高中英語選修十 Unit 1 Nothing ventured,nothing gained-語法篇（教師版）

1、.Unit 1 Nothing ventured, nothing gained-語法篇_1. 掌握定語的定義及運用；2. 掌握常考定語從句的運用；3. 掌握非謂語動詞作定語的運用；一. 定義及構(gòu)成定語用來修飾名詞或代詞等，可用作定語的有形容詞、名詞、名詞所有格、代詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、詞組或合成詞、動詞不定式、動詞-ing形式、過去分詞、介詞短語和從句。二. 分類講解一形容詞作定語 一般考察形容詞辨析。如：The little boy needs a blue pen.little修飾名詞boy；blue修飾名詞pen.小男孩需要一支藍(lán)色的鋼筆。 Tom is a handsome boy.han

2、dsome修飾名詞boyTom是個英俊的男孩。 There is a good boy.good修飾名詞boy有個乖男孩。當(dāng)幾個形容詞同時出如今名詞短語之前,我們要注意其次序。其形容詞遵循的詞序為：限觀形齡色國材，指：限定詞一般指數(shù)量；外觀美麗等；形狀大小，高矮，肥瘦；年齡；顏色；國籍；材料；用處。*“縣官行令殺國才。該諧音語中的“縣指前位“限定詞，“官指冠詞，“行指表示事物形狀大小、長短、高矮等的詞，“令指表示人或事物的年齡、新舊的詞，“殺為“色的諧音，指表示色彩的詞，“國指國家、地區(qū)產(chǎn)地的詞，“才指制作的材料。如： 1限定詞 2 外觀 3形狀 4年齡 5顏色 6國籍 7材料 8用處 A f

3、amous American university. An interesting little red French oil painting. A new plastic bucket. A purple velvet curtains An elegant German clock 另外,有些形容詞也有特殊的次序: 1 描繪身體特征的形容詞先于表示情感和性格特征的形容詞 例如:a small lovely girl , a long patient queue , a pale anxious patient ; 2 表示顏色的形容詞放在表示情感和性格特征的形容詞之后 例如:a kind

4、ly black teacher ,an inquisitive brown dog ; 3 little ,old 和young 有時可以作為名詞短語不可分割的一部分,所以可以直接放在名詞之前, 例如:a lovely little girl 4 表示性格特征的形容詞可以放在old young 之前,也可放在old young 之后,例如: a young ambitious man 強調(diào)年齡 ,an ambitious young man強調(diào)雄心勃勃 。 當(dāng)然,三個以上形容詞連用作定語,就顯得負(fù)擔(dān),因此上面所說的情況一般較少出現(xiàn). 二數(shù)詞作定語相當(dāng)于形容詞Two boys need two

5、 pens.two修飾名詞boy：two修飾名詞pen兩個男孩需要兩支鋼筆。 The two boys are students.two修飾名詞boy這兩個男孩是學(xué)生。 There are two boys in the room.two修飾名詞boy房間里有兩個男孩。三代詞或名詞所有格作定語His boy needs Tom's pen.his修飾名詞boy；Toms修飾名詞pen他的男孩需要Tom的鋼筆。 His name is Tom.his修飾名詞name他的名字是湯姆。 There are two boys of Tom's there.two修飾名詞boy；of與物

6、主代詞連用做定語修飾名詞boy那兒有Tom家的兩個男孩。四介詞短語作定語The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.in the classroom 修飾名詞boy；of yours修飾名詞pen教室里的男孩需要你的一支鋼筆。 The boy in blue is Tom.in blue修飾名詞boy穿藍(lán)色衣服的孩子是湯姆。 There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.two boys of 9和,three of10修飾名詞boy有兩個9歲的，三個10歲的男孩。 五名詞作定語 The boy needs a

7、ball pen.ball修飾名詞pen男孩需要一支圓珠筆。 It is a ball pen.ball修飾名詞pen這是一支圓珠筆。 There is only one ball pen in the pencil box.the pencil box修飾名詞ball pen 這鉛筆盒里只有一支圓珠筆。 1名詞用做定語時，通常以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)即使這個作定語的名詞有復(fù)數(shù)意義也是這樣。例如： book store書店 tooth brush牙刷 newspaper reporter traffic lights交通燈 coffee cup咖啡杯 gold watch金表 stone bridges

8、 石橋 winter vacation寒假 night school夜校 friend女朋友 work planT作方案 2有些總是以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的名詞，在用做定語時，也往往用其單數(shù)形式。例如： trouser pocket褲兜 trouser legs褲腿 a trouser factory褲子工廠 shoe shop鞋店 shoelace鞋帶 shoemaker制補鞋工人, 鞋鋪老板 3但是sports，goods，customs，arms，savings和accounts等名詞做定語時，仍用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如： sports meet運動會 customs officer 海關(guān)官員 good

9、s-train 貨車 savings bank儲蓄銀行 4一些以 cs結(jié)尾的單數(shù)名詞做定語時，詞尾不變；一些以一S結(jié)尾的單數(shù)名詞用做定語時，仍用原來形式，詞尾不變。例如： politics professor 政治教授 physics teacher物理老師 news reporter新聞指導(dǎo)員 5當(dāng)數(shù)詞與單位名詞一起用做定語時，單位名詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。例如： five miles-a five-mile walk two hours- a two-hour plan fifteen yearsa fifteen-year-old boy thirty poundsa thirty-pound

10、note 注意：名詞做形容詞表示單位用單數(shù)形式。例如： a ninestorey building一座九層大樓 two twenty-inch rulers兩把二英尺長的尺子 6man和woman作定語 假設(shè)將man, woman置于名詞前作定語，那么man, woman的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后名詞的數(shù)一致。如： a woman teacher 一位女老師 two women teachers 兩位女老師 a woman doctor女醫(yī)生 two women doctors兩位女醫(yī)生 a woman athlete; 女運發(fā)動；two women athletes; 兩位女運發(fā)動； a woman el

11、ectrician. 女電工技師 two women electricians. 兩位女電工技師a man cook men cooks 男廚師 六副詞作定語 The boy there needs a pen.there修飾名詞boy那兒的男孩需要一支鋼筆。 The best boy here is Tom.best修飾名詞boy這里最棒的男孩是Tom。七非謂語動詞作定語1. 不定式作定語 動詞不定式作定語，必須后置，表示將要發(fā)生的動作。 The boy to write this letter needs a pen. to write this letter 修飾名詞boy寫這封信的男孩

12、需要一支鋼筆。 The boy to write this letter is Tom.to write this letter 修飾名詞boy將要寫這封信的男孩是湯姆。 There is nothing to do today.to do 修飾名詞nothing今天沒有事要做。 2. 分詞短語作定語 動詞-ing形式/過去分詞作定語，假設(shè)是單個的動詞-ing形式/過去分詞，通常置于被修飾詞之前；假設(shè)是動詞-ing形式短語/過去分詞短語，那么要置于被修飾詞之后，其功能相當(dāng)于定語從句。動詞-ing形式作定語，通常表示其所修飾的詞與動詞-ing形式所表示的動作之間為主動關(guān)系或動作正在進(jìn)展；過去分詞

13、作定語，通常表示其所修飾的詞與過去分詞所表示的動作之間為被動關(guān)系且動作已完成。The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother. smiling 修飾名詞boy；bought by his mother修飾名詞pen那個微笑的男孩需要一支他媽媽買的鋼筆。 The pen bought by her is made in China.bought by her 修飾名詞pen；bought by her 修飾名詞pen她買的筆是中國產(chǎn)的。 There are five boys left.five修飾名詞boy；left修飾名詞boy有五個留下的男

14、孩。八從句作定語即為定語從句1. 分類1_對先行詞起修飾限制作用；_對先行詞起補充說明作用。2*非限制性定語從句中，關(guān)系詞不能省略、不用that、“介詞+which、whom從句中，介詞不能移到從句后面。2. 關(guān)系詞的運用1 關(guān)系詞分類：2 關(guān)系詞的作用：a. 連接主從句；b. 替代先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)一定句子成分。3) 關(guān)系詞的選擇：*主要根據(jù)先行詞在從句中的句子成分。如：Do you still remember the days _we spent in Qingdao?Do you still remember the days _we spent the summer holidays

15、 in Qingdao?4) 同類關(guān)系詞用法比較3. 關(guān)系代詞that與which的區(qū)別特殊用法1 領(lǐng)先行詞是不定代詞all，much，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none，the one等時。如： 你有什么要說的嗎？Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?2 領(lǐng)先行詞前有the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all 等詞修飾時。如： 這就是我正在等的公交車。the very bus3 領(lǐng)先行詞是形容詞最高級序數(shù)詞或先

16、行詞前有其修飾時。如： 這是我看過的最有趣的電影?，F(xiàn)完 你看過的第一部美國電影是什么？what 4 先行詞即有人又有物時。如： 你知道他們議論的人和事嗎？talking about5 非限制性從句中用-；與介詞連用時-。4. 關(guān)系代詞who，whom，whosea. 她就是住在隔壁的女孩。b. 那就是我教的女孩。c. 這就是那位成就卓著的科學(xué)家。whose achievement5. *關(guān)系代詞 as的用法 a. 引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句常用句式在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語或表語 such +名詞 +as像、一樣的，像、之類或the same +名詞 +as和、同樣的 例句：We have found s

17、uch materials as are used in their factory. These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected. He is not the same man as he was.b. as 還可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，位于主句前、后都可以，還可以插入主句中；并有固定構(gòu)造，如：as is known; as it often happens; as I remember it; as it appears; as is expected 等。 c. 區(qū)別：He is such a clever b

18、oy as everyone likes.從句缺少成分；定語從句 He is such a clever boy as everyone likes him. 從句不缺少成分；狀語從句6. 介詞+which/ whom中*介詞選擇 1根據(jù)從句中謂語動詞的搭配習(xí)慣;如： 這就是我花了十元錢買的那本書。 This is the book _ I spent 10 yuan. This is the book _ I paid 10 yuan. 2 根據(jù)先行詞的搭配習(xí)慣；如： I still remember the day _ I first came to this school. Do you

19、 remember the year _you first visited Beijing?3 表“所有關(guān)系或“整體中的一部分時，用of 。如： The old women has two sons , both _are doctors.7. 特殊先行詞1case ,point ,situation, position, stage等詞作定語從句的先行詞，假設(shè)定語從句缺狀語，那么用where引導(dǎo)。如：-Do you have anything to say for yourselves?-Yes, there is one point _we must insist on. A why B

20、where C how D / we must insist on in the point2領(lǐng)先行詞是way 意為“方式、方法時，引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有三種形式： in which , that ,不填。如： What surprised me was not what he said but the way _he said it.3先行詞是time時，假設(shè)time作“次數(shù)講時，應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句，that可以省略；假設(shè)time作“一段時間，時代講時，應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞when或介詞at/ during+which引導(dǎo)定語從句。如：這是總統(tǒng)第二次訪問這個國家了。 曾經(jīng)有一個時期，沒

21、有收音機，沒有 ，也沒有電視。1. The research lacks _ evidence, and therefore, its conclusions are doubtful. A. solid B. fierce C. severe D. potential解析：句意“這項研究缺乏確鑿的證據(jù)，因此，其結(jié)論也值得疑心?？疾煨稳菰~作定語，形容詞辨析。solid 結(jié)實的，固體的，可靠的；fierce 兇猛的，強烈的；severe 嚴(yán)重的；potential 潛在的。答案：A2. Nick, its good for you to read some books _China before

22、 you start your trip there. A. in B. for C. of D. on解析： 句意“Nick，在你到中國旅游之前，讀一些關(guān)于中國的書對你有好處。這里介詞on表示“關(guān)于人或事，與China連用作后置定語修飾books。答案：D3. You cant accept an opinion _to you unless it is based on facts.A. offering B. to offer C. having offered D. offered解析： 句意“你不能承受別人提供給你的意見，除非它有事實根據(jù)?？疾旆侵^語動詞作定語。首先排除C，因為該形式

23、不作定語；offer與其邏輯主語an opinion為被動關(guān)系，故排除A、B。答案：D4. The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those_ lives were affected.  A. whose B. that C. who D. which解析： 句意“這本書從那些遭受地震影響的人們的視角講述地震的故事?？疾於ㄕZ從句。先行詞those代入從句為The lives of those were affected. 關(guān)系詞在從句中作定語。答案：A5. _ is of

24、ten the case with children, Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.  A. It   B. What C. That D. As解析：句意“正如孩子們常有的情況一樣，醫(yī)生到的時候Amy已經(jīng)好了?？疾於ㄕZ從句，由as引導(dǎo)，位于主句之前，指代整個主句內(nèi)容。答案：D。根底演練一. 用定語從句連接以下每對句子:1. She was talking with a lady. Her son was ill.2. He will always remember the years. He spent th

25、e years in the little village as a child.3. The clothes have been cleaned. I'm wearing them.4. He is sitting in a chair. It is broken.5. Everyone likes to make friends with her. She is a person.6. Can you tell me the reason? You sold your new car for the reason.7. Thats the hotel. We stayed ther

26、e last year.8. The bus was surrounded by an angry crow. Most of the bus was already full.9. Ill never forget the day. We worked together in London then.10. You sent my sister a present. Thank you very much for it.二. 單項選擇1._ have plenty of money will help their friend. A. Those who B. He who C. That

27、who D. You who2. This is the longest train _ I have ever seen. A. which B. that C. what D. whom3._ we all know, swimming is a very good sport.A. Which B. That C. As D. Who 4. I shall never forget those years _ I lived in the farm _ you visited last week.A. when, where B. which, which C. when, w

28、hich D. which, where 5. The radio set _ last week has gone wrong. A.I bought it B. which I bought it C.I bought D. what I bought6. He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year. A. these B. them C. that D. which7. The day will come _ the people all ove

29、r the world will win liberation. A. that B. where C. which D. when8. Mr. Herpin is one of the foreign experts who _ in China. A. works B. is working C. are working D. has been working9. They talked for about an hour of things and persons _ they remembered in the school. A. which B. that C. who D. wh

30、om10. My glasses, _ I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke. A. which B. with which C. without which D. that11. He is a man of great experience, _ much can be learned. A. who B. from him C. from whom D. whom12. A harvester is a machine _ we harvest crops or a person _ is harvesting. A.

31、which, who B. that, that C. with which, who D. /, that13. I have bought the same dress _ she is wearing. A. as B. that C. which D. what14. In the police station I saw the man from _ room the thief had stolen the TV set. A. whom B. which C. that D. whose15. This is the very reason we all know. A. why

32、 B. that C. for which D. what 16. Please put the letter _ he can easily find it. A. in which B. where C. the place where D. in the place17. The house _ there is a big tree was built more than 1000 years ago. A. which B. that C. in the front of which D. in front of which18. Antarctic, _ we know very

33、little is covered with thick ice all the year round. A. which B. where C. that D. about whichKeys： 一. 1. She was talking with a lady whose son was ill.2. He will always remember the years that he spent in the little village as a child.3. The clothes which I'm wearing have been cleaned.4. He is s

34、itting in a chair which is broken.5. She is a person with whom everyone likes to make friends with .6. Can you tell me the reason why you sold your new car .7. Thats the hotel where we stayed last year.8. The bus was surrounded by an angry crow most of which was already full.9. Ill never forget the

35、day when we worked together in London .10. Thank you very much for the present that you sent my sister .二. 15 ABCCC 610 DDCBC 1115 CCADB 1618 BDD穩(wěn)固進(jìn)步1. His parents wouldnt let him marry anyone _ family was poor. A. of whom B. whom C. of whose D. whose 2. She heard a terrible noise, _ brought her hea

36、rt into her mouth. A. it B. which C. this D. that 3. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom 4. The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it 5. After living in Paris f

37、or fifty years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child. A. which B. where C. that D. when 6Carol said the work would be done by October. _ personally I doubt very much. A. it B. that C. when D. which 7Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _, of course, made the ot

38、hers unhappy. A. who B. which C. this D. what 8. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _ was very reasonable. A. which price B. its price C. the price of which D. the price of whose9. _ has already been pointed out, grammar is not a set of dead rules. A. As B. It C. That D. Which 10. He lived i

39、n London for 3 months, during _ time he learned some English. A. this B. which C. that D. same11. Oh the wall hung a picture, _ color is blue. A. whose B. of which C. which D. its12. Whenever I met him, _ was fairly often, I like his sweet and hopeful smile. A. what B. which C. that D. when13. The v

40、isitor asked the guide to take his picture _ stands the famous tower. A. that B. where C. which D. there14. The boss _ department Ms King worked ten years ago look down upon women. A. in which B. in that C. in whose D. whose15. I dont like _ you speak to her.A. the way B. the way in that C. the way

41、which D. the way of which16. The house the capitalist used to live in is now a nursery.A. that B. where C. what D. when17. The doctor did all to save the wounded boy.A. what he could B. he could C. everything which he could D. for which he could do18. you know, he is a famous musician. A. As B. whic

42、h C. That D.19. He is the only one of the three got the new idea.A. who have B. whom have C. who has D. whose had20. This is the baby tomorrow.A. after whom I shall look B. whom I shall look afterC. whose I shall look after D. after whom I shall look after21. These students will graduate from the un

43、iversity next summer, _ they will have studied here for four years. A. by then B. by that time C. by what time D. by which time22. This is the house the window _ faces the south. A. of which B. which C. of it D. whose23. It is five oclock in the afternoon _ they arrived at the hotel. A. since B. bef

44、ore C. when D. that24. In some countries, _ is called “equality does not really mean equal rights for all people. A. which B. what C. that D. one25. - How about the games? - Very interesting, and the ones _ the young men competed were really exciting. A. what B. for whom C. where D. in whichKeys：1-5

45、 DBDBB 6-10 DBCAB 11-15 ABBCA 16-20 ABACB 21-25 DACBD一. 單項選擇1. Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, _,of course, made all the others upset.A who B which C what D that2. The prize will go to the writer _story shows the most imagination. A that B which C whose D what3. Ted came for

46、 the weekend wearing only some shorts and T-shirts, _is a stupid thing to do in such weather. A this B that C what D which4. The old town has narrow streets and small houses _are built close to each other. A they B where C what D that5. The days are gone _physical strength was all you needed to make

47、 a living. A when B that C where D which6. She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction _had taken more than three years. A for which B with which C of which D to which7. I walked up to the top of the hill with my friends, _we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake. A which B where C who D that8. She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students _allows them to communicate freely with each other. A which B where C what D who9. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of _uses it somewhat differently. A which B what C them D