美國歷史杰克遜時期的民主.docx

Since 1828, Andrew Jackson started his career in the White House as the seventh president of U.S. until 1837, created the Jacksonian Democracy Era for American history. Andrew Jackson made a number of impressive political initiatives during his presidency, especially the reform of the electoral system during the Jackson Era made some contribution to promoting the process of democratization in the United States, expanding the right to vote for American citizens, promoting the evolution of the American electoral system and promoting political democratization.This paper aims to explore the function and function of the electoral system in party politics through the analysis of the evolution of the electoral system during the period of Jackson democracy.In the 1920s and 1930s, with the gradual formation of the American political system, the electoral system was also involved in party politics, Making the election an important tool for political party struggles. This period of the election system is gradually formed with the gradual formation of the party system. Jackson came to power, through official officials, to strengthen the political party politics, To further improve the corresponding election system. These political initiatives, while being used by various interest groups, serve the two-party competition for the presidential post, but objectively see that the campaign provides an opportunity for the interest groups to gain political participation and promote the electoral system towards more democratization Direction, so that the electoral system and the political party made an indivisible organic whole.On the election system of Jackson s time, it is necessary to analyze the relationship between the two parties in the United States. After the independence of the United States political and economic development, conflicts of interest between the increasingly prominent groups, resulting in party disputes, So that elections become part of political party politics安德魯杰克遜（1767.3.15-1845.6.8）是美國第七位總統(tǒng)。他是美國歷史上第一位平民出身的總統(tǒng)，也是第一任民選總統(tǒng)。他在位期間，大刀闊斧的推行了一系列的政治經(jīng)濟改革政策，后人稱之為“杰克遜式民主”。“杰克遜式民主”的核心是自由平等和共和主義，主要表現(xiàn)為：體現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟平等主義的“反銀行”斗爭，體現(xiàn)政治平等主義的“輪流擔任公職制度”，和體現(xiàn)杰弗遜式共和主義的反對南卡羅來那脫離聯(lián)邦的斗爭。杰克遜改革的目的應該說是為了更民主一點，但是運用的方法卻是很專制，以致他的反對派稱他為“安德魯國王”。當然，杰克遜的改革為當時的美國社會注入了一股清新之風，賦予了普通人民前所未有的權(quán)利，然而，“杰克遜民主”的對象也比較狹隘-杰克遜政府對待美國當?shù)赜〉诎踩撕秃谌耍瑳]有絲毫同情心；當時的美國婦女，也沒有政治權(quán)利；即使是以整個社會為衡量標準，“杰克遜民主”似乎也只是惠澤了當時社會中的新型工業(yè)資產(chǎn)階級和小資產(chǎn)階級。綜上所述，本文作者認為，“杰克遜式民主”中表現(xiàn)出的專制與民主的矛盾與共存，是美國政治的傳統(tǒng)與根源。Andrew Jackson (1767.3.15-1845.6.8) is the seventh president of the United States. He was the first civilian-born president in American history and the first elected president. During his reign, he drastically pursued a series of political and economic reform policies, later called Jacksonian democracy. The core of Jacksonian democracy is freedom and equality and republicanism. It mainly manifests itself as anti-bank struggle that embodies economic egalitarianism, embodies political egalitarian system of political egalitarianism, and reflects the resignation of Jeffersonian republicanism Carlo is coming from the federal struggle. Jacksons purpose of the reform should be making the politics more democratic, but the use of the method is very autocratic, so that his opposition called him King Andrew. Of course, Jacksons reform has given the ordinary people unprecedented rights, however, Jackson democracy object is also more narrow - the Jackson government to treat the United States local Indians and blacks, no Even if the whole society as a measure of Jackson democracy seems to only benefit the society at the time of the new industrial bourgeoisie and the petty bourgeoisie. To sum up, the author believes that the contradiction and coexistence of tyranny and democracy in Jacksonian democracy is the tradition and origin of American politics.In the first half of 19th century, a dynamic democratic movement, termed as Jacksonian Democracy, swept the whole America. As the seventh president of U.S., the greatest popular hero of his time, a man of action as well as an expansionist, Andrew Jackson promoted and aggrandized popular democracy by expanding popular vote, nullifying “party caucus” and frequently utilizing the presidential power of veto. He was viewed by many people as the symbol of the democratic feelings of his time, and later generations were to speak of his democratic ideas and practices as Jacksonian Democracy. However, such a democratic era of “common man” also bears stigmata of anti-democracy, thus forming the paradox of American democracy. Although this movement often attacked privilege and monopoly existing in the then society and sought to broaden and expand opportunities in various areas of economic, political and social life, there has been much dispute among historians over its essential meanings as well as social implications. Further, the tendency to impose elements of rhetoric, irony and hypocrisy inlaid in Jacksonianism on Jackson himself as an individual is noted and criticized. Meanwhile, the necessity to differentiate the concept of Jacksonian Democracy from Jacksonism or Jacksonianism is suggested in achieving an unbiased understanding of the democratic idea produced in the Jacksonian age. Based on these analyses and discussions, the thesis argues that Jacksonian Democracy can better be understood as a political stance and explicit positioning toward democracy than as a movement of democratization.Jackson successfully appealed to the majority will in advocating mass democracy. Jacksons age proclaimed mass democracy and made the government appear closer to common people instead of national elite class. More importantly, since the Jacksonian age, the political pattern characterized by “greater and greater influence of popular majorities on the presidency became a dominant theme in the development of American democracy,”(Ingersoll & Matthews, 1986: 94) a legacy of American democracy till today.Americas first six presidents all believed in the idea that only elites distinguished men of education and property, with social or political experience were the ideal class to operate the government machine in a shrewd and efficient way. Consequently, those from elite class often occupied important positions of the federal government year after year. Jacksons view differed from that of his predecessors, arguing that ordinary citizens with average ability and common sense, if put in proper positions within the federal bureaucracy, could make a government more responsive to the people. In addition, long-tern public service would often lead to public employees corruption and sloth, thus reducing the efficiency of public administration. Furthermore, the once simple and small government was no longer able to remain the same. Although the government of the early nineteenth century was relatively simple and governmental employees at that time had little administrative training and experience, the nature of the bureaucracy underwent dramatic changes as the century continued to proceed. Actually， most of these democratic revolutions broke out before Jacksonian era, and before 1828, Jackson had not contributed a single significant idea to it. However, we cannot ignore that Jackson did make his own contributions to the New Democracy and help promoting the development of it. Jacksonian Democracy was also defined as Popular Democracy, which was, unlike other forms of democracy, functioned and revolved around common people the majority. Actually, in the first half of 19th century, a dynamic democratic movement, termed as Jack