中考英語(yǔ) 名 動(dòng) 冠和數(shù)詞專項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí).doc

第10 周九年級(jí)英語(yǔ)：-名詞、動(dòng)詞、冠詞和數(shù)詞中考專項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí) 主備人：李經(jīng)森 名詞篇學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)：1。了解英文的詞類以及用法。 2掌握英語(yǔ)名詞的分類及應(yīng)用。課前學(xué)習(xí)：一、了解英文的詞類：英語(yǔ)中的單詞根據(jù)詞義、句法作用和形式特征所作的分類。共有十類：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、冠詞、形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞、介詞、連詞、感嘆詞。詞類英語(yǔ)名稱（簡(jiǎn)稱）意 義例 詞名詞Nouns (n.)表示人、事物時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或抽象概念的名稱John room冠詞Articles (art.)用于名詞之前，幫助說明名詞的含義a an the數(shù)詞Numerals (num.)表示數(shù)量或順序Nine first代詞Pronouns (pron.)代替名詞、數(shù)詞以避免重復(fù)them everything形容詞Adjectives (adj.)表示人或事物的屬性或特征Good interesting副詞Adverbs (adv.)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、其它副詞或全句，表示行為特征或性狀特征Almost bravely動(dòng)詞Verbs (v.)表示動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)或性質(zhì)Stand be介詞Prepositions (prep.)用于名詞或代詞之前，表示名詞、代詞與其它詞之間的關(guān)系Near from連詞Conjunction (conj.)連接單詞、短語(yǔ)、從句或句子And but感嘆詞Interjection(interj.)表示說話時(shí)的語(yǔ)氣或感情Hello oh課堂學(xué)習(xí)：知識(shí)梳理, 抓住重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)二、英語(yǔ)名詞可分專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類：1、專有名詞:是個(gè)別的人、地、物、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等的專用名稱。專有名詞中實(shí)詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫。如：Beijing, Tom, the Peoples Republic of China(中華人民共和國(guó)) 專有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語(yǔ),則必須使用定冠詞the。如：the Great Wall(長(zhǎng)城)姓氏名如果采用復(fù)數(shù)形式,則表示該姓氏一家人(復(fù)數(shù)含義),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。2、普通名詞:是許多人或事物的共有名稱。如：desk, family, man, foot.普通名詞又分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞(物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞)?？蓴?shù)名詞 是可以用簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞,如： box, child, orange；不可數(shù)名詞 是不可以用簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞。如： news, population, information，work, weather, advice, paper, bread, meat, food, water, energy chalk，time，space/room(空間), music, money, cotton, homework, wood ,medicine , knowledge等.三、英語(yǔ)可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)：英語(yǔ)可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。1、名詞由單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)的基本方法如下：情況構(gòu)成方法讀音例詞一般情況加 -s清輔音后讀/s/map-maps濁輔音和元音后讀 /z/bag-bags /car-cars以s, sh, ch, x等結(jié)尾加 -es讀 /iz/bus-buses/ watch-watchesWish-wishes/ box-boxes以ce, se, ze,等結(jié)尾加 -s讀 /iz/license-licenses以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾變y 為i再加es讀 /z/baby-babies以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞,變f或fe為v,再加es讀 /vz/shelfshelves, wolfwolves, lifelives, knifeknives.wifewives(但例外：giraffegiraffes)2、以o結(jié)尾的詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)有兩種情況：加 “es”: heroheroes, potatopotatoes tomatotomatoesmosquitomosquitoes（蚊子） mangomangoes 只加s。如：photophotos, pianopianos, kilokilos radioradios, zoozoos, bamboobamboos3、不規(guī)則變化：?jiǎn)螐?fù)數(shù)同形：Chinese Chinese fish fish deerdeer鹿Japanese Japanese sheep sheep spacecraftspacecraft變?cè)糇帜竜o為ee：tooth teeth foot feet goosegeese鵝 (但：bootboots）變man為 men： man men woman women Englishman Englishmen policeman policemen Frenchman Frenchmen 請(qǐng)區(qū)別：German(德國(guó)人) Germans WalkmanWalkmans其它形式: child children mouse mice 4.一些合成名詞的復(fù)數(shù)構(gòu)成分兩種情況(1)將中心詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)：girl friendgirl friends apple treeapple trees(2) man, woman 構(gòu)成的合成詞，每個(gè)名詞都要變成復(fù)數(shù) a man doctor men doctors a woman teacher women teachers 5.常以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的名詞 people clothes (the) police trousers glasses這些名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，注意它們的謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)* My clothes are newer than yours.* The police often come here.6、不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,說明其數(shù)量時(shí),要用有關(guān)計(jì)量名詞。如：a bag of ricetwo bags of rice, a piece of paperthree pieces of paper, a bottle of milkfive bottles of milk. 7.有些可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞在一定情況下可相互轉(zhuǎn)化，同一個(gè)詞，但意思不同(1) glass(玻璃) a glass(玻璃杯) paper(紙) a paper(報(bào)紙) work(工作) a work(著作) room(空間) a room(房間)(2) fruit(水果) fruits (各種水果) fish(魚肉) fishes(各種魚) hair(所有頭發(fā)) hairs (幾根頭發(fā)) time(時(shí)間) times(時(shí)代)三、名詞所有格：1、名詞所有格表示所屬關(guān)系,相當(dāng)于物主代詞,在句中作定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)。其構(gòu)成法如下：(1)表示人或其它有生命的東西的名詞常在詞尾加s。如： Childerns Day(兒童節(jié)), Mothers Day（母親節(jié)）, my sisters book(我姐姐的書) mens room （男廁所）(2)以s或es結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。只在詞尾加。如：Teachers Day(教師節(jié))(3)有些表示時(shí)間、距離以及世界、國(guó)家、城鎮(zhèn)等無生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加s. 如：todays newspaper(今天的報(bào)紙), ten minutes walk(十分鐘的步行路程),Chinas population(中國(guó)的人口).(4)無論表示有生命還是無生命的東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞of短語(yǔ)來表示所有關(guān)系。of 譯為“的”。 如：a fine daughter of the Party(黨的好女兒). a map of China（一張中國(guó)地圖） the name of the cat（那只貓的名字）2、注解： s還可以表示某人的家或者某個(gè)店鋪,如：my aunts(我阿姨家), the doctors(診所) 如果兩個(gè)名詞并列，并且分別有s，則表示兩者分別有（共有兩個(gè)）；只有一個(gè)s，則表示“兩者共有”（只有一個(gè)）。如：Johns and Marys rooms（兩間）John and Marys room（兩人合用一間） “of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”,稱為雙重所有格,如：a friend of my fathers(我父親的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)復(fù)合名詞或短語(yǔ)，s 加在最后一個(gè)詞的詞尾。例如：a month or twos holiday （一個(gè)月或兩個(gè)月的假期） 2009年江蘇省中考真題 一、選擇：（ ）1. -Have you heard the good _? -Yes! The radio says China will send an explorer to Mars soon.（鹽城市2009）A. informationB. newsC. messageD. idea（ ）2.Have you heard the good news?No, what _?（蘇州市2009） A. is it B. is there C. are they D. are those（ ）3. Do you like_? No. I prefer rose, the colour of your dress.（南通2008）A. orange B. oranges C. carrot D. carrots二、用單詞適當(dāng)形式填空：1. How many times do you brush your (tooth) every day? （常州市）2. Please tell me the (win) telephone number, I want to interview him. （常州市）3. Be careful with these _（小刀）.They are very sharp.（連云港2009）4.-Why are you in such a _(匆忙)? -Because I am going to have a meeting in five minutes.（南京市）5. Thousands of basketball fans couldnt stop waving _ (旗幟) to cheer their favourite players up excitedly. （南京市）6. -Paul, please e-mail me those _ (professor) weekly reports as soon as possible.-OK ! No problem. （南京市）7. Stephen is a member of an _ (organize) which protects rivers and lakes in China.8. Susans _ (hobby) include reading, cooking and swimming.（徐州市2009）9. All children should be taught road _ (safe) from an early age. (徐州市)10. The local government has taken actions to reduce _ (污染). (徐州市)11. What a sunny day! There isnt a cloud in the _(天空).（鹽城市2009）12. There are several ways to solve this problem. Lets have a _ (討論)now. （鹽城市）13. -Its a good _（習(xí)慣） to keep a diary every day. -Thats right. I believe it can help us improve our writing. （鹽城市）14. He was such a careless boy that he hurt his two _ (foot) badly just now. （鹽城市）15. Several American visitors watched the raising of the national _ (旗幟) in our school last Monday。（鎮(zhèn)江市2009）16My father was born in (五月)（蘇州市2009）17Children learn (禮貌)by watching their parents（蘇州市）18Even though Jenna was speeding，the police let her go with a (警告)（蘇州市）19. Amys handbag is the same as my . （妻子）（揚(yáng)州市2009）20. Whatever your is, I will just follow you. （選擇）（揚(yáng)州市）21. Every morning many people will gather in the Tiananmen Square to watch the rising of our flag. （國(guó)家的）（揚(yáng)州市）22. I wonder why the on this tree have become yellow recently.（leaf）（揚(yáng)州市）23. Please send my best to all your family. （greet）（揚(yáng)州市）24. Last month, I took my first direct from Shanghai to Taiwan. （fly）（揚(yáng)州市）25. Susan looks very cool with_(太陽(yáng)眼鏡). Dont you think so?(宿遷市2009)26. Mr. Jiang has bought a_(機(jī)器人) to help him in order to have more spare time. (宿遷市)27. There are more_(sheep) in Australia than in Japan. (宿遷市)28.The three _ (spaceman) of Shenzhou VII Spaceship were warmly welcomed in Hong Kong.（無錫市2009）29. His poor eyesight is a _ (advantage) to him. （無錫市）30. The camera was one of the great _ (發(fā)明)in the second half of the l9th century. 10. 31. The truth of the news is beyond _ (懷疑). （無錫市）備戰(zhàn)2010年1. Im sorry, I cant tell you the (true). Its a secret.2. In a few (year) time , it will be covered with trees.3. The house caught a fire. The wounded man was carried to . (safe) 4. Thats the (enter) to the hall. Please come this way. 5. People from speak (Frenchman).6. Of all the (activity), I like reading most.7.“Where is your father?” “He has gone to Shanghai on .”(busy)8. We have improved our (know) by studying in class and practicing after class.9. Its a (please) to have a picnic with all the family members.10. Mr. Green likes swimming. He is a good (swim).11. Here are ten of the names. (run)12. March 8 is _ Day. （woman）13. This building is about 50 meters in (high).14. There was a large _(聽眾) at the concert yesterday.15. It was a happy _(經(jīng)歷) and I hope to visit the country again very soon.16. How many _ (女兒) does the man have?17. My brother wants to go to _(大學(xué)) when he grows up.18. Does your cousin likes this ( 粉紅色) dress with flowers？19. There are a number of _（采訪）with the famous football players.20. He was regarded as their _(領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，領(lǐng)袖).動(dòng)詞篇Brainstorm:你能一眼看出句子中動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)嗎？你能用正確地使用動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)嗎？你能用動(dòng)詞的正確形態(tài)填空嗎？一 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞1 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的概念：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞是一種本身有一定的詞義,表示說話人的情緒,態(tài)度或語(yǔ)氣的動(dòng)詞,但不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ), 只能和其他動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。2 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)：首先，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面要加動(dòng)詞原形；另外，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的否定形式基本上都是直接加not。3 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的分類：A. 表示能的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：can：能，可以=be able to。例如：I can draw. = I am able to draw.我能畫畫。 可能，表示一種推測(cè)。例如：It cant be Tom, hes in Beijing now.那不可能是Tom，他現(xiàn)在在北京。B. 表示請(qǐng)求、詢問的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：1may: 請(qǐng)求，例如:May I help you?我能幫助你嗎？ 表示推測(cè)，例如：The blue shirt may be Mikes.那件藍(lán)色的襯衫可能是Mike的。2would: 例如：Would you like a cup of tea?來杯咖啡怎么樣？3could: 例如：Could you please give a pencil?能給我一只鉛筆嗎？4shall：后接第一、三人稱，will：后接第二人稱。C. 表示要求的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 1 Should 應(yīng)該。例如：We should keep the water clean. 我們應(yīng)該保持水的潔凈。2 Need需要。這里要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是need有兩種詞性：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和實(shí)意動(dòng)詞，當(dāng)need是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞是它符合情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的一般規(guī)律，后面直接加動(dòng)詞原形，例如：You neednt do your homework now.你不需要現(xiàn)在寫作業(yè)。但當(dāng)need作為實(shí)意動(dòng)詞出現(xiàn)時(shí)，后面就要跟動(dòng)詞的不定式（to do）了。例1：I dont need to find my key now.我要找到我的鑰匙。所以我們要注意分辨need的詞性。關(guān)鍵在于它們的否定形式，但否定在need上時(shí)，證明need是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，后面加動(dòng)詞原形，見例1；而不否定在need上時(shí)，證明need是普通的實(shí)意動(dòng)詞，自然后面加動(dòng)詞不定式，見例2。3 MustMust本身的含義是必須，但同時(shí)它也有推測(cè)的意思。我們來看看下面幾個(gè)例句：例1：I must do my homework. Its eight oclock.例2：Whos singing next door？ It must be Mike.你能分辨出must的不同含義嗎？在例1中must是必須的意思，而例2中must是推測(cè)的意思。還要注意的是由于must有兩種含義，所以must的否定形式也有所不同，下面是它的三種否定形式：例1：You mustnt talk in class.例2：Must I do my homework now, mum? No, you neednt.例3：That must be Mr. Smith. No, it cant be him. He is in New York now.在這三個(gè)例句中，我們看到了must的三種否定形式mustnt, neednt, and cant。mustnt表示“禁止做某事”，neednt表示“不需要做某事”而cant是對(duì)推測(cè)的否定表示“不可能”。4 Had better=d better表示“建議某人做某事”，“最好”例如：Youd better eat less sweets, or you will be fatter.你最好少吃些糖，否則會(huì)更胖的。5 Have to 不得不做某事這是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞中為數(shù)不多會(huì)有時(shí)態(tài)變化的一個(gè)，其中的have可以根據(jù)句子的要求變成has或者h(yuǎn)ad；另外它的否定也不是直接在后面加not，而是要在助動(dòng)詞上否定。例如：I dont have to do my homework now.現(xiàn)在我不用寫作業(yè)。與must不同have to所表示的是“必須做主觀上不愿做的事”。二 感官動(dòng)詞這里我們將要介紹5個(gè)表示我們感官的動(dòng)詞，他們是look, sound, taste, smell, feel，與我們之前在形容詞、副詞篇講授的有所不同，在它們的后面不能用副詞，而要用形容詞哦。例如：The ice cream tastes good.而不能說The ice cream tastes well.三 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)在小學(xué)階段，我們主要接觸的是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，一般過去時(shí)和將來時(shí)這四種時(shí)態(tài)，下面的表格將幫你準(zhǔn)確掌握這幾個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)。1. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)A. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的使用及時(shí)間標(biāo)志表示說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作“now”即“現(xiàn)在”是現(xiàn)階段現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的明顯標(biāo)志，而詞組“at the moment”有同樣的意思，譯為“此時(shí)此刻”，所以也是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志。但需要注意的是有的句子中雖然有now，但可能表示其它時(shí)態(tài)，需要同學(xué)們綜合考慮。當(dāng)句中出現(xiàn)“Look！Listen！”這樣的詞時(shí)，表示讓某人看或聽正在發(fā)生的事情，所以也要用進(jìn)行時(shí)。另外，在there be句型中我們也要用進(jìn)行時(shí)。例如：There is a boy swimming in the river.表示目前階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作.動(dòng)作往往是從某一刻開始,持續(xù)到說話后的某一時(shí)間。例如：be busy doing和be always doing中就表示“一直忙于做某事”和“總是做某事”。表示位置移動(dòng)的詞( go, come, leave)等,他們的進(jìn)行時(shí)形式是(be going, be coming, be leaving) 表示即將發(fā)生或計(jì)劃要做的事.如: Miss Li is leaving for London tomorrow.李小姐明天去倫敦。B. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的句式肯定式一般疑問式否定式I am working.Am I working ? I am not working.He (she, it) is working.Is he (she, it) working?He (she,it) is not working.We are working.Are we working? We are not working.You are working.Are you working? You are not working.They are working.Are they working? They are not working.2. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)A. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的使用及時(shí)間標(biāo)志一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示一個(gè)習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作。當(dāng)文中出現(xiàn)every，on Sundays時(shí)要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；當(dāng)有頻度副詞出現(xiàn)時(shí)，也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。頻度副詞包括：always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, hardly, never。自然規(guī)律也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)來表達(dá)。例如：The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.太陽(yáng)東升西落。 The earth moves around the sun.地球圍著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。B. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的句式肯定式一般疑問式否定式I work.Do I work? I do not work.He (she, it) works.Does he (she, it) work?He (she, it) doesnt work.We work.Do we work?We do not work.You work.Do you work?You do not work.They work.Do they work?They do not work.3. 一般過去時(shí)A 一般過去時(shí)的使用及時(shí)間標(biāo)志一般過去時(shí)表示過去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間發(fā)生，并且一下子就完成了的動(dòng)作。常與表示過去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如：yesterday, last , at that time（在那時(shí)）, before,ago等等。B 一般過去時(shí)的句式肯定式一般疑問式否定式I worked.Did I work? I did not work.He (she,it) worked.Did he (she, it) work?He(she,it) did not work.We worked.Did we work?We did not work.You worked.Did you work?You did not work.They worked.Did they work?They did not work.4. 將來時(shí)A. 一般將來時(shí)的使用和時(shí)間標(biāo)志表示將來發(fā)生的事實(shí)，常與tomorrow, soon, later, next , in+一段時(shí)間（一段時(shí)間后），等連用。B. 一般將來時(shí)的句式be going to 表示將來的形式will 表示將來的形式肯定式疑問式否定式I will work.I am going to work.Will I work?Am I going to work?I will not work.I am not going to work.He (she, it) will work.He (she, it) is going to work.Will he (she, it) work?Is he (she, it) going to work?He (she, it) will not work.He(she, it)is not going to work.We will work.We are going to work.Will we work?Are we going to work?We will not work.We are not going to work.You will work.You are going to work.Will you work?Are you going to work?You will not work.You are not going to work.They will work.They are going to work.Will they work?Are they going to work?They will not work.They are not going to work.四 動(dòng)詞形態(tài)英語(yǔ)中一般來講簡(jiǎn)單只能有一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，但是句子中也可以有其他動(dòng)詞，所以我們把不充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞統(tǒng)一稱作“非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞”。在小學(xué)階段我們所接觸到的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞主要有動(dòng)詞原形do，帶to的不定式to do，動(dòng)名詞doing以及動(dòng)詞的過去分詞done（這個(gè)詞對(duì)大家可能很陌生，我們現(xiàn)在所學(xué)的過去分詞很像動(dòng)詞的過去式，但是事實(shí)上它們并不相同，在中學(xué)階段我們會(huì)研究這個(gè)語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象）。下面我們將看到在什么樣的情況下我們會(huì)用到這些非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。1 動(dòng)詞原形A. 在動(dòng)詞let, make, have的后面要用動(dòng)詞原形表示讓某人做某事，例如：Let me open the door.讓我為你把門關(guān)上。B. 在詞組why not的后面要用動(dòng)詞原形表示為什么不做某事，例如：Why not go out for a walk.為什么不出去走走呢？C. 在see, hear的后面可以加動(dòng)詞原形表示看到、聽到某人做某事的全過程（注意與see，hear sb. doing sth.的區(qū)分），例如：I heard her play the piano all the day.我聽到她彈了一整天琴。2 動(dòng)詞不定式A. 大部分的動(dòng)詞的后面都可以加動(dòng)詞不定式，例如：want to do sth., ask sb. to do sth.等。B. 在詞組would like=d like的后面要用動(dòng)詞的不定式，例如：Id like to see your new dress.我想要看看你的新裙子。C. 在形容詞的后面要加不定式，例如：Im happy to see you again.很高興再次見到你。但是要注意我們?cè)跁r(shí)態(tài)中提及過的be busy/always doing是加動(dòng)名詞的D. 在序數(shù)詞的后面要加動(dòng)詞不定式，例如：Mr. Li is always the first one to come to school.李老師總是第一個(gè)來學(xué)校。E. 在動(dòng)詞stop, finish, begin, start, remember, forget, keep, go on等的后面加動(dòng)詞不定式表示停止、開始、記得、忘記、堅(jiān)持、繼續(xù)做已經(jīng)做或正在做的事。3 動(dòng)名詞A. 在動(dòng)詞enjoy, go的后面要用動(dòng)名詞，例如：I really enjoy playing football.我真的很喜歡踢足球。My father always goes fishing on Sundays.我爸爸總是在周日去釣魚。B. 在介詞或者介詞短語(yǔ)后面用動(dòng)名詞，例如：feel like doing, be good at doing, do well in doing, be interested in doing, thank for doing, what about doing, with/without doing等。C. 在No的祈使句中我們也要用動(dòng)名詞，例如：No littering! 不要亂扔垃圾！D. See, hear后面加動(dòng)名詞表示看到、聽到某人正在做某事，例如：I see a man fishing by the lake.我看到一個(gè)男人正在湖邊釣魚。（見動(dòng)詞原形C）E. 在動(dòng)詞stop, finish, begin, start, remember, forget, keep, go on等的后面加動(dòng)名詞表示停止、開始、記得、忘記、堅(jiān)持、繼續(xù)去做還沒做的事。（見動(dòng)詞不定式E）4 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞用動(dòng)詞的過去分詞表示一種被動(dòng)關(guān)系，這種用法在小學(xué)階段并不常見，我們只需記住在課文中出現(xiàn)過的幾個(gè)詞，把它們看作形容詞就可以了，它們是：named, called（被叫做、被稱為的），made（由制成的），例如：The boy named Nick is my brother.那個(gè)叫做Nick的男孩是我哥哥。Do you have a hat made of paper? 你有紙做的帽子嗎？冠詞和數(shù)詞篇1 不定冠詞的用法冠詞是虛詞，本身不能單獨(dú)使用，也沒有詞義，它用在名詞的前面，幫助指明名詞的含義。英語(yǔ)中的冠詞有三種，一種是定冠詞（the Definite Article），另一種是不定冠詞（the Indefinite Article），還有一種是零冠詞（Zero Article）。不定冠詞a (an)與數(shù)詞one 同源，是一個(gè)的意思。a用于輔音音素前，一般讀作e，而an則用于元音音素前，一般讀做en。1) 表示一個(gè)，意為one；指某人或某物，意為a certain。 A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.2) 代表一類人或物。 A knife is a tool for cutting with. Mr. Smith is an engineer.3) 詞組或成語(yǔ)。 a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden2 定冠詞的用法定冠詞the與指示代詞this，that同源，有那（這）個(gè)的意思，但較弱，可以和一個(gè)名詞連用，來表示某個(gè)或某些特定的人或東西。1）特指雙方都明白的人或物： Take the medicine.把藥吃了。2）上文提到過的人或事： He bought a house.Ive been to the house. 他買了幢房子。我去過那幢房子。3）指世上獨(dú)一物二的事物： the sun， the sky， the moon， the earth 4）單數(shù)名詞連用表示一類事物，如：the dollar 美元;the fox 狐貍；或與形容詞或分詞連用，表示一類人：the rich 富人; the living 生者。5）用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級(jí)，及形容詞only， very， same等前面： Where do you live?I live on the second floor. 你住在哪？我住在二層。 Thats the very thing Ive been looking for. 那正是我要找的東西。6）與復(fù)數(shù)名詞連用，指整個(gè)群體： They are the teachers of this school.指全體教師) They are teachers of this school. (指部分教師)7）表示所有，相當(dāng)于物主代詞，用在表示身體部位的名詞前：She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂。8）用在某些由普通名詞構(gòu)成的國(guó)家名稱、機(jī)關(guān)團(tuán)體、階級(jí)、等專有名詞前： the Peoples Republic of China 中華人民共和國(guó) the United States 美國(guó)9）用在表示樂器的名詞之前： She plays the piano.她會(huì)彈鋼琴。10) 用在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞之前，表示一家人： the Greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫婦)11) 用在慣用語(yǔ)中：in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening),the day after tomorrow the day before yesterday,the next morning,in the sky (water，field，country)in the dark,in the rain,in the distance,in the middle (of),in the end,on the whole,by the way,go to the theatre3 零冠詞的用法1) 國(guó)名，人名前通常不用定冠詞：England，Mary；2）泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，表示一類人或事物時(shí)，可不用定冠詞；They are teachers. 他們是教師。3）抽象名詞表示一般概念時(shí)，通常不加冠詞；Failure is the mother of success.失敗乃成功之母。4）物質(zhì)名詞表示一般概念時(shí)，通常不加冠詞，當(dāng)表示特定的意思時(shí)，需要加定冠詞；Man cannot live without water.人離開水就無法生存。5）在季節(jié)、月份、節(jié)日、 假日、日期、星期等表示時(shí)間的名詞之前，不加冠詞； We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我們從星期一到星期五都上課。6）在稱呼或表示官銜，職位的名詞前不加冠詞； The guards took the American to General Lee. 士兵們把這個(gè)美國(guó)人送到李將軍那里。7）在三餐、球類運(yùn)動(dòng)和娛樂運(yùn)動(dòng)的名稱前，不加冠詞 如：have breakfast，play chess 8）當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上名詞并用時(shí)，常省去冠詞；I cant write without pen or pencil.沒有鋼筆和鉛筆，我就寫不了字。9）當(dāng)by 與火車等交通工具連用，表示一種方式時(shí)，中間無冠詞；by bus，by train； 10）有些個(gè)體名詞不用冠詞；如： school，college，prison，market，hospital，bed，table，class，town，church，court 等個(gè)體名詞，直接置于介詞后，表示該名詞的深層含義； go to hospital去醫(yī)院看病 go to the hospital 去醫(yī)院 (并不是去看病，而是有其他目的)11)不用冠詞的序數(shù)詞；a. 序數(shù)詞前有物主代詞 b. 序數(shù)詞作副詞 He came first in the race.c. 在固定詞組中 at (the) first,first of all,from first to last4 冠詞與