不定式和動名詞的區(qū)別.doc

不定式和動名詞的區(qū)別和聯(lián)系1） 動名詞與不定式的區(qū)別：動名詞表達的是： 狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)，心境，抽象，經(jīng)常性，已發(fā)生的不定式表達的是： 目的，結(jié)果，原因，具體，一次性，將發(fā)生的不定式與動名詞都可以在句中作主語、賓語、表語和定語,但用法不盡相同。一、作主語一般情況下,不定式與動名詞作主語可以互換,也常?？梢杂胕t充當(dāng)形式主語,而把不定式和動名詞放在句子的后半部分。但二者也有區(qū)別,不定式常常指某次具體的、將要發(fā)生的行為;而動名詞則表示一般的、抽象的行為。例如:To save money now is not easy. 現(xiàn)在攢錢不容易。Saving money is a good habit. 攢錢是個好習(xí)慣。真題回放1. _ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to ones skin.A. Exposed B. Having exposedC. Being exposed D. After being exposed二、作賓語有些動詞后只能跟不定式作賓語,不能跟動名詞作賓語;有些動詞后常跟動名詞作賓語,不能跟不定式作賓語;有些動詞后跟不定式和動名詞作賓語皆可,但意思不同，另外還要熟記下面幾點:1)下列短語中的to是介詞,其后跟動名詞,不跟不定式。be(get) used to習(xí)慣于;look forward to盼望;pay attention to注意;get down to開始認(rèn)真做;lead to通向、導(dǎo)致;prefer doing . to doing .寧愿做而不愿做;stick to堅持;devote ones life(time, oneself) to獻身于、致力于;object to反對;in addition to .除之外;on the way to .在去的路上、正要成為;等等。2)不定式除可用在except, but, besides等后作賓語之外,一般不用作介詞賓語。此時,不定式能否省略to,取決于其前是否有行為動詞do或其相應(yīng)形式。有則省略,無則不能省略。例如:She did nothing but wash some clothes that day. 那天她除了洗一些衣服之外什么也沒做。We had no choice except to walk home. 除了走著回家我們別無選擇。3) 動名詞除了其一般式doing,還有完成式having done以及一般式的被動形式being done和完成式的被動形式having been done;動名詞前可以加上邏輯主語,構(gòu)成動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):sb.s doing。例如:Im sorry for not having kept my promise.非常抱歉,我沒能遵守諾言。(not having kept my promise發(fā)生在am sorry之前)Do you mind Mary being left alone at home?你介意瑪麗被單獨一個人留在家里嗎?4) 不定式的完成式to have done表示在謂語動詞之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作,而不定式的一般式to do表示動作將要發(fā)生。不定式還有其被動形式:to be done(表示將來的被動動作)和to have been done(表示過去的被動動作)。三、作表語不定式與動名詞作表語時的區(qū)別與作主語時相同。例如:My job is teaching English. 我的工作是教英語。(泛指,多次性抽象行為)Your task is to go and help the farmers.你的工作是去幫助那些農(nóng)民。(特指,一次性具體行為)四、作定語不定式多為后置定語,動名詞多為前置定語;不定式多表示將來的動作,動名詞只能表示事物的屬性、用途等。例如:He is looking for a room to live in.他正在找一間房子去住。Take these sleeping pills and youll sleep better. 吃了這種安眠藥,你會睡得更好。注意:不定式作定語時通常與其前的名詞(代詞)構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系。如果作定語的不定式是不及物動詞,其后通常要加上相應(yīng)的介詞。例如:Please give me a knife with which to cut.2)在下列情況下，一般要用不定式： hate, like, love前有would(should)時，如：Id like to have a cup of coffee. 當(dāng)謂語動詞begin, continue, start等是進行式時，如：The students are starting to work on the difficult maths problem. begin, continue, start與know, understand等狀態(tài)動詞連用時，如：I soon began to understand what was happening. advise, allow, encourage, forbid, permit等動詞后接動名詞作賓語，或帶不定式作賓語補足語。如： Our teachers dont permit our/us swimming in the lake. Our teachers dont permit us to swim in the lake. 3） 部分動詞后接不定式或動名詞時，意義差別較大，應(yīng)根據(jù)句子語境選擇使用。 forget, remember, regret后接不定式，表示現(xiàn)在或未來的動作，接動名詞表示動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生。如： Dont forget to post the letter for me. Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport? Remember to close the windows before you leave. I remember writing him a letter a year ago. We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting. They regretted ordering these books from abroad. 動名詞與不定式語義不同的有11 組：1 forget doing/to doforget to do 忘記要去做某事。 (未做)forget doing 忘記做過某事。 (已做)The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.辦公室的燈還在亮著，它忘記關(guān)了。(沒有做關(guān)燈的動作)He forgot turning the light off. 他忘記他已經(jīng)關(guān)了燈了。 ( 已做過關(guān)燈的動作)Dont forget to come tomorrow.別忘了明天來。 (to come動作未做)典型例題- The light in the office is still on.- Oh，I forgot_. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 答案：C。由the light is still on 可知燈亮著，即關(guān)燈的動作沒有發(fā)生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示燈已經(jīng)關(guān)上了，而自己忘記了這一事實。此處不符合題意2 stop doing/to dostop to do 停止，中斷原來做的事，開始做另外一件事stop doing 停止正在做的事They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他們停下來，抽了根煙。I must stop smoking. 我必須戒煙了。典型例題 She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock by the side of the path.A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest答案：C。由題意可知，她到了山頂，停下來在一個路邊的大石頭上休息。因此，應(yīng)選擇stop to do sth. 停下來去做另一件事。而不僅僅是爬山動作的終止，所以stop doing sth.不正確。3 remember doing/to doremember to do 記得去做某事 (未做)remember doing 記得做過某事 (已做)Remember to go to the post office after school.記著放學(xué)后去趟郵局。Dont you remember seeing the man before? 你不記得以前見過那個人嗎?4 regret doing/to doregret to do 對要做的事遺憾。 (未做)regret doing 對做過的事遺憾、后悔。 (已做)I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實在沒有辦法。I dont regret telling her what I thought.我不為告訴她我的想法而后悔。典型例題-You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. -Well, now I regret _ that.A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D.having done答案：D。regret having done sth. 對已發(fā)生的事感到遺憾。regret to do sth. 對將要做的事感到遺憾。本題為對已說的話感到后悔，因此選D。5 cease doing/to docease to do 長時間，甚至永遠停做某事。cease doing 短時停止做某事，以后還會接著做。That department has ceased to exist forever. 那個部門已不復(fù)存在。 The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.姑娘們在老師走過時，停了會聊天。 6 try doing/to dotry to do 努力，企圖做某事。try doing 試驗，試著做某事。You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。I tried gardening but didnt succeed.我試著種果木花卉，但未成功。7 go on doing/to dogo on to do 做了一件事后，接著做另一件事。go on doing 繼續(xù)做原來做的事。 After he had finished his math，he went on to do his physics. 做完數(shù)學(xué)后，他接著去做物理。 Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完這個練習(xí)后，接著做其他的練習(xí)8 be afraid doing/to dobe afraid to do 不敢，膽怯去做某事，是主觀上的原因不去做，意為怕；be afraid of doing 擔(dān)心出現(xiàn)doing的狀況、結(jié)果。 doing 是客觀上造成的，意為生怕，恐怕。She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.她生怕被蛇咬著，而不敢在草叢中再走一步。She was afraid to wake her husband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。.9 be interested doing/to dointerested to do 對做某事感興趣，想了解某事。interested in doing 對某種想法感興趣，doing 通常為想法。I shall be interested to know what happens.我很想知道發(fā)生了什么事。 (想了解)Im interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that?我對在瑞士工作感興趣。你想過這事嗎? (一種想法)10 mean to doing/to do mean to do 打算、想要做某事mean doing 意味著要有一個結(jié)果I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.我想去，但是我父親不肯讓我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.贈加工資意味著增加購買力。11 begin(start) doing/to dobegin / start to do sth begin / start doing sth.1)談及一項長期活動或開始一種習(xí)慣時，使用doing. How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你幾歲時開始彈鋼琴？2)begin, start用進行時時，后面動詞用不定式to doI was beginning to get angry。我開始生起氣來。3)在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize這類動詞時，常用不定式to do。 I begin to understand the truth。我開始明白真相。4)物作主語時，常使用不定式to do。It began to melt.1. The teacher told them _ make so much noise. A. dont B. not C. will not D. not to 2. Our master often told us _ things for granted. A. not to have B. not to take C. didnt take D. not to make 3. Tell him _ the window. A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut 4. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 5. Mrs Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive 6. The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating 7. The workers want us _ together with them. A. work B. working C. to work D. worked 8. They would not allow him _ across the enemy line. A. to risk going B. risking to go C. for risk to go D. risk going 9. I saw him _ out of the room. A. go B. had gone C. has gone D. goes 10. They knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow 11. Ive heard him _ about you often. A. spoke B. speaks C. speak 12. Though he had often made his little sister _, today he was made _by his little sister. A. cry；to cry B. crying；crying C. cry；cry D. to cry；cry 13. This company was the first _ portable radios as well as cassette tape recorders in the world.A. producing B. to produce C. having produced D. produced 14. The purpose of new technology is to make life easier, _it more difficult.A .not making B. not make C .not to make D. nor to make 15. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _the film stars had left.A .to tell B .to be told C .telling D .told 16. Therere so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind _ to buy. A. what B. which C. how D. where 17. There isnt any difference between the two. I really dont know _. A. where to choose B. which to choose C. to choose what D. to choose which 18. “ Have you decided when _?” “ Yes, tomorrow morning.” A. to leave B. to be leaving C. will you leave D. are you leaving 19. Last summer I took a course on _. A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made 20. He doesnt know _ to stay or not. A. whether B. if C. either D. if he will 21. She pretended _ me when I passed by. A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen 22. - The light in the office is still on. - Oh, I forgot _. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 23. We agreed _ here but so far she hasnt turned up yet. A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met 24You were silly not _your car.A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked 25. The teacher asked us _so much noise.A .dont make B. not make C. not making D .not to make1. Helen had to shout _ above the sound of the music. A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard 2. Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _ in your mind instead of before your eyes. A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed 3. The man insisted _ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby. A. find B. to find C. on finding D. in finding 4. The old man, _ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland. A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked5. You were silly not _ your car. A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked 6. Dont leave the water _ while you brush your teeth. A. run B. running C. being run D. to run 7. When flint (電石) _ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced 8. “We cant go out in this weather,” said Bob, _ out of the window. A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked 9. My advisor encouraged _ a summer course to improve my writing skills. A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take10. _ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited 11. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, _ as 3M. A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known 12. Sarah, hurry up. Im afraid you cant have time to _ before the party. A. get changed* B. get change C. get changing D. get to change 13. _ by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to stay another two days off the farm. A. Attracting B. Attracted C. To be attracted D. Having attracted 14. I dont know whether you happen _ that Im going to study in the U. S. A. this September. A. to be heard B. to be hearing C. to hear D. to have heard 15. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only_ the film stars had left. A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told 16. Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time _ the exam. A. pass B. to pass C. passed D. passing17. _ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean doesnt seem big at all. A. Compare B. When comparing C. Comparing D. When compared 18. _ the program, they have to stay there for another two weeks. A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not having completed D. Having not completed 19. If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better _ ityouve got some big bills coming. A. forget B. forgot C. forgetting D. to forget 20. According to a recent U. S. survey, children spend up to 25 hours a week _ TV. A. to watch B. to watching C. watching D. watch 21. The flu is believed _ by viruses（病毒）that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat. A. cause B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have caused