交通運(yùn)輸物流外文翻譯外文文獻(xiàn)英文文獻(xiàn)綜合框架逆向物流

1、外文出處：Integrated Framework for Reverse（用外文寫）Logistics簽名：年 月 日附件 1：外文資料翻譯譯文 綜合框架逆向物流1 引言 一個(gè)完整的供應(yīng)鏈的概念，通常包括正向和反向物流。然而，逆向物流比正 向物流研究得少的多。逆向物流最近已逐漸成為重要的問題并分為兩種方法進(jìn)行學(xué) 術(shù)研究。逆向物流就是規(guī)劃執(zhí)行和控制的效率和成本原料的有效流動，從消費(fèi)點(diǎn)開 始在過程庫存，成品及相關(guān)信息處置適當(dāng)以奪回原點(diǎn)價(jià)值。在歐盟，廢棄電器及電 子設(shè)備（WEEE協(xié)議）協(xié)議在2005年8月開始生效，有害物質(zhì)限制（官方協(xié)議）的 協(xié)議在 2006 年生效；協(xié)議要求公司對出售的整個(gè)產(chǎn)品的

2、整個(gè)生命周期反向物流負(fù) 責(zé)，這已成為公司刻不容緩的責(zé)任。許多以前的研究曾試圖制訂的逆向物流數(shù)學(xué)模 型， Min 等人就在這些研究的基礎(chǔ)上介紹了部署集中返回中心的遺傳算法的模型。 克勞斯諾和亨德里克森探索了產(chǎn)品的回報(bào)率和逆向物流的策略之間的關(guān)系。 庫勒 和塞蘭奇研究回收和價(jià)格貶值之間的聯(lián)系。雖然這些優(yōu)化模型提供部分逆向物流解 決方案但它們包括的許多假設(shè)在現(xiàn)實(shí)中很難得到實(shí)施。由于逆向物流活動不太明 朗，關(guān)于他們的信息最好以公式化結(jié)合起來。此外，一些研究調(diào)查表明這個(gè)問題要 從整個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈角度來看，舉例來說，蒙在延長供應(yīng)鏈里提出了綠色供應(yīng)鏈的概念。 雷蒙德和羅杰斯討論正向和反向物流在多個(gè)層面之間的區(qū)別。

3、莫勒科普和卡洛斯從 整個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈過程中討論隱藏價(jià)值的逆向物流。瑞奇等人在接受調(diào)查的逆向物流程序 中宣稱資料是一個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素。越來越多的公司正在利用逆向物流作為一個(gè)商業(yè)策 略。舉例來說，寬松的退貨政策可能給客戶的印象是產(chǎn)品高質(zhì)量，此外企業(yè)從社會 或環(huán)境負(fù)責(zé)的行為還可能獲得顧客更高的滿意度。然而這些逆向物流的戰(zhàn)略可能會 導(dǎo)致大量的商品返回和回收，企業(yè)需要額外的信息來解決此惡性循環(huán)，否則不透明 的信息可能會引起一個(gè)巨大的牛鞭效應(yīng)。作為企業(yè)可以在業(yè)務(wù)中獲得更多信息來預(yù) 測和準(zhǔn)備來防止在逆向活動引起的不良影響。如果當(dāng)他們由消費(fèi)者向生產(chǎn)者的網(wǎng)站 送回的產(chǎn)品是時(shí)尚商品，如電子產(chǎn)品或季節(jié)性的衣服，其價(jià)值可能下降。

4、因此，如 果具備足夠的信息可以使企業(yè)早預(yù)測回報(bào)，企業(yè)就可以作適當(dāng)?shù)臏?zhǔn)備減少處理時(shí)間 以維持其剩余的價(jià)值。另外，由于產(chǎn)品在歐洲聯(lián)盟有執(zhí)行電子設(shè)備協(xié)議所以制造商 比在任何時(shí)間都要關(guān)注。這項(xiàng)研究的結(jié)果使這些逆向物流活動更加積極。一種基于代理的模型是增加整個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈管理 （ SCM ）信息透明度的程度。 供應(yīng)鏈中將具有 有 高效率的信息技術(shù)ITD作為一個(gè)早期預(yù)警系統(tǒng)，。一個(gè)高信息技術(shù)的 ITD能提高的 整個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈管理（ SCM ）的信息共享程度 。2 問題說明先前的研究將逆向物流活動分為 3 組，即返回，修理和回收。在這一過程中正 向物流中供應(yīng)商提供原材料到制造商，制造商制造產(chǎn)品通過分銷商然后再發(fā)送給客

5、 戶。反之，客戶可能會讓一個(gè)產(chǎn)品返回、修理或循環(huán)再造。此外制造商和供應(yīng)商還 需要處理非工作原因或有缺陷的產(chǎn)品?；厥照咝枰幚磉@些循環(huán)再造的產(chǎn)品，妥善 轉(zhuǎn)讓可重復(fù)使用的材料給供應(yīng)商和制造商，這一過程被稱為逆向物流。這些逆向的 活動有以下的問題：a）如果客戶將產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)回給分銷商，然后分銷商將可返回的產(chǎn)品以某一方式傳 送回制造商。這種做法會對制造商產(chǎn)生不利影響，因?yàn)樵谶@過程中誰能減少傳回的 產(chǎn)品的時(shí)間就能降低其剩余的價(jià)值。b ）回收的法律，如歐盟的電子設(shè)備協(xié)議和 RoHS協(xié)議明確了回收活動的重要 性，企業(yè)需要監(jiān)察回收比率以提高他們遵守回收的法律的意識。c ）在處理解決方面，處理解決的時(shí)間應(yīng)減少可以以維

6、持一個(gè)企業(yè)的形象 ， 這也是逆向物流活動的定義，消費(fèi)的產(chǎn)品在買了一定的時(shí)間內(nèi)以任何理由（合理或 不合理的）結(jié)果都要回報(bào)消費(fèi)者。保證客戶可能會收到一個(gè)完全相同的新產(chǎn)品并且 相當(dāng)于收回產(chǎn)品交換或全部的錢 ， 客戶一般會從廠家得到可使用的產(chǎn)品 ?；厥?方回收消費(fèi)者發(fā)送的沒有價(jià)值的或不想要的產(chǎn)品但這樣的客戶可能會得不到廠家 給的優(yōu)惠。所有這些問題都是以客戶為中心的和難以預(yù)料的。但如果在信息技術(shù)的 整個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈可以加以改善的話那么預(yù)測精度可以提高，讓上游和下游企業(yè)的供應(yīng)鏈 盡量準(zhǔn)備早。3 擬議的框架 這項(xiàng)研究在整個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈系統(tǒng)中假設(shè)共生現(xiàn)象，供應(yīng)鏈的參與者被假定為分享三 個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫，即客戶，產(chǎn)品和交易。存取權(quán)

7、限如下：a）在客戶方面，所有其他用戶只能查詢但分銷商可以介入和更新b）在產(chǎn)品方面，所有其他用戶只能查詢但經(jīng)銷商可以介入和更新c）在交易方面，所有其他參與者只能查詢但分銷商可以介入和更新、制造商可以共享數(shù)據(jù)的定期更新。這共生的假設(shè)是戰(zhàn)略合作伙伴一致的概念，客戶的購 買模式和今后的計(jì)劃在這種創(chuàng)新型企業(yè)分享銷售數(shù)據(jù)中能讓客戶和生產(chǎn)商成為合 作伙伴。向來由常規(guī)的分析方法測得的逆向活動所引發(fā)的顧客是很難準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測， 啟發(fā)式檢測和人工智能技術(shù)可能會帶來幫助。在先進(jìn)的供應(yīng)鏈中帕姆斯以自動化、 供應(yīng)鏈的配置以及性能的改善供應(yīng)鏈的動態(tài)配置研制出一種基于代理的框架。不 過，據(jù)我們所知，沒有研究已申請代理商來扭轉(zhuǎn)活動

8、。這項(xiàng)研究提出了一種基于 Agent 的做法。 說明在代理商中， 傳感器代理人和代理人的處置是整合擬議的框架 這個(gè)方法可以自主地監(jiān)測環(huán)境的變化和反應(yīng)自動完成一個(gè)目標(biāo)來管理這個(gè)以客戶 為中心的問題。4 商業(yè)說明情況要明白擬議的框架，三類逆向物流活動的描述如下：4.1 返回的情況根據(jù)建議的框架內(nèi)，傳感器劑監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)，這是所收集到的消費(fèi)者的網(wǎng)站和共享 數(shù)據(jù)中心 ; 執(zhí)行每周交叉分析診斷的回報(bào)概率，并傳送報(bào)警信號。舉例來說，假設(shè) 顧客是使越來越多的投訴，和她（他）個(gè)人資料（性別，教育）或女士較多 。 感器代理驗(yàn)證手令日期的關(guān)聯(lián)交易。如果保證期間已經(jīng)過期，那么“委婉”的發(fā)送 信息。反過來說，如果產(chǎn)品仍然是

9、不保證，那么發(fā)送一個(gè)“有威懾力的”信號，而 如果初始的交易金額很大那么會發(fā)送標(biāo)志“情況嚴(yán)重”的信號。系統(tǒng)處理器處理情 況然后建議適當(dāng)?shù)慕鉀Q，如果是溫和的信號處理器自動發(fā)送電子郵件給客戶確認(rèn)客 戶的關(guān)注。 “有威懾力”的信號是處理器的意見通過客戶代表聯(lián)絡(luò)客戶以防止可 能的投訴升級為嚴(yán)重的信號，處理器的建議執(zhí)行相關(guān)的業(yè)務(wù)處理流程比如治療后完 成準(zhǔn)備返回股票的位置，該傳感器的代理人應(yīng)跟進(jìn)客戶滿意度并給予反饋給處置的 信息。擬議的框架可以提供一個(gè)早期預(yù)警以防止制造商可能的回收情況，另外可以 總結(jié)先前產(chǎn)品重新設(shè)計(jì)的原因，該信息技術(shù)將增加本框架下的效率。4.2 處理情況在提出的框架的基礎(chǔ)上，傳感器的代理人

10、分析消費(fèi)者每月投訴并計(jì)算解決問題 的可能性。舉例來說，假設(shè)有些客戶的電子產(chǎn)品放置在潮濕的地區(qū)不符合匹配的規(guī) 則，傳感器代理法官根據(jù)過去的數(shù)據(jù)預(yù)測部分這些產(chǎn)品可能發(fā)生故障的情況。如果 這些零件是正常的材料，然后以“模式率”的信號傳送。如果這些部分含有特殊的 材料，然后一個(gè)“有威懾力的”信號發(fā)出。如果處理的行為將需要工程師的技能， 那么發(fā)出“情況嚴(yán)重”的信號。由決策者處置代理人建議適當(dāng)?shù)闹委煼椒āＲ粋€(gè) “模式的影響”的信號， 處理器的驗(yàn)證材料儲存并自動安排這些處理的要求。 “有 威懾力”的信號，以決策者來處理器的建議來采購材料，在這種情況下由于較長的 處理期間所以需要為客戶安排一個(gè)臨時(shí)替代產(chǎn)品。為

11、當(dāng)遇到處理器發(fā)出嚴(yán)重的信號 或建議要資深的工程師來解決。處理傳感器代理人跟進(jìn)客戶的意見并在一定期限內(nèi) （例如一個(gè)月）給出反饋給處置的代理人進(jìn)一步的改善。該信息技術(shù)的供應(yīng)鏈管理 讓維修中心準(zhǔn)備可能發(fā)生的維修比在其他制度有更高的可靠性這樣可以減少處理 的時(shí)間。4.3 回收情況 根據(jù)建議的框架內(nèi)，數(shù)據(jù)庫觸發(fā)器通知傳感器通過產(chǎn)品的大小和材料的檢查判 斷循環(huán)再造的可能性判斷是否銷毀產(chǎn)品。如果該產(chǎn)品的材料是正常的，那么傳感器 的代理人發(fā)出了一個(gè)溫和的信號。如果產(chǎn)品含有有毒或有害物質(zhì)，那么傳感器代理 發(fā)送“嚴(yán)重”的信號。處理器通過信號建議決策者做出處理方法，對于 一個(gè)“溫 和”的信號，分銷商建議進(jìn)行關(guān)系營銷

12、讓顧客關(guān)注他們的產(chǎn)品正確的使用方法 。 此外，可通過郵件通知顧客對產(chǎn)品問題可以自己提出退貨要求。當(dāng)發(fā)出嚴(yán)重的信號 時(shí)，處置代理人應(yīng)提交給決策者國際協(xié)議擬定方案的該遵守的那些要求，提高供應(yīng) 鏈管理信息技術(shù)的效率同時(shí)可以增加預(yù)期回收的比例來使回收再利用變得更加靈 活。5 結(jié)論 逆向物流活動最近已成為消費(fèi)者和生產(chǎn)者維護(hù)自身利益立場的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵問題 但目前還有一些難題。a）企業(yè)正在越來越多地米取寬松的退貨政策作為戰(zhàn)略。然而在實(shí)踐中收回的產(chǎn)品分銷商無法迅速處理其庫存安置這樣制造商就不能迅速恢復(fù)其經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。b）作為新的環(huán)保法律越來越多地被執(zhí)行，回收活動確實(shí)是企業(yè)對社會和環(huán)境 責(zé)任是制造商額外的負(fù)擔(dān) 。此外對

13、是沒有必要進(jìn)行回收的客戶，能給他們的答復(fù) 是有限的，并且 在實(shí)際操作中循環(huán)再造是難以實(shí)施的 。c）維修中心維修給客戶帶來不便?？蛻粼诋a(chǎn)品修復(fù)期無法使用他們的產(chǎn)品，因此減少維修的時(shí)間可以改善客戶的滿意度。但是如果沒有適當(dāng)?shù)馁Y料維修中心不 能獲得附表所需的資源就難以縮短維修時(shí)間。這項(xiàng)研究提出了一種基于 Agent 的框 架用來提高在這些反向活動中的信息透明度的程度。一個(gè)傳感器代理的運(yùn)作像一個(gè) 早期預(yù)警系統(tǒng)，以偵測可能扭轉(zhuǎn)活動積極。處置代理的運(yùn)作就像一個(gè)顧問向決策人 推薦處理方法，甚至可以讓相關(guān)的業(yè)務(wù)流程自動運(yùn)行。擬議的框架預(yù)計(jì)將增加供應(yīng) 鏈的資訊透明度的程度以及改善逆向供應(yīng)鏈的活動性能 。今后的研

14、究將集中于執(zhí) 行本框架并通過真實(shí)的數(shù)據(jù)和通過實(shí)地調(diào)查研究來核實(shí)其業(yè)績和成效。附件 2：外文原文Integrated Framework for Reverse Logistics1 IntroductionA complete supply chain concept typically includes forward and reverse logistics. However, reverse logistics has been much less examined than forward logistics. Reverse logistics has recently emerg

15、ed as crucial issues in both practices and academic studies. Reverse logistics encompasses planning, implementing and controlling the efficient and cost effective flow of raw materials, in-process inventory, finished goods and related information from the point of consumption to the point of origin

16、to recapture value or dispose properly . In the European Union, the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) directive, this came into force in August 2005, and the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (Ro HS) directive, which came into force in 2006; requires companies to take responsibility

17、 for product that they sell throughout the product entire lifecycle. Reverse logistics has become imperative for business. Many previous studies have attempted to formulate mathematical models of reverse logistics. Among these studies, Min et al. presented a genetic algorithm model to deploy central

18、ized return centers. Klausner and Hendrickson explored the relationship between product return ratio and reverse logistics strategy . Kulshreshtha and Sarangi examined the link between recycling and price discrimination. Although these optimization models provide partial reverse logistic solutions,

19、they include many assumptions that would not hold in reality. Since reverse logistic activities are too uncertain to formulize, the information about them should ideally be combined. Additionally, some studies have investigated this issue from the perspective of the entire supplychain. For instance,

20、 Beamon extended the forward supply chain, and proposed the green supply chain concept . Tibben-Lembake and Rogers discussed the distinction between forward and reverse logistics in multiple dimensions . Mollenkopf and Closs discussed the hidden value of reverse logistics from the entire supply chai

21、n . Richey et al. surveyed reverse logistics programs, and claimed that information is a critical factor. Companies are increasingly utilizing reverse logistics as a business strategy. For instance, loose return policies might give customers the impression of high product quality. Additionally, a bu

22、siness may earn goodwill from socially or environment responsible behavior. However, these reverse logistics strategies might lead to a large amount of returned and recycled merchandise. Businesses require additional information to resolve this vicious circle. Otherwise, the opaque information might

23、 invoke a huge bullwhip effect. As business obtains more information, they can predict and prepare, or even prevent bad effects in reverse activities. If the returned products are fashion merchandise, such as 3C electronic product or seasonal clothes, then the product remaining value might fall when

24、 they are sent back by the consumer to the producer site . Therefore, if sufficient information is available to enable businesses to predict returns early, then business could properly prepare and reduce process time to maintain their remaining values. Additionally, due to the enforcement of WEEE or

25、 RoHS in European Union, manufacturers would become concerned with the recycle ratio at any time. This study considers these reverse logistic activities more actively. An agent-based model is presented to increase information transparency degree (ITD) of the entire supply chain management (SCM). A s

26、upply chain with a high ITD serves as an early warning system, and works very efficiently. A High ITD enhances information sharing within an entire supply chain management (SCM).2 Problem DescriptionsPrevious studies have categorized reverse logistic activities into three groups, as shown in Table 1

27、, namely return, repair and recycle. In the process of forward logistics, suppliers provide raw material to manufacturers, who make products, which are then sent to customers, generally through distributors. Conversely, a customer might send a product back for return, repair or recycling. Additional

28、ly, manufacturers and suppliers also need to deal with defective or nonworking products. Recycling collectors need to dispose of these recycled products properly, and transfer reusable materials back to the supplier and manufacturer. This process is known as reverse logistics. These reverse activiti

29、es have the following problems. (1) If a customer returns product to a distributor, then the distributor might stock returned products to a particular level, then send them back to manufacturer. However, this practice adversely affects the manufacturer, who has less time to process the returned prod

30、ucts, thus the lowering their remaining value. (2) Recycling laws, such as WEEE and RoHS in the European Union, increase the importance of recycling activities. Businesses need to monitor recycle ratios, and raise them to comply with recycling laws. (3) Finally, in the repair aspect, repairing proce

31、ssing time should be reduced to maintain the image of a business. Table 1. The definition of reverse logistic activities Activity Definition Result Return Consumers return the products bought within certain period of time for any reason (rational or irrational).Depending on policies, customer may re

32、ceive another identical new product, an equivalent product exchange or full money back. Repair Consumers send broken product to repair center (or original producer). Customer generally would receive workable product back. Recycle Consumers send unvalued or unwanted product to recycling collectors. C

33、ustomers might or might not receive rewards. All these problems are customer-centric and difficult to predict. However, if the ITD of the entire supply chain could be improved, then the prediction accuracy could be enhanced to enable the upstream and downstream enterprises of supply chain to be prep

34、ared early.3 Proposed FrameworkThis study assumes symbiosis in the entire supply chain system. The supply chain ' s participants are assumed to share three databases, namely customer, product and transaction. The access permissions are as follows. (1) In the customer DB, the distributor can inse

35、rt and update and all other participants can only query. (2) In the product DB, the manufacturer can insert and update and all other participants can only query. (3) In the transaction DB, the distributor can insert and update; manufacturer can update, and all other participants can only query. The

36、shared data are updated regularly. This symbiosis assumption is consistent with the concept of strategic partners, in which innovative enterprises share sales data, customerbuying patterns and future plans with their partners .Since most reverse activities are triggered by customers, and are hard to

37、 predict accurately by conventional analytic approaches, heuristics and AI techniques might help. In the forward supply chain, Piramuthu developed an agent-based framework to automate supply chain configuration, and to improve the performance of the supplychain with dynamic configuration. However, t

38、o our knowledge, no study has applied agents to reverse activities. This study presents an agent-based approach. As illustrated in Figure 1, two agents, the sensor agent and the disposal agent, are integrated within the proposed framework. Since an agent could autonomously monitor the changing envir

39、onment and react automatically to complete a goal, they might helpfully manage this customer-centric problem.4 Business Illustrative ScenariosTo understand the proposed framework clearly, the three classes of reverse logistic activity are described as follows.4.1 Return ScenarioAccording to the prop

40、osed framework, the sensor agent monitors the data, which are gathered from the consumer site and shared data center; performs weekly cross analyses to diagnose the return probability, and transmits alarm signals. For instance, assume customer is making an increasing number of complaints, and that h

41、er (his) profile (Gender, Education)=(Female, High) matches one return pattern in Table 3. The sensor agent verifies the warrant period of the related transaction. If the guarantee period has expired, then a “moderate s”ignal is sent. Conversely, if the product is still underguarantee, then an “ inf

42、luential sign”al is sent, while if the original transaction amountwas also large, then aa”serious ”signal is flagged. The disposalraegceonmmt mthendsappropriate treatments. For moderate signals, the disposal agent automatically sends an e-mail to a customer acknowledging the customer' sFcoornc“e

43、rinsfl.uential” signals, the disposal agent advises a customer specialist to contact the customer in order to prevent possible return. For serious signals, the disposal agent recommends performing related business processes such as preparing return stock-location. After the treatment is completed, t

44、he sensor agent should follow up the customer satisfaction and give feedback to the disposal agent. The proposed framework could provide an early warning to the manufacturer about possible returns, and additionally could summarize the top 10 return reasons for product re-design. The ITD would increa

45、se under this framework.4.2 Repair ScenarioBased on the proposed framework, the sensor agent would analyze the complaints from consumers monthly, and calculate the repair possibilities. For instance, suppose that some customers of electronic products live in the moist area, matching a rule in Table

46、2. The sensor agent judges, according to the past data, that some parts of these products might malfunction later. If these parts are normal materials, then a mode rate ” signa“l(fā) is” -” sig%serioustransmitted. If these parts contain special materials, then an“ influentialthe repairing behaviors woul

47、d require particular engineer skills, then a flagged. The disposal agent recommends appropriate treatments to the decision maker. For a “ mordaet ” signal, the disposal agent verifies the material stocks, and automatically schedules these repair requirements. For “ influential sig”nals, the disposal

48、 agent recommends material procurements to the decision maker. In this case, owing to the longer repair period, the disposal agent arranges a temporary replacement product for customers. For serious signals, the disposal agent schedules another engineer, or recommends further training for engineers.

49、 After the treatment is completed for certain period (say one month), the sensor agent follows up customer opinions, and gives feedback to the disposal agent for further improvement. The ITD of the SCM is higher under the proposed framework than in other systems, enabling the repair center to prepar

50、e for possible repairs to accelerate the repair time.4.3 Recycling ScenarioAccording to the proposed framework, databasetriggers notify the sensor agent the possibilities for recycling when the product approaches the end its life. The product size and materials is checked. If the product materials a

51、re normal, then the sensor agent sends a moderate signal. If the products contain toxic or harmful materials, then the senor agent sends “ serious si”gnal. The disposal agent then recommends treatments to the decision maker. For a “ moderate s”ignal, distributors are recommended to conduct relations

52、hip marketing to their customers to express concerns about their product usage. Additionally, some notification messages could be transmitted automatically to the recycling collector to raise the ratio of recycledmaterial. For serious signals, the disposal agent should report to the decision maker to comply with WEEE and RoHS requirements. The proposed framework raises the ITD of SCM. Moreover, the recycling ratio could be expected to increase if the recycling promot