畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 畢業(yè)論文 水電站 文獻(xiàn)翻譯 中國(guó)水利發(fā)電的現(xiàn)狀和前景 中英文對(duì)照.docx

外文資料chinas hydroelectric power the current situation and prospectsabstract: the electricity is a modern industrial production and the life of an essential driving force for energy, hydroelectric power industry is a category. the founding of the past 50 years, chinas hydropower industry has developed by leaps and bounds, has made remarkable achievements. the rise of hydropower in china there is a profound background. key words: hydro-electric power status prospects first, china has a large-scale utilization of water resources and the need for the conditions. chinas abundant hydropower resources, whether they are reserves of hydropower resources, or the possible development of hydropower resources in the countries in the world in the first rank. but chinas energy utilization rate is only 13 percent, hydropower prospects are bright. as chinas rapid economic growth, total energy consumption is also up sharply, coal, oil and gas these conventional energy consumption growing, or even need to rely on imports. it is estimated that by 2010 chinas need to import about 100 million t of oil, and its dependence on imports will reach 40 percent or even higher. in such a situation, the development of new energy was particularly important and urgent. the water is a renewable and new energy, an inexhaustible supply of it. second, the development of hydropower is also the need for environmental protection. conventional power generation, coal combustion emissions in the course of a large number of hazardous substances so that the atmospheric environment is seriously contaminated, and acid rain caused greenhouse effect, and many other environmental problems. and nuclear power generation have great potential risk, once the pollution caused by leakage, damage to the environment is immeasurable role. hydro-electric power is not emissions of harmful gases, dust and ash, and no nuclear radiation pollution, is a clean power production, has obvious advantages. third, hydro-electric power after more than a century of development, construction technology, manufacturing technology and hydro-generator groups in the transmission technology improved, stand-alone capacity has been increased. and low-cost hydro-electric power, running the high reliability, the extremely rapid development. 1 overview of chinas hydropower resourceschinas many rivers, rich runoff, huge gap, contains abundant hydropower resources. according to statistics, chinas river water resources reserves 676 million kw, the generating capacity of 592.2 billion kwh; possible development of hydropower resources of the installed capacity of 378 million kw, the generating capacity of 920 billion kwh. due to climate and topographical factors such as topography of the impact of chinas hydropower resources in different regions and different distribution is very uneven basin; chinas hydropower resources of the river is a prominent characteristic of the steep river, the huge gap, originated the roof of the world qinghai-tibet plateau of the yangtze river, yellow river and yarlung zangbo river, lancang river, nujiang river, the natural differences are about as high as 5000 m, forming a series of the worlds largest rivers divide, which is not found in other countries. full understanding of the characteristics of chinas hydropower resources can be in the development process in light of local conditions, reasonably full use of hydropower resources. 2 status quo of chinas hydropower development a century, particularly since 1949, after several generations of hydropower builders of hard work, chinas hydropower construction from small to large and from weak to strong continue to grow and develop. since reform and opening up, utilities are building more rapid development of projects have been expanding. 1950s to the early 1960s, mainly repairing the dam and power station fullness, dragon river. gutian, and other minor works, initiated the development of small and medium hydropower (such as 114-8508, the huaihe river, huangtankou, liuxihe, such as power stations). in the late 1950s in terms gradually mature, a number of rivers cascade development, such as shizitan, salt yanguoxia, tuo river, xinfengjiang, xinanjiang, the west-and cat jumping into a river to river at the works. the mid-1960s to the late 1970s during the period has started gongzui, yingxiuwan, wujiangdu, bikou, fung beach, longyangxia, baishan, dahua and other projects. the early 1970s first 1000 mw installed capacity of the liujiaxia hydropower station production. 2715 mw capacity of the 1980s the completion of the gezhouba hydropower station, after a series of big hydropower stations have been building, 18200 mw capacity of the three gorges project has started in 1994 and by the end of 2000, the 1000 mw larger than the largest hydropower station (not including storage power station) has 18. in addition to conventional hydropower station, chinas pumped-storage power station building has made great achievements. pumped storage power station was built in the main hydraulic fewer resources, to meet the needs of the power system peak load regulation. the construction of the main pumped storage power station are as follows: guangzhou pumped storage power station to the total capacity of 2.4 million kw, is the first block is currently the worlds largest pumped-storage power station. power station construction in two phases with a total capacity of eight, each lasting four and a capacity of 300,000 kw reversible high parameters of pumped storage units, the design of head 535 m, rated speed 500 r / min, comprehensive efficiency of 76 percent. jiang tianhuangping pumped storage power station, a total installed capacity of 1.8 million kw, a regulation on pure pumped storage power station, power consumption, pumping 4.28 billion kwh. north china power grids largest pumped-storage power plant ming tombs pumped storage power station, the ming tombs reservoir for the next pool, using plastic concrete cutoff wall hanging seepage control technology, power plants to install four 200,000 kw francis river inverse-turbine pumps, an electric generating units, the installed capacity of 800,000 kw. hebei panjiakou hybrid pumped-storage power station, equipped with a conventional taiwan 150,000 kw hydro-generator group, there are three pumped-storage units, each of 90,000 kw, total installed capacity of 420,000 kw. in addition, chinas construction in tibet also has the worlds highest pumped storage power station yangzhuoyong lake pumped-storage power station. pumped storage power station is also available in other baoquan pumped storage power plant in henan, anhui langyashan pumped storage power station, shandong taian pumped storage power station, tongbai pumped storage power station in zhejiang, yixing in jiangsu pumped storage power station, hebei zhang nihewan pumped storage power station. 3 chinas hydropower development problems facing the chinas hydropower industry in nation-building after a considerable development, but there are still many problems. for example, the ertan hydropower station in sichuan province since 1949 is the most intensive investment, the largest engineering, technical difficulty of the highest building projects, but an operation on the face of the enormous waste of resources and enterprises to huge losses this embarrassing position. the situation prevailing in chinas hydropower station. the reasons were mainly the following points. first, the management system, a high degree of monopoly power industry system hindered the development of hydropower. chinas ministry of water resources and ministry of water and power and management, and water conservancy and hydroelectric power is the power of the integrated projects, but the ministry and its subordinate electric power throughout the production and scheduling system none of the staff from thermal power systems, power industry from nature or that a high degree of monopoly industries, enterprises full control of a single power scheduling, power distribution, electricity sales, electricity billing and other powers. at the same time the electricity market in the period of relative surplus of hydroelectric power, thermal power contradiction between the very sharp and in china under the present circumstances, the priority use of hydropower resources can not be guaranteed, a large number of hydropower resources have been wasted. hydropower and the internet generally low tariffs, we can imagine the state of hydropower stations. opening up the electricity market, breaking the monopoly of the power industry system, water and electricity problem is to solve the fundamental way. at the same time, the internet tariff for water and electricity reform, debt service tariff that electricity tariff structure to a single bi-use electricity price of the electricity tariff structure. secondly, in the current economic interests, the number of thermal power production, with the size of the economic benefits are directly related to mine. chinas long-term mainly to thermal power, thermal power plants with their long-established fixed in a coal mine, if we use water and electricity to replace thermal power, thermal power plants will face not only the pressure, coal will face great pressure, resulting in thermal power plants and coal mines two aspects of the economic difficulties. therefore, departments or units by the economic interests of the drive to form a protective thermal power and hydropower light situation, and this caused a lot of hydropower resources have been wasted, and even disposable loss of electricity consumption significantly higher than the actual internet. third, technically, since the peak shaving or water and electricity load rejection is relatively easy, even a few minutes to complete the start-up of large hydropower generating units and electricity networks, or stopping, and at the same level of capacity thermal power unit may need a few 10 hours to complete the start or stop. therefore, in the scheduling grid, the hydropower generating units are often used to peak shaving or backup units, in sufficient water to flood when the power generation, but its importance in the era of conventional power generation applications, resulting in the huge waste of water and electricity. in short, the cause of chinas water and electricity problems faced by people in the final analysis is ideologically not aware of the need for the development of hydropower and urgency of water and electricity often because there are one-time investment objective, long construction period, less completed early return the characteristics, and only on the immediate economic interests, water and electricity to the development of multiple objective of the resistance. therefore, we should vigorously promote the development of hydropower in china is by the great significance of changing the concept of water and electricity, essentially wiping out all kinds of obstacles. 4 chinas hydropower development prospects with the deepening of reform and national economic development, chinas electricity market situation has undergone fundamental changes from the previous power and capacity of the double vacancy into a relative surplus of electricity and peak shaving a serious shortage of capacity, to the development of hydropower a good opportunity. 4.l general principle now and in the future some time, chinas hydropower development should be the main priority and good regulation of hydropower stations and power industry from all socio-economic development point of view and consider comprehensive study on hydropower development and strength and to prevent waste; reasonable evaluation pumped storage utility economic benefits, fully aware of the pumped-storage power station filled valley, peak shaving, fm, pm, incidents such as back-up role in the importance of coordinated development in the eastern part of the pumped-storage power station; further strengthen water and electricity basins, cascade, and rolling, comprehensive way of development; pay more attention to ecological problems. 4.2 ladder to development and construction of hydropower base chinas hydropower resources are mainly located in the western region, accounting for more than three quarters, but the current development rate of eight percent. especially yunnan province, the provinces total installed hydropower capacity can be developed about 90 million kw, the countrys total installed capacity of hydropower development can be 23.8 percent, ranking the second in the provincial water resources are mainly located in the jinsha river, lancang river, nujiang river, pearl river, red river and the irrawaddy, such as jiangs six major river systems, in western china is the most potential for hydropower development of the main provinces. however, yunnan provinces industrial base is relatively backward, electricity and water resources are mainly located in the inconvenience of cross mountains, the development more difficult. with the great western development strategy for the implementation of the west, east project will lose the activation of the rich hydropower resources, and promote the cause of chinas hydropower development. yunnan province to play the regional advantages, to build chinas hydropower energy base, and the west, east lose, both local economic development to meet the demand for electricity, but also optimize the countrys energy structure. at present, chuan xinan than the total installed capacity of the three gorges power station is also a 600,000 kw of the xiluodu and xiangjiaba hydropower station two giant project formally approved by the state council, which will be chinas largest hydropower base. luobo river power station in leibo county in sichuan province and yongshan county in yunnan province at the junction of the design capacity of 12.6 million kw, the average annual generating capacity of 57.12 billion kwh; xiangjiaba hydropower station located in yibin county, sichuan province and yunnan province fuxian water at the junction, the capacity of 6 million kw, the average annual generating capacity of 30.7 billion kwh. that the construction of two power stations with a strong ability to adjust, less farmland inundated, immigration and other less one of the advantages of large-scale hydropower stations. the two giant hydropower station project marks the official start of chinas large-scale development of hydropower resources of the upper reaches of the yangtze river, the upper reaches of the yangtze river hydropower resources development will greatly improve chinas power structure, lay the west, the east lost the general pattern of nationwide the energy balance and optimize the allocation. 4.3 continue to attach importance to the development of small hydropower chinas small hydropower resources are very rich reserves of around 150 million kw, to develop capacity is about more than 70 million kw, in the corresponding generation of about 200 billion - 250 billion kwh. small hydropower in addition to large-sized hydropower is not the atmospheric pollution, the use of renewable energy without the worry of energy depletion, low-cost advantages of its resources, he scattered on the negative impact on the ecological environment, the technology is mature, less investment, easy to build, therefore suitable for the rural and mountainous areas, especially rural and mountainous areas in developing countries. china, as developing countries, small hydropower construction has made great achievements, to the end of 1997, chinas total installed capacity of small hydropower has reached 20.52 million kw, the generating capacity of 68.3 billion kwh. small hydropower construction in most cases can be the local building materials to absorb the local labor force building, thereby reducing construction costs, and easier to standardize their equipment, can reduce the cost and shorten the construction period, no complicated expensive technology is conducive to chinas economic underdevelopment in the mountains and achieving rural electrification, which should continue to attach importance to its development and construction.中國(guó)水利發(fā)電的現(xiàn)狀和前景摘要：電力是現(xiàn)代化工業(yè)生產(chǎn)和生活不可或缺的動(dòng)力能量，水力發(fā)電是電力工業(yè)的一個(gè)門類。建國(guó)50多年來，我國(guó)的水電事業(yè)有了長(zhǎng)足的發(fā)展，取得了令人矚目的成績(jī)。水電在我國(guó)的興起是有其深刻的背景的。關(guān)鍵詞：水力發(fā)電 現(xiàn)狀 前景電力是現(xiàn)代化工業(yè)生產(chǎn)和生活不可或缺的動(dòng)力能量，水力發(fā)電是電力工業(yè)的一個(gè)門類。建國(guó)50多年來，我國(guó)的水電事業(yè)有了長(zhǎng)足的發(fā)展，取得了令人矚目的成績(jī)。水電在我國(guó)的興起是有其深刻的背景的。首先，我國(guó)有大規(guī)模利用水能資源的條件和必要性。我國(guó)水能資源豐富，不論是水能資源蘊(yùn)藏量，還是可能開發(fā)的水能資源，在世界各國(guó)中均居第一位。但是目前我國(guó)水能的利用率僅為13，水力發(fā)電前景廣闊。隨著我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速增長(zhǎng)，能源消耗總量也大幅度增長(zhǎng)，煤炭、石油和天然氣這些常規(guī)能源的消耗量越來越大，甚至需要依靠進(jìn)口。預(yù)計(jì)到2010年我國(guó)大約需要進(jìn)口1億t石油，并且其進(jìn)口依存度將達(dá)40左右，甚至更高。在這樣的情勢(shì)下，發(fā)展新能源就顯得特別重要而緊迫。而水能就是一種可再生的新能源，它取之不盡用之不竭。其次，發(fā)展水電也是環(huán)境保護(hù)的需要。常規(guī)發(fā)電方式，煤的燃燒過程中排放出大量的有害物質(zhì)使大氣環(huán)境受到嚴(yán)重污染，引發(fā)酸雨和“溫室效應(yīng)”等多方面的環(huán)境問題。而核能發(fā)電有很大的潛在危險(xiǎn)性，一旦泄漏造成污染，對(duì)環(huán)境的破壞作用是不可估量的。水力發(fā)電不排放有害的氣體、煙塵和灰渣，又沒有核輻射污染，是一種清潔的電力生產(chǎn)，具有明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)。再次，水力發(fā)電經(jīng)過一個(gè)多世紀(jì)的發(fā)展，其工程建設(shè)技術(shù)、水輪發(fā)電機(jī)組制造技術(shù)和輸電技術(shù)于完善，單機(jī)容量也不斷增大。并且水力發(fā)電成本低廉，運(yùn)行的可靠性高，故其發(fā)展極為迅速。l 我國(guó)水能資源概況我國(guó)河流眾多，徑流豐沛，落差巨大，蘊(yùn)藏著豐富的水能資源。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，我國(guó)河流水能資源蘊(yùn)藏量 6.76億 kw，年發(fā)電量 5922億kwh；可能開發(fā)水能資源的裝機(jī)容量3.78億kw，年發(fā)電量9200億kwh。由于氣候和地形地勢(shì)等因素的影響，我國(guó)的水能資源在不同地區(qū)和不同流域的分布很不均勻；此外我國(guó)水能資源的突出特點(diǎn)是河流的河道陡峻，落差巨大，發(fā)源于“世界屋脊”青藏高原的大河流長(zhǎng)江、黃河、雅魯藏布江、瀾滄江、怒江等，天然落差都高達(dá)5000 m左右，形成了一系列世界上落差最大的河流，這是其他國(guó)家所沒有的。充分了解我國(guó)水能資源的特點(diǎn)，才能在開發(fā)過程中因地制宜，合理地充分地利用水能資源。2 我國(guó)水電開發(fā)現(xiàn)狀一個(gè)世紀(jì)，特別是建國(guó)以來，經(jīng)過幾代水電建設(shè)者的艱苦努力，中國(guó)的水電建設(shè)從小到大、從弱到強(qiáng)不斷發(fā)展壯大。改革開放以來，水電建設(shè)更是迅猛發(fā)展，工程規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大。50年代至60年代初，主要修復(fù)豐滿大壩和電站，續(xù)建龍溪河。古田等小型工程，著手開發(fā)一些中小型水電（如官?gòu)d、淮河、黃壇口、流溪河等電站）。在50年代后期條件逐步成熟后，對(duì)一些河流進(jìn)行了梯級(jí)開發(fā)，如獅子灘、鹽鍋峽、拓溪、新豐江、新安江、西津和貓?zhí)印⒁远Y河等工程。60年代中期到70年代末這段時(shí)期內(nèi)開工的有龔嘴、映秀灣、烏江渡、碧口、鳳灘、龍羊峽、白山、大化等工程。70年代初第一座裝機(jī)容量超過1000 mw的劉家峽水電站投產(chǎn)。80年代容量2715 mw的葛洲壩水電站建成，之后一系列大水電站相繼建設(shè)，容量18200mw的三峽工程也于1994年正式開工；到2000年底，全國(guó)規(guī)模超過1000 mw已建和在建的大水電站（不包括蓄能電站）已有18座。除了常規(guī)水電站以外，我國(guó)抽水蓄能電站的建設(shè)也取得很大的成績(jī)。抽水蓄能電站主要建于水力資源較少地區(qū)，以適應(yīng)電力系統(tǒng)調(diào)峰的需要。已建的主要抽水蓄能電站如下：廣州抽水蓄能電站總裝機(jī)容易240萬kw，是中國(guó)第一座也是目前世界上最大的抽水蓄能電站。電站分兩期建設(shè)，總裝機(jī)8臺(tái)，每期4臺(tái)，采用30萬kw容量可逆式高參數(shù)抽水蓄能機(jī)組，設(shè)計(jì)水頭535m，額定轉(zhuǎn)速500 rmin，綜合效率76。江天荒坪抽水蓄能電站，總裝機(jī)容量為180萬kw（6x 30萬kw），屬日調(diào)節(jié)純抽水蓄能電站，年抽水耗電