專題13 特殊句式.doc

特殊句式在近幾年高考題中所占分量居中，各套試題中至少有一道小題考查特殊句式。主要考查倒裝句、省略替代、強(qiáng)調(diào)句以及感嘆句和反意疑問句。一、倒裝口訣速記：副詞開頭要倒裝，人稱代詞則如常。only修飾副介狀，位于句首半倒裝。否定意義副連詞，“既不也不”需倒裝。表語前置主語長，銜接自然常倒裝。such代詞作表語，引起主謂要倒裝。not only開頭句，前一分句需倒裝。had，were，should虛擬句，省略if半倒裝。倒裝分兩類：全部倒裝和部分倒裝。全部倒裝是將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前。實(shí)義動詞、情態(tài)動詞或be 動詞放在主語之前。部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態(tài)動詞倒裝至主語之前。如果句中的謂語沒有助動詞或情態(tài)動詞，則需添加助動詞do, does或did，并將其置于主語之前。1 全部倒裝的情況使用場合 例句 備注 (1)there引導(dǎo)的存在句 There is a book in the bag. There came shouts for help from the river.常見動詞有be, come, lie, happen, appear, seem, stand, exist, live, remain等。 (2)在here, there, away, in, out, down, up, off, now, then開頭的句子里 Here comes the bus.There goes the train. In rushed the children. Now comes your turn. 謂語常是表示方位或位移的不及物動詞lie, live, sit, stand, be, come, go, run, rise等。主語是人稱代詞時(shí)，不倒裝。如：Here we are. There he comes. (3)介詞短語或方位詞組作地點(diǎn)狀語位于句首 Between the buildings stands a tall tree. South of the city lies a steel factory. From the village came a frightening sound. 使用場合 例句 備注 (4)代詞such作表語，意為“這樣的人，這樣的物”，應(yīng)置于句首 Such were the facts.Such was Albert Einstein. 主謂一致(5)平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)或使上下文銜接緊密They reached a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy. 主謂一致 2. 部分倒裝的情況使用場合 例句 備注 (1)so, neither, nor開頭的句子，表示“也一樣、也不”I like sports, and so does my brother. If you go, so will I. He hasnt come, nor have his sisters. If you dont go, neither shall I. 使用正確的助動詞。當(dāng)so表示對前句內(nèi)容的肯定和附和時(shí)，用自然語序。如：Tom works hard. So he does and so do you. (他的確很用功，你也是。)(2)含有否定意義的副詞(詞組)，如：never, seldom, hardly, little, nowhere, by no means, at no time等置于句首時(shí)Hardly can I believe that. Seldom does he write to me. By no means shall we give up. Little did I know who he was. little作形容詞，修飾主語時(shí)，仍用正常語序。如：Little Franz often played the piano.使用場合 例句 備注 (3)only修飾狀語(從句)，并置于句首時(shí)，主句中要部分倒裝Only when the rain stopped did the match start again. only修飾主語時(shí)不倒裝。如：Only he can do it. (4)not onlybut (also)連接兩個(gè)分句，not only置于句首 Not only should we study science, but also we should pay attention to politics. not only引導(dǎo)的部分要部分倒裝，但but (also)部分不倒裝。若not onlybut (also)連接兩個(gè)主語，句子不倒裝。 使用場合 例句 備注 (5)Not until HardlywhenNo soonerthanSothatSuchthatNot until yesterday did I realize what trouble he was in. Hardly had I entered the room when the telephone rang. So angry was he that he couldnt speak. Such great progress did he make that he was praised.主倒從不倒，即主句部分用倒裝語序，從句部分用陳述語序。 (6)省略if的虛擬條件句，將were，had, should 移至主語前 Were he (If he were ) here now, I could ask him. Should he (If he should) come, tell him to ring me up. 若條件句中不含were, had, should則不宜倒裝。 使用場合 例句 備注 (7)祝愿句 May you succeed！ (8)as或though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句引起的倒裝。句型是：表語/狀語/動詞原形as/though主語 Young as he is, he knows a lot.Much as I like it, I will not buy it. Try as he might，he could not find a job. though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句也可不倒裝。表語前的冠詞要省略。如：Hero as he is, he has some shortcomings. 二、省略在英語中，有時(shí)為了避免結(jié)構(gòu)上或內(nèi)容上的重復(fù)，并使上下文緊密連接；有時(shí)因?yàn)檎Z法的客觀要求，句子中的一個(gè)或幾個(gè)成分不需要表達(dá)出來，這種現(xiàn)象稱為省略。英語中的省略要求不破壞語法結(jié)構(gòu)，要保持句子意義的準(zhǔn)確無誤。省略有詞法上的省略，也有句法上的省略，還有一種替代省略。省略部分的成分和含義可從上下文或具體語言環(huán)境中找到而且是有章可循的，英語的省略大致有以下幾種情況：1介詞的省略一些與動詞、名詞或形容詞一起搭配的介詞常省略，而保留其后的動名詞。常見的句型有：spend some time (in) doing sth.；be busy (in) doing sth.；have difficulty (in) doing sth.；stop/prevent sb. (from) doing sth.2連詞that 的省略I believe (that) he will come here. Its a pity (that) he will leave this city. 3定語從句與名詞性從句中的省略 (1)在限制性定語從句中，作賓語用的關(guān)系代詞whom, which, that可省略。如：The teacher (who/whom/that) I talked with was Mr. Meng. (2) 在與suggest, request, order, advise等詞相關(guān)的名詞性從句中，應(yīng)用虛擬語氣形式“should 動詞原形”，should可以省略。如：She suggests that we (should) go at once. 4動詞不定式省略，只保留to的場合。不定式作某些動詞的賓語時(shí)，常見的動詞有expect, refuse, mean, like, love, hope，want等。如：He went home that day though he didnt want to.三、反意疑問句1陳述部分含有must的反意疑問句當(dāng)must作“必須”講時(shí)，其反意疑問部分用neednt；當(dāng)含有mustnt(不允許、禁止)時(shí)，其反意疑問部分用must；當(dāng)must表示推測，作“一定，準(zhǔn)是”講時(shí)，反意疑問部分的動詞形式根據(jù)must后面的動詞形式確定。如：You must go now, neednt you?你現(xiàn)在必須走，是不是？You mustnt smoke here, must you?你不能在這里吸煙，是吧？You must have watched that football match last night, didnt you? 你昨晚一定是看足球比賽了， 是吧？2陳述部分含有used to的反意疑問句陳述部分含有used to時(shí)，其反意疑問部分用usednt或didnt均可。如：You used to play football, usednt/didnt you?你過去常常踢足球，是嗎？3陳述部分含有ought to的反意疑問句其反意疑問部分用oughtnt或shouldnt均可。如：He ought to attend the meeting, oughtnt/shouldnt he?他應(yīng)該參加會議，是不是？4否定詞或半否定詞的反意疑問句當(dāng)陳述部分帶有seldom, hardly, scarcely, never, few, little, nothing, nobody等否定詞或半否定詞時(shí)，疑問部分的動詞用肯定形式。如：He could hardly get up, could he?他幾乎起不來了，是不是？5陳述部分含有表示“否定”意義的前綴構(gòu)成的詞，其反意疑問部分一般用否定式。如：Mary dislikes sports, doesnt she?瑪麗不喜歡體育運(yùn)動，不是嗎？6含有賓語從句的反意疑問句當(dāng)陳述部分帶有賓語從句時(shí)，疑問部分的主語應(yīng)和主句的主語保持一致。但當(dāng)主句是：I think，I believe, I suppose, I expect, I imagine等結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，疑問部分的主語和謂語動詞均應(yīng)和賓語從句的主語和謂語保持一致。如：He said that he would come here on time, didnt he?I dont think he will come here on time, will he?7祈使句的反意疑問句祈使句后加附加問句，不表示反意，而表示一種語氣。其結(jié)構(gòu)為：否定祈使句，will you?肯定祈使句， will/wont you? Lets， shall we? Let us， will you？如：Open the door, will you?Lets go out for a walk, shall we?Let us go to school, will you?注意：(1)反意疑問句的回答不要看漢語如何翻譯，只看所提到的事情是否發(fā)生。如果發(fā)生了，用肯定回答，否則用否定回答。如：當(dāng)對方問你“You arent a teacher, are you？”或“You are a teacher, arent you？”時(shí)，如果你是老師，回答“Yes, I am. ”否則，回答“No, I am not. ”(2) 反意疑問句的主語和陳述部分的主語在人稱、數(shù)上需要注意的幾種情況陳述部分主語反意疑問部分主語疑問部分謂語的數(shù)例句this, thatit單數(shù)This is a bike，isnt it？these, thosethey復(fù)數(shù)These are not your books, are they？everything, anything, something, nothingit單數(shù)Nothing has happened, has it？陳述部分主語反意疑問部分主語疑問部分謂語的數(shù)例句everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, no one, anybody, anyone, anybody, none, neitherhe或they(更常見)單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)Nobody likes to be laughed at, does he/do they？不定式、動名詞、主語從句、其他短語it單數(shù)Learning English well takes a lot of time, doesnt it？there be句型there單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)There is no doubt about it, is there？There will be rain tomorrow, wont there？四、強(qiáng)調(diào)句一個(gè)句子中除謂語外的任何成分均可借助It bethat予以強(qiáng)調(diào)，被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分置于be之后。無論被強(qiáng)調(diào)的是人物時(shí)間地點(diǎn)還是方式一律用that, 只有強(qiáng)調(diào)人時(shí)也可用who。被強(qiáng)調(diào)的人稱代詞主格或賓格如I /me，其形式不可變動，即被強(qiáng)調(diào)的任何成分必須原封不動地放到be之后。一個(gè)句子，如果將其中的It is/wasthat去掉，在不加減任何詞語的情況下，語序稍作調(diào)整能構(gòu)成一個(gè)完整正確的句子，便可以認(rèn)定為強(qiáng)調(diào)句，否則就不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句。1【誤】 Did he begin to learn English only when he was 30 years old. 【正】 He began to learn English only when he was 30 years old. 【解析】 當(dāng)only和所修飾的狀語位于句首時(shí)引起部分倒裝，如果不在句首時(shí)，則不倒裝，此外，當(dāng)only用于修飾名詞或代詞時(shí)，也不倒裝，如：Only the grownups are allowed to see the film. 2【誤】 Not only can he repair bikes but can he repair televisions.【正】 Not only can he repair bikes but he can repair televisions.【解析】 not onlybut (also)的部分倒裝，其結(jié)構(gòu)為：not only倒裝語序，but also語序不變。此外，當(dāng)not onlybut also位于句首連接兩個(gè)并列的主語時(shí)，主謂也不倒裝，如：Not only I but also she will get married next year. 3【誤】 I seldom watch TV, but listen to the radio a lot. So do I. 【正】 I seldom watch TV, but listen to the radio a lot. So it is with me. 【解析】 若前面為兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的分句，表示不同的主語與前面有關(guān)的各種情況相同，往往用：so it is/was with 主語或者是it is/was the same with 主語。4【誤】 A child as/though he is, he is very brave. 【正】 Child as/though he is, he is very brave. 【解析】 由as/though引導(dǎo)的表示“雖然，盡管”的讓步狀語從句用倒裝語序，把從句的表語或狀語等放在as/though的前面，但是如果從句中的表語是名詞，其名詞前不加任何冠詞。5【誤】 Are you a sailor？No, but I used to. 【正】 Are you a sailor? No, but I used to be. 【解析】 動詞不定式的省略：在同一句或聯(lián)系緊密的對話里，常把不定式符號to后內(nèi)容相同的部分省略，只保留to，但如果省略的不定式內(nèi)容有作助動詞用的have或be的任何形式時(shí)，to后要保留原形have 或be。6【誤】 Are you and Jane getting married？We hope. 【正】 Are you and Jane getting married？We hope to. 【解析】 動詞不定式在like, love, care, want, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, decide, mean, intend, try, promise等動詞后作賓語時(shí)，為了避免重復(fù)，常承前省略不定式后的內(nèi)容，但要保留不定式符號to。7【誤】 I came not to scold but praise you. 【正】 I came not to scold but to praise you. 【解析】 在并列結(jié)構(gòu)中為了避免重復(fù)，后一個(gè)to常省略，但兩個(gè)不定式有對照或?qū)Ρ鹊囊饬x時(shí)，則后一個(gè)to不能省略。12009遼寧卷 _ is the power of TV that it can make a person suddenly famous. ASuch BThis CThat DSo【答案】 A2Hearing the dog barking fiercely, away_. Afleeing the boy Bwas fleeing the boyCthe boy was fleeing Dfled the boy【答案】 D3He is rather difficult to make friends with，but the friendship of his，_，is truer than any other.Aonce gained Bwhen to gainCafter gained Dwhile gaining【解析】 A這是once it is gained的省略，句意為：但是一旦獲得了和他的友誼，要比其他人的要真誠得多。4Not until quite recently _ that language is closely related to culture.Ahe realized Bdid he realizeChad he realized Dhe did realize【解析】 Bnot until引導(dǎo)的短語置于句首，后面要用部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，所以要排除A和D；此外，句子中沒有明顯的“過去的過去”標(biāo)志詞，所以不能用過去完成時(shí)，故C項(xiàng)也得排除。5Casey, _ to the classroom and see who it is there. AgoingBgoCto goDgone【解析】 B該題帶有吩咐口吻，且Casey為呼語，因此題干應(yīng)為祈使句，即以動詞原形開頭。6I dont suppose anyone will be willing to do the hard job, _？Ado I Bdont ICwill they Dwont they【解析】 CI think/suppose/believe引導(dǎo)的賓語從句的反意疑問句，存在否定轉(zhuǎn)移的習(xí)慣，且反意疑問句的主語應(yīng)與從句主語一致，選C。72010重慶卷 At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River _，one of the ten largest cities in China. Alies Chongqing BChongqing lies Cdoes lie Chongqing Ddoes Chongqing lie【解析】 A考查倒裝句。為了表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，把作狀語的介詞短語提到句首，此時(shí)句子采用完全倒裝的語序。8Go straight into the cave and find out whats in it, _？Acant you Bdont you Care you Dwill you【解析】 D考查反意疑問句。這是一個(gè)祈使句，對祈使句構(gòu)成反意疑問句用will you?92010四川卷 We laugh at jokes，but seldom _ about how they work.Awe think Bthink we Cwe do think Ddo we think【解析】 D考查倒裝用法。seldom，hardly，never，no等具有否定意義的詞位于句首句子用部分倒裝語序。10Ive read three books this week. Well, maybe _ is not how much you read but what you read that counts. Athis Bthat Cthere Dit【解析】 D考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的用法。把“_ is”和句中的that省略后，該句話依舊成立，由此可知該題是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的結(jié)構(gòu)，所以答案只能用it。11In Switzerland, six miles west of Geneva，_a collection of laboratory buildings. Alie Bare lying Clies Dlays【答案】 C12_in the root of his family that he decided to make a trip to Africa for further research. ASo interested Kunta wasBSo interested was KuntaCHow interested Kunta wasDKunta was such interested【解析】 B考查倒裝句。sothat這個(gè)固定句式中的so及其修飾成分提到句首時(shí)，句子倒裝，因此B項(xiàng)正確。132010四川卷 If you have a job，_ yourself to it and finally youll succeed. Ado devote Bdont devoteCdevoting Dnot devoting【解析】 A考查祈使句用法。If引導(dǎo)從句，所以此處應(yīng)該填入可以構(gòu)成主句的詞，這里是祈使句，do表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。14_for the worst in advance and you wont be disappointed. APrepare BWhen preparingCHaving prepared DIf you prepare【解析】 A祈使句和and連用相當(dāng)于條件狀語從句的用法。原句If you prepare for the worst in advance，you wont be disappointed.15He has to finish the experiment today. He must be in the lab，_？Thats quite possible. Amustnt he Bwont heCdoesnt he Disnt he【解析】 D該題考查反意疑問句。must be結(jié)構(gòu)中的中心詞應(yīng)為be，且He must be in the lab相當(dāng)于I think he is in the lab，故應(yīng)用isnt he。1(2011廈門市質(zhì)量檢查)It is the test system，rather than the teachers，_is to blame for the students heavy burden nowadays.Awho BthisCthat Dwhom解析：考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。本句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語the test system而不是the teachers，因此不能用who，只能用that。答案：C2(2011湖南十二校第二次聯(lián)考)_she is not so cheerful_she used to be?AHow is it that；as BWhy is it that；whatCIs it why；that DHow it is that；as解析：考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句和狀語從句。第一空是強(qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊疑問句部分；第二空為not so(as).as 固定句式。根據(jù)第二空的搭配可排除B、C兩項(xiàng)；根據(jù)句意可知A項(xiàng)正確。句意為：她怎么不像以前那樣高興了？答案：A3(2011重慶診斷)I dont know_makes her different from others.Honesty，I think.Ahow is it thatBhow it is thatCwhat is it that Dwhat it is that解析：考查特殊句式。上一句的意思是“我不知道是什么讓她與眾不同”，what it is that makes her different from others 是know的賓語從句，因此要用陳述語序。從句是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句，被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是主語what。答案：D4(2011日照市調(diào)研考試)I dont know how many years ago_people began to stay at home and civilization began.Ait was when Bit was thatCwas it that Dwas it when解析：考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。語意是：我不知道是多少年前人們開始呆在家中，文明由此開始。此句中被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是how many years ago，去掉it was.that 之后句子的正常語序是I dont know how many years ago people began to stay at home and civilization began。答案：B5(2011福建畢業(yè)班檢查)_made Daisy wild with joy?Her success in the Alevel exam this year.AHow was it that BWhen was it thatCWhy was it that DWhat was it that解析：考查特殊疑問句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。特殊疑問句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)為：特殊疑問詞beitthat，根據(jù)語意，此處表示“什么東西讓Daisy欣喜若狂？”強(qiáng)調(diào)what ，故選D項(xiàng)。答案：D6(2010山東濰坊月考)Girls used to take fewer advanced match courses than boys but now they are taking just_.Aas much Btoo muchCas many Dtoo many解析：考查形容詞的比較等級和省略。本句補(bǔ)充完整為Girls used to take fewer advanced math courses than boys but now they are taking just as many advanced math courses as boys.故C項(xiàng)正確。答案：C7(2010煙臺二模)They landed safely on the island in the Pacific.Everything went on better than_.Aexpected BexpectingCexpectation Dto expect解析：考查省略句的用法?？梢詫han expected 看成是than it was expected 的省略。better than expected 為習(xí)慣用法，表示“比預(yù)期的好”。答案：A8(2010西城5月)Mary was only too ready to help others，seldom，_，refusing them when they turned to him.Aif never Bif notCif any Dif ever解析：考查習(xí)語的用法。后半部分是對前半部分的進(jìn)一步說明。句意為：瑪麗總是樂于助人，如果有人向他求助，他很少拒絕別人。if ever “很少，難得”，符合句意。答案：D9(2010蘇州一模)The number of children who have lost parents to AIDS_to rise to over 26 million in 2011.Aare expected Bis expecting Care expecting Dis expected解析：本題考查主謂一致和動詞語態(tài)。定語從句中的謂語動詞與先行詞保持一致，the number of 意為“的數(shù)量”，作主語時(shí)謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式，排除選項(xiàng)A和C；根據(jù)語境知，這個(gè)數(shù)量預(yù)計(jì)會上升，主語與expect之間是被動關(guān)系，故D項(xiàng)正確。答案：D10(2010南京第三次模擬)What a pity！All his property，the books，the pictures and the house，_consumed by the big fire.Awere BwasChad been Dhave been解析：本題考查主謂一致和時(shí)態(tài)。本句的主語是All his property，property表示財(cái)產(chǎn)，是不可數(shù)名詞，因此謂語動詞是單數(shù)形式。句中的the books，the pictures and the house 是同位語，對property 進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。事情發(fā)生在說話之前，故用一般過去時(shí)。答案：B11(2010煙臺四校聯(lián)考)_the instructions on the packet when you take the drug and the drug，I think，will work soon.AFollow BTo followCFollowing DFollowed解析：考查祈使條件句。句意為：如果你服藥的時(shí)候按照包裝上的說明服用，我認(rèn)為這種藥會很快起作用的。此處的祈使句中含有when引導(dǎo)的狀語從句。I think 為插入語。此句實(shí)際上是“祈使句and/or陳述句”結(jié)構(gòu)。祈使句中要用動詞原形。答案：A12(2010合肥第三次教學(xué)檢測)_and the problem could be settled.AA bit more effort BTo make more effortCMaking more effort DIf you make more effort解析：考查句式。句中有并列連詞and，因此前面應(yīng)該是一個(gè)完整的并列句，結(jié)合選項(xiàng)此處應(yīng)為“祈使句and陳述句”結(jié)構(gòu)，前面的祈使句也可用名詞代替。句意為：再多一點(diǎn)努力，問題就會得到解決。答案：A13(2010錦州模擬)John as well as the other children who_no parents_good care of in the center.Ahave；is being taken Bhave；has takenChas；is taken Dhas；have been taken解析：考查主謂一致和動詞時(shí)態(tài)，句意為：約翰同其他那些沒有父母的孩子一起在這個(gè)中心受到很好的照顧。who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾other children所以謂語動詞應(yīng)是復(fù)數(shù)；名詞1as well as/besides/with/together with ect.名詞2時(shí)，謂語動詞要根據(jù)就遠(yuǎn)原則由名詞1決定，所以第二空謂語動詞為單數(shù)，約翰正在受到照顧，因此用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動形式。答案：A14(2010東城檢測)The number of people，who have access to their own cars，_sharply in the past decade.Arose Bis risingChave risen Dhas risen解析：考查主謂一致和時(shí)態(tài)。本句的主語是the number，所以