大學(xué)英語(yǔ)《說(shuō)明文寫作》教程

韓都衣舍淘寶店 說(shuō)明文寫作 一 概述二 寫作方法及例子三 圖表作文 一 概述 說(shuō)明文是描述某一事物 事由或過(guò)程的文章 它用于說(shuō)明客觀事物的特點(diǎn)和性能 或介紹某種操作的程序 或解釋某些抽象概念 或闡明某種科學(xué)原理 自然現(xiàn)象等 完全是就事論事的描述 所以也稱技術(shù)性的描寫文 詞典 教材 論文 實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告 甚至廣告等都屬這類文體 二 寫作方法及例子 1 下定義 definition 像詞典那樣直接地給字或詞下定義 也包括進(jìn)一步通過(guò)舉例 對(duì)比 比喻邏輯推理等寫作方法解釋事物 使讀者對(duì)事物的特點(diǎn)有更全面的了解 例 Ambitionmeansthegoalinourlife Tohaveone sambitiondoesnotnecessarilymeantobecomeoneofthechiefstateleaders Thisisnottherealsenseoftheword Trueambitionencouragesusalwaystolookforwardandnottolosehopeinfaceoffailure Ambitiondiffersfrompersontopersonandeveryonehashisownambition Yetnoteveryoneofuscansucceedinwhatwedesiretodo 2 舉例子 Illustration 例 Americansvaluemanuallabor Theyhavegreatrespectforcraftsmanship ManyAmericansprefercrafthobbies Forexample somebuildsmallboatsintheirleisuretime Othersmakenewfurnitureorrefinishantiquefurniture Othersenjoy gardeningorpainting Manylow incomeAmericanfamilieshavebeautifulfurnitureorpaintingsorpotteryorboats Theymakethesethingsandtheyareproudoftheirmanualskill Infactsomepeoplearereallyveryhandy 3 分類 Classification 把事物分作若干類型并說(shuō)明或描述各事物的特點(diǎn)和差異 例 Allmatterisinoneofthethreestates Itmaybeinthestateofagas aliquidorasolid Asolidhasdefiniteshapeanddefinitevolume Aliquidhasdefinitevolume butithasnodefiniteshape Itmayflowortaketheshapeofitscontainer Agaschangesnotonlyinshapebutalsoinvolume foritexpandsandcontractseasily 4 比較 Comparison 和對(duì)照 Contrast 比較和對(duì)照在英語(yǔ)寫作中應(yīng)用非常廣泛 一般來(lái)說(shuō) 比較時(shí)指對(duì)人或事件之間相同點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析 對(duì)比是對(duì)人或事物之間的不同點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較 不過(guò)在很多情況下 這兩種方法不能截然分開 例 Itiseasytobeawinner Awinnercanshowhisjoypublicly Hecanlaughandsinganddanceandcelebratehisvictory Peoplelovetobewithwinners Winnersareneverlonely Unlikewinners losersarethelonelyonesoftheworld Itisdifficulttofacedefeatwithdignity Loserscannotshowtheirdisappointmentpublicly Theycannotcryorgrieveabouttheirdefeat Theymaysufferprivately buttheymustbecomposedinpublic Theyhavenothingtocelebrateandnoonetosharetheirsadness 5 因果分析 CauseandEffect 指分析某一事物或現(xiàn)象的前因后果 有的文章以分析原因?yàn)橹?有的文章以說(shuō)明造成的結(jié)果為主 一般說(shuō)來(lái) 不存在單獨(dú)表示原因或結(jié)果的文章 例 Climateaffectsthecultureofacountry Menmustlearntolivewithinthelimitationsoftheirenvironment andclimateisanimportantpartofthephysicalenvironment Lifeinatropicalcountryislessstrenuousandmorecasualthanitisinatemperateone Menworkshorterhoursandlessvigorouslyinahotclimate Theycnnotplayhardeither Theytireeasily Theycanrelaxbyreading bysippingcooldrinks orbylisteningtosoothingmusic Theymusttrytoconservetheirenergy ThewisestoneslearntorespectthedemandsofNature 6 敘述過(guò)程 ProcessAnalysis 例 如何做漢堡包Makinghamburgersisreallyverysimple Allyouneedisapoundofmincedbeef whichyoumixwiththeotherthings saltandpepper ateaspoonofmustard 芥末 andaneggaswell Youbreaktheegginabowl andmixallthethingstogetherwithafork Whenitissmoothandwell mixed makeroundhamburgersfromthemixture androlltheminsomeflour Thenyouneedafryingpanandsomeoil Frythehamburgersonbothsidesforabout15minutes untiltheyarereallybrown Whentheyareready getsomesoftbreadrollsandcuttheminhalf Putthehamburgersinsidethemandeatthemassoonaspossible 實(shí)際上 人們寫作說(shuō)明文的時(shí)候 一般常采用綜合法 在一篇文章中同時(shí)交叉使用兩種或兩種以上的方法 使文章表達(dá)得更完整 更有力 三 圖表作文 1 定義2 特點(diǎn)及要求3 技巧4 兩種類型5 例文6 寫作練習(xí) 1 定義 圖表作文是采用統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)表 table 坐標(biāo)曲線 graph 或圓形餅圖 piechart 等資料數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)闡述論題的作文 也是科技文獻(xiàn)中常用的一種表達(dá)手段 2 特點(diǎn)及要求 圖表作文利用圖象 表格和曲線圖作為作文提示 并以此為依據(jù)要求考生用簡(jiǎn)潔生動(dòng)的語(yǔ)言 把圖表中給定的信息完整而又準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)出來(lái) 圖表作文不但要求作者具有一定的英文寫作能力 而且要求具有較強(qiáng)的觀察力 分析力和充分的想象力 3 技巧 無(wú)需一條不漏地將數(shù)據(jù)資料加以描述 而是選擇有典型性和代表性的重點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù) 同時(shí)要注意文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu) 詳略得當(dāng) 4 兩種類型 Type1 要求客觀陳述圖表信息內(nèi)容的作文側(cè)重對(duì)比分析和說(shuō)明資料數(shù)據(jù)之間的關(guān)系上 最后分析和查找出規(guī)律 歸納得出結(jié)論 Type2 要求深入分析原因內(nèi)容的作文 先闡述圖表數(shù)據(jù)所反映的問(wèn)題 進(jìn)而篩選出有關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)資料進(jìn)行深入的分析討論 分析原因 最后找出解決問(wèn)題的方法 5 例文 Directions Forthispart youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionofnolessthan100wordsonChangesinPeople sDiet Studythefollowingtablecarefullyandyourcompositionmustbebasedontheinformationgiveninthetable Writethreeparagraphsto 1 statethechangesinpeople sdietinthepastfiveyears 2 givepossiblereasonsforthechanges 3 drawyourownconclusions Sample Ascanbeseenfromthetable greatchangeshavebeentakingplaceinpeople sdietovertheperiodfrom1986to1990 Theconsumptionofgrainhasdecreasedby4 whiletheconsumptionofhighqualityfood suchasmilkandmeat hasincreasedsteadily Therearechieflytworeasons Ithink forthechanges Intheolddays peoplecouldnotoftenaffordmeatandmilkwhosepricewasonlywithinreachofwell to dofamilies Butnow withtheimprovementoflivingstandard mostpeoplehaveenoughmoneytobuythem Andpeopleoftodayalsopaymoreattentiontonutrition Theywanttoeatnotonlymorebutalsobetter Theyareseekingthemostreasonabledietstructurewhichwilldogoodtotheirhealth Inshort withtheimprovementofpeople slivingstandard changesintheirdietwillbemoreobviousandgreat Shiningpoints overtheperiodfrom1986to1990 suchasmilkandmeat well to do paymoreattentionto notonlymorebutalsobetter dogoodto moreobviousandgreat 評(píng)論 Score 14主題鮮明 論點(diǎn)明確 切中題意 內(nèi)容豐富 思想表達(dá)清楚 連貫 6 寫作練習(xí) ABoominAdultEducation Fromthegraph weknowthestatisticsoftheadulteducationparticipationandtheincreasingnumberoftheparticipantsinXcity In1985therewereonlyeightythousandpeopletakingpartintheadulteducation butin2000thenumberhasgrowntotwomillionfourhundredthousandpeople Obviouslytherearemoreandmorepeoplewhohopetogetadvanceddegreesandgainmoreknowledgeaftertheybegantowork Therearemanyreasonsresponsibleforthegreatchange andthefollowingarethetypicalones Foronething it sduringtheworkthatpeoplebegintorealizewhattheyhavelearnedbeforeit sfarfromenoughandwhatkindofknowledgetheyurgentlyneed Next asthescienceandtechnologyinChinaaredevelopingsofast adultsaftergraduationhavetogobacktouniversitiestorefreshthemselvessoastoimprovetheircompetitiveabilityinsociety Themainreasonisthepopulationgrowththataffectspeople spromotionchan