2013計(jì)算機(jī)英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)題.docx

ABCarithmetic-logic unit算術(shù)邏輯單元access speed訪問(wèn)速度analog signal模擬信號(hào)browser瀏覽器Blu-Ray藍(lán)光basic applications基本應(yīng)用Bluetooth藍(lán)牙bus network總線網(wǎng)絡(luò)computer network計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)CPU中央處理單元communication system調(diào)制解調(diào)器clock speed時(shí)鐘速度DEFdatabase file數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)文件domain name server域名服務(wù)器 demodulation調(diào)制解調(diào)器desktop computer桌面電腦dots-per-inch每英寸點(diǎn)數(shù)e-commerce電子商務(wù)E-mail電子郵件erasable optical disc 可擦寫(xiě)光盤(pán)fiber-optic cable光纖電纜Flash memory閃存firewall每英寸點(diǎn)數(shù)HIHhard disk硬盤(pán)host computer主機(jī)home page主頁(yè)hub集線器headphones耳機(jī)Internet因特網(wǎng)information technology信息技術(shù)hardware硬件home page主頁(yè) KLMkeyword search關(guān)鍵字搜索LAN局域網(wǎng)menu bar菜單條mouse鼠標(biāo)microprocessor微處理器monitor顯示器memory內(nèi)存modem調(diào)制解調(diào)器NOPnotebook computer筆記本計(jì)算機(jī)network operating system網(wǎng)絡(luò)操作系統(tǒng)network architecture網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)NOS網(wǎng)絡(luò)操作系統(tǒng)operating system操作系統(tǒng)optical disk光盤(pán)online在線palm computer掌上電腦protocol協(xié)議personal digital assistant個(gè)人數(shù)字助理procedure規(guī)則program程序QSTOnline在線secondary storage外存star network星型網(wǎng)絡(luò) system board系統(tǒng)板software軟件supercomputer超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)toolbar工具條 TCP/IP傳輸控制協(xié)議/因特網(wǎng)協(xié)議UWuniversal serial bus通用串行總線USB drive通用穿行總線驅(qū)動(dòng)器worksheet file工作表文件wireless connections無(wú)線連接wireless LAN無(wú)線局域網(wǎng)Web萬(wàn)維網(wǎng)Web page網(wǎng)頁(yè)選擇Two or more computers connected so that they can communicate with each other and share information are called a _.networkThe most important system software program is the_.operating systemThis type of software works with end users, application software, and computer hardware to handle the majority of technical details. system softwareThick, rigid metal platters that are capable of storing and retrieving information at a high rate of speed are known as _ .hard disksGUI stand for _ .graphical user interfaceThe primary purpose of this type of _ software is to create text-based documents. word processingThe standard protocol for the Internet is _ TCP/IPRandom access memory (RAM) is a kind of _ storage. temporaryROM is a type of _semiconductorThe _ tells the rest of the computer how to carry out a programs instructions. control unitThe arrangement of the computers in a network is called the _ topology The most common input devices are the _ and the _ . mouse, keyboardA system component that translates data and programs that humans can understand into a form that the computer can process is called a(an) _ input deviceThis type of storage device has no moving parts. solid stateThe smallest unit in a digital system is a _ . bitThis type of software works with end users, application software, and computer hardware to handle the majority of technical details. system softwareThese programs guard your computer against malicious programs that may invade your computer system. antivirus programGUI stands for _ graphical user interfacePrimary storage is referred to as _ storage. volatileProcedures are typically documented in manuals written by_ .computer specialistsWindows XP, Windows Vista, and Macintosh OS X are all examples of _ operating systemsA CD is an example of a(n) _ optical discA(n) _ , also called a data bus,connects the parts of the CPU together. bus lineMany individuals create their own personal sites called Web logs,or _ .blogsRobots used in automobile plants would be classified as _ industrial robots The smallest unit in a digital system is a _ .byteRandom access memory (RAM) is a kind of _ storage. temporaryThis type of pointing device has crisscrossed invisible beams of infrared light that are protected with a clear plastic outer layer. Touch screenThe data on an optical disc is represented by flat areas called _ on the disc surface. LandsThe rules for exchanging data between computers are called _ .protocolsIn a relational database data is organized into _ .tablesGeneral purpose applications are also known as _ .basic applicationsThe transmission medium that carries the message is referred to as the communication channel_ cash is the Internets equivalent to traditional cash. DigitalSecret words or numbers used to gain access to a computers system are called passwordsThe standards of moral conduct that control how computers are used are called _ethics配對(duì)題RAM Volatile storage that holds the program and data the CPU is currently processing.secondary storage device Holds data and programs evenafter electrical power to the system has been turned off.primary storage Holds data and programinstructions for processing data.system board The communications web for the entire computer system.Window A rectangular area that contains a document, program, or message. The least powerful and most widely used type of computer.control unit Tells the rest of the computersystem how to carry out a programs instructions.optical disks Use laser technology and have the greatest capacity of all secondary gram Consists of the step by step instructions that tell the computerhow to do its work.the Internet The largest network in the world.Information .Data that has been processed through the computerCell The intersection of a row and column in a spreadsheet. packets Broken-down parts of a message over the Internet.Bluetooth Uses microwaves to transmit data over short distances up to 33 feetMicrocomputers The least powerful and most widely used type of computer.control unit Tells the rest of the computer system how to carry out a programs instructions.optical disks Use laser technology and have the greatest capacity of all secondary storage.embedded OS Operating systems completely stored within ROMsystem unit Houses most of the electronic components in a computer system.solid-state storage Stores data electronically and has no moving parts. TCP/IP Standard protocol for the Iputer network Communications system connecting two or more computers.Packets Broken-down parts of a message over the Internet.NOS Operating system used to control and coordinate computers that are linked together.DNS Converts text-based addresses to IP addresses. instructions that tell the computer how to do its work.Track Closed concentric ring on a disk on which data is recorded.access speed Time required to retrieve data and programs.Morphing Special effect in which one image seems to melt into another.翻譯Word processing software creates text-based documents such as reports, letters, and memos. Word processors are one of the most flexible and widely used software tools. Students and researchers use word processors to create reports. Organizations of all types create newsletters to communicate with their members. Businesses create form letters to reach new and current customers. All types of people and organizations use word processors to create personalized Web pages字處理軟件生成基于文本的文檔，例如報(bào)表、信件和備忘錄。字處理器是最靈活和廣泛使用的軟件工具之一,學(xué)生和研究人員用字處理器生成報(bào)表。所有類型的組織生成通訊聯(lián)系他們的會(huì)員。商人生成窗體文件聯(lián)系新老客戶。所有類型的人和組織用字處理器生成個(gè)性化的網(wǎng)頁(yè)A database is a collection of related data. It is the electronic equivalent of a file cabinet. A database management system (DBMS) or database manager is a program that sets up, or structures, a database. It also provides tools to enter, edit, and retrieve data from the database. All kinds of individuals use databases, from teachers recording grades to police officers checking criminal histories.數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)是相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)的集合。它是文件柜的電子等同物。數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)（DBMS）或數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理器是一個(gè)建立或構(gòu)造數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的程序。它也提供工具輸入、編輯、檢索來(lái)自數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的數(shù)據(jù)。各種各樣的人都使用數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，從教師記錄學(xué)生的成績(jī)到警官核查犯罪記錄The arithmetic-logic unit, usually called the ALU, performs two types of operation arithmetic and logical. Arithmetic operations are, as you might expect, the fundamental math operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Logical operations consist of comparisons. That is, two pieces of data are compared to see whether one is equal to (=), less than () the other. (15 points)算術(shù)邏輯單元，通常叫做ALU，執(zhí)行兩種類型的運(yùn)算算術(shù)的和邏輯的。象你預(yù)料的那樣，算術(shù)運(yùn)算是基本的數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算：加，減，乘，除。邏輯運(yùn)算由比較組成。即，兩個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)塊比較看是否一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)塊等于、小于或大于另一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)塊The system board is also known as the motherboard. The system board is the communications medium for the entire computer system. Every component of the system unit connects to the system board. It acts as a data path allowing the various components to communicate with one another. External devices such as the keyboard, mouse, and monitor could not communicate with the system unit without the system board系統(tǒng)板也叫做母版。系統(tǒng)板是整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的通信媒介。系統(tǒng)的每一個(gè)組件連接到系統(tǒng)板。他作為一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)通道能使不同的組件與另一個(gè)組件通信。外設(shè)，例如：鍵盤(pán)、鼠標(biāo)和顯示器，（如果）沒(méi)有系統(tǒng)板（就）不能與系統(tǒng)通信Networks with nodes that are in close physical proximity within the same building, for instanceare called local area networks(LANS). Typically, LANS span distances less than a mile and are owned and operated by individual organizations. LANS are widely used by colleges, universities, and other types of organizations to link microcomputers and to share printers and other resources.物理上鄰近結(jié)點(diǎn)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)例如，在同一個(gè)大樓叫做局域網(wǎng)。通常，局域網(wǎng)跨越的距離不超過(guò)一英里，并且由個(gè)人組織擁有和操作。局域網(wǎng)廣泛用于學(xué)院、大學(xué)和其他組織，他們把微型機(jī)連接起來(lái)，共享打印機(jī)和其它資源An internal hard disk is located inside the system unit. For most microcomputer systems, the internal hard disk drive is designated as the C drive. It is used to store programs and large data files. For example, nearly every microcomputer uses its internal hard disk to store its operating system and major applications such as Word and Excel.內(nèi)置硬盤(pán)安裝在系統(tǒng)單元內(nèi)部，對(duì)于大多數(shù)微型機(jī)系統(tǒng)，內(nèi)置硬盤(pán)驅(qū)動(dòng)器設(shè)計(jì)為C驅(qū)動(dòng)器。它用于存儲(chǔ)程序和大型數(shù)據(jù)文件。例如，幾乎每一臺(tái)微型計(jì)算機(jī)用它的內(nèi)置硬盤(pán)存儲(chǔ)特德操作系統(tǒng)和主要應(yīng)用程序，例如，Word 和Excel.。Fiber-optic cable transmits data as pulses of light through tiny tubes of glass. In terms of number of telephone connections, fiber optic cable has over 26,000 times the transmission capacity of twisted pair. However, it is significantly smaller. Indeed, a fiber-optic tube can be half the diameter of a human hair. Although limited in the distance they can carry information, fiber-optic cables have several advantages. Such cables are immune to electronic interference, which makes them more secure. 光纜把通過(guò)細(xì)玻璃管的光脈沖作為傳輸數(shù)據(jù)。電話連接就數(shù)字而言，光纜具有雙絞線傳輸容量的26000倍。然而，它更細(xì)小。事實(shí)上，一根光線管可能是人發(fā)直徑的一半。盡管載波信息受距離的限制，光纜具有幾個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)。這種光纜抗電子干擾，使它們更安全。For data transmission to be successful, sending and receiving devices must follow a set of communication rules for the exchange of information. These rules for exchanging data between computers are known as protocols. The standard protocol for the Internet is TCP/IP. The essential features of this protocol involve(1) identifying sending and receiving devices and (2) reformatting information for transmission across the Internet.為了數(shù)據(jù)傳輸成功，發(fā)送和接受設(shè)備必須按照一套通信規(guī)則交換信息。在計(jì)算機(jī)間交換數(shù)據(jù)的這些規(guī)則教協(xié)議。因特網(wǎng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)協(xié)議是傳輸控制協(xié)議/因特網(wǎng)協(xié)議。這個(gè)協(xié)議的主要功能包括（1）確定發(fā)送和接受設(shè)備（2）重新格式化信息以便通過(guò)因特網(wǎng)傳輸。概述五、Write a abstract of operating systems and list 3-5 keywords in English. The number of abstracts words is about 50. Memory is a holding area for data, instructions, and information. Like microprocessors, memory is contained on chips connected to the system board. There are three well-known types of memory chips: random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), and complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS).RAMRandom-access memory (RAM) chips hold the program and data that the CPU is presently processing. That is, it is temporary or volatile storage.ROMRead-only memory (ROM) chips have programs built into them at the factory. Read only means that the CPU can read, or retrieve, the programs written on the ROM chip. However, the computer cannot writeencode or changethe information or instructions in ROM.CMOSA complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) chip provides flexibility and expandability for a computer system. It contains essential information that is required every time the computer system is turned on. Unlike ROM, its contents can be changed to reflect changes in the computer system such as increased RAM and new hardware devices.This article mainly discusses the role,types and characteristics of memory.There are three well-known types of memory chips: random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), and complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS).Keywords: RAM, ROM, CMOS, CPUOPERATING SYSTEMSAn operating system is a collection of programs that handle many of the technical details related to using a computer. In many ways, an operating system is the most important type of computer program. Without it your computer would be useless.FunctionsEvery computer has an operating system and every operating system performs a variety of functions. These functions can be classified into three groups:Managing resources: These programs coordinate all the computers resources including memory, processing, storage, and devices such as printers and monitors. They also monitor system performance, schedule jobs, provide security, and start up the computer.Providing user interface: Users interact with application programs and computer hardware through a user interface. Many older operating systems used a character-based interface in which users communicated with the operating system through written commands such as “Copy A:assign.doc to C:”. Almost all newer operating systems use a graphical user interface (GUI). As we discussed in Chapter 3, a graphical user interface uses graphical elements such as icons and windows.Running applications: These programs load and run applications such as word processors and spreadsheets. Most operating systems support multitasking, or the ability to switch between different applications stored in memory. With multitasking, you could have Word and Excel running at the same time and switch easily between the two applications.This article mainly discusses the definition and functions of the operating systems. An operating system is a collection of programs that handle many of the technical details related to using a computer.Every operating system has three functions:Managing resources, Providing user interface, Running applications.keywords : operating system , resources , user interfaceInformation systemsWhen you think of a microcomputer, perhaps you think of just the equipment itself. That is, you think of the monitor or the keyboard. Yet, there is more to it than that. The way to think about a microcomputer is