些人采取了中間措施，如，一些鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)，在開發(fā)資源時(shí)，也采取一些預(yù)防措施，以防影響后代人的需求，當(dāng)下社會(huì)就是不僅僅考慮當(dāng)代人的需求，也考慮后代人的需求，不僅僅是當(dāng)代人的需求。因此，用現(xiàn)代術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋的可持續(xù)發(fā)展概念對(duì)于歷史學(xué)的學(xué)生來說就不是一個(gè)新的概念?？傆?jì)有關(guān)于可持續(xù)發(fā)展的概念有300種，每一種多宣稱是“綠色”概念。其實(shí)，用發(fā)展的概念來定義可持續(xù)性并不是一件容易的工作。隨著資源保護(hù)意識(shí)和環(huán)保意識(shí)的增強(qiáng)，也有助于形成一種現(xiàn)代化的可持續(xù)概念。其中，被廣泛接受的是于1987年在Bruntland 會(huì)議上宣稱的概念，即可持續(xù)概念是一種資源開發(fā)，投資者方向，科技使用和政治變革都必須和當(dāng)代人

49、，后代人需求相一致的過程，一種滿足現(xiàn)代人的需求而又不致?lián)p害后代人需求的過程。在1983年，聯(lián)合國(guó)創(chuàng)辦了世界環(huán)境開發(fā)委員會(huì)，由挪威總理掌管，Gro Harlem Brundtland.在此委員會(huì)看來，可持續(xù)是一個(gè)綜合性的概念，它把人類使用和資源開發(fā)看成一種不致?lián)p害和破壞人類賴以生存的棲居地的方式。社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)和環(huán)境因素成為開發(fā)策略中首要考慮的問題。此委員會(huì)對(duì)于發(fā)展的態(tài)度的改變被認(rèn)為是第二次變革。第一次努力是在1990年的全球90會(huì)議上，規(guī)定將旅游和可持續(xù)發(fā)展結(jié)合起來。旅游行動(dòng)小組謀劃了一項(xiàng)策略方案，此外，聯(lián)合國(guó)環(huán)境開發(fā)委員也宣稱了些于1992年6月召開的里約熱內(nèi)盧會(huì)議的重要觀點(diǎn)，如為了實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展

50、，環(huán)境保護(hù)必須與發(fā)展過程融合在一起，不能被忽視；所有國(guó)家和所有人都應(yīng)該承擔(dān)起自己的責(zé)任，就是減輕貧困現(xiàn)象，實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展，同時(shí)，考慮到生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和更好的滿足大多數(shù)人的需求，必須減少殘疾現(xiàn)象；必須完成發(fā)展的要求，一方面不損害當(dāng)代機(jī)構(gòu)的發(fā)展和環(huán)境需要，另一方面不損害后代機(jī)構(gòu)的發(fā)展和環(huán)境需要。4旅游可持續(xù)發(fā)展在1992年的里約熱內(nèi)盧地球峰會(huì)討論后， 可持續(xù)概念已經(jīng)成為旅游增長(zhǎng)和發(fā)展的一個(gè)基本因素。目睹著旅游和世界趨勢(shì)的巨大變化，我們也在考察著當(dāng)代旅游的地理，社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)，科技和環(huán)境影響。我們也意識(shí)到旅游的發(fā)展需要一個(gè)議程而不僅僅是一部分的規(guī)劃?？沙掷m(xù)旅游意味著實(shí)現(xiàn)游客數(shù)量和類型，在指定旅游目的地活動(dòng)的綜合影響，服務(wù)行業(yè)行為的綜合。我們能夠堅(jiān)持在不損害活動(dòng)所依賴的環(huán)境前提下發(fā)展旅游。再次概念中環(huán)境的定義是非常廣泛的。旅游環(huán)境政策認(rèn)為旅游應(yīng)該考慮環(huán)境質(zhì)量，自然景觀的質(zhì)量，如山水景觀，空氣，海水，清潔水資源的質(zhì)量，和被鑒定為有保護(hù)價(jià)值的文化資源的質(zhì)量。可持續(xù)旅游在他們看來，一個(gè)旅游目