初中英語語法詞類.doc

語法（詞法）英語中常見的幾類詞有：名詞，代詞，冠詞，數詞，形容詞、副詞，介詞【名詞】名詞是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名稱的詞，可以說名詞是萬物之名稱。它們可以是： 人的名字 ，地方名稱 ，職業(yè)稱呼 ，物品名稱 ，行為名稱 ，抽象概念 1名詞的可數與不可數可數名詞指表示的人或事物可以用數來計量，它有單數與復數兩種形式。不可數名詞指所表示的事物不能用數來計量。物質名詞與抽象名詞一般無法用數目，來統(tǒng)計，都成為不可數名詞。不可數名詞前一般不能用冠詞a、an來表示數量，沒有復數形式。要表示“一個”這一概念，就須加a piece of這一類短語。要注意許多名詞在漢語里看來是可數名詞，在英語里卻不可數。如：chalk，paper，bread，rice，grass，news等。2名詞的復數（1）規(guī)則變化A一般情況下加-s。B以s, x, ch, sh, 結尾的加-es。如：bus-buses，box-boxes，watch-watches，brush-brushesC以輔音字母加y結尾的改y為i再加-es。如：city-cities，country-countriesD以f，fe結尾的，去掉f或fe，變成v再加-es。（2）不規(guī)則變化A元音發(fā)生變化。如：man-men，woman-women，foot-feet，tooth-teeth，mouse-miceB詞尾發(fā)生變化。如：child-childrenC單、復數同形。如：fish-fish，Japanese-Japanese，Chinese-Chinese，sheep-sheep3物質名詞（不可數名詞）量的表示方法（1）用much，a little，a lot of等表示（2）用容器表示a bowl of rice，a glass of water，a cup of tea，a piece of paper， two glasses of milk，two pieces of paper4名詞的所有格(1) 名詞所有格的構成法 A單數名詞詞尾加 s，復數名詞詞尾若沒有s，也要加 s。the workers bike，the Children s ball B表示幾個人共有一樣東西，只需在最后一個人的名字后加 s若表示各自所有，則需在各個名字后 s。如： This is Lucy and Licy s room These are Kates and jack s roomsC. 如果是通過在詞尾加s構成的復數形式的名詞，只加。如:the students books，the girls blouses(2)名詞+of+名詞: 名詞是有生命的，我們就用s結構來表示所有關系。如果名詞所表示的事物是無生命的，我們就要用名詞+of+名詞的結構來表示所有關系.如:the legs of the desk，the door of the room但在表示名詞所有格時， s結構也?？赊D換成of結構。有些表示時間,距離、國家、城市等無生命的東西的名詞，也可以加s來構成所有格.如:ten minutes walk，todays newspaper(3)雙重所有格所謂“雙重所有格（doublegenitive）”，是指名詞所有格或名詞性物主代詞同of構成的所有格，即“of名詞所有格”。雙重所有格有以下幾個特征：1）“of名詞所有格”中的名詞必須表示人，不能表示事物。因此，我們可以說：aplayof Shakespeares（莎士比亞的一個戲?。?，afriendofmywifes（我妻子的一個朋友），但卻不能說afunneloftheships或alegofatables，而且該名詞必須是特指的，不能是泛指的。比如我們可以說，afriendofthedoctors（這位醫(yī)生的一個朋友），anovelofthewriters（那位作者的一部小說），而不能說afriendofadoctors或anovelofawriters。選擇正確答案1. There are forty _ in our school.A. women teachers B .teacher women C. woman teachers D. women teacher2. Mr. Li is one of _ in the hospital.A. most popular doctors B. the most popular doctorsC. most popular doctor D. the most popular doctor3. The sign NO PHOTOS means that you cant _.A. take pictures B. bring in pictures C. buy any photos D. sell any photos4. Some of the boys in _ are afraid of maths exams.A. Class Three B .the Class Three C. Three Class D .the Three Class5. Have you got any _ for us this time?A. pieces of message B. piece of messagesC. pieces of messages D. messages6. _, those mountains will be covered with trees.A. In a few years time B. After a few years timeC. In a few years time D. After a few years time7. Hong Kong is an SAR while Macao is another. So there are _ in China.A. both SAR B. both SARS C. two SAR D. two SARs8. Look! There are _ stars up there in the _.A. thousands of; sky B. thousands of; airC. thousand of; sky D. thousand of; air9. My father lived in _ for some ten years.A. city Beijing B. the Beijing city C. Beijing of city D. the city of Beijing10. Just from the _ I know its Liu Minjun.A. noise B. voice C. sound D .sing11. Where are the other two students?Theyre in _.A. teachers office B. teachers officeC. the teacher office D. the teachers office12. How many _ have you next term?Let me see. Well have eight.A. lesson B. subjects C. days D. class13. My uncles full name is David Edward Hartpode. His family name is _.A. Edward B. Hartpode C. David D. David Hartpode14. He writes more carefully than _ in his class.A. any student B. any other student C. any other students D. all students15. This new kind _ can do half the work.A. of tractor B. tractor C. of a tractor D. a tractor16. John is very happy to have a _ training.A. two weeks B. two-month C. two-weeks D. two-months17. My brother is always careless. He always makes _A. mistakes B. mistake C. mistook D. some mistake18. Mr. Green is nearly _.A. two metres high B. two metres tall C. high two metres D. tall two metres19. Mr. Smith is an _.A. English B. English man C. Englishman D. Englishmen20. A group of _ are talking with two _.A. Frenchmen; Germans B .Frenchmen; GermenC. German; Frenchmen D Germans; Frenchmans【代詞】代詞可以分為以下七大類：1人稱代詞主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they賓格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代詞形容詞性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名詞性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代詞myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代詞this, that, these, those, such, some5疑問代詞who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6關系代詞that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代詞one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either1人稱代詞 人稱代詞it的特殊用法：一般it指“它”，但在表示天氣、時間、距離等時，用it來代替，此時的it并不譯為“它”。當三個人稱代詞(單數)同時出現時，其先后順序為you，he，I。而復數一般采用we，you，they順序。 2物主代詞物主代詞的用法：形容詞性物主代詞后面一定要跟上一個名詞。 名詞性物主代詞可作主語、表語、賓語。3反身代詞 1)反身代詞的構成分兩種：第一、二人稱反身代詞在形容詞：性物主代詞后加上self或selves，第三人稱的反身代詞在賓格代詞后加上self或selves2)初中階段由反身代詞構成的常用詞組有：enjoy oneself，help oneself to，learn by oneself，teach oneself，(all)by oneself，leave.by oneself，lose oneself in等，在運用反身代詞時，應注意它在數、性別上與哪一個保持一致。試比較：“Help yourselves to some fish，Tom and Mike”與I cant leave the girl by herself4. 指示代詞 指示代詞的特殊用法：(1)為了避免重復，可用that，those代替前面提到過的名詞，但是this，these不可以。(2)this，that有時可代替句子或句子中的一部分。 5. 不定代詞主要不定代詞的用法：(1)one的用法A. one作為代詞可以指人，也可以指物。B. one，ones (one的復數形式) 可用來代替前面出現過的少數名詞，以避免重復。C. one的前面可用this，that，the，which等詞來修飾。D. 常有a+形容詞+one這一形式。it和one的用法區(qū)別：it用來指特定的東西，而one則用于替代不特定的東西。(2)some和any的用法區(qū)別A. some一般用于肯定句，any一般用于否定句，疑問句和條件句中。B. some，any與thing，body，one構成的合成詞的用法與some，any一樣。C.在疑問句中，一般不用some，只有當問句表示一種邀請或者請求，或期待一個肯定的回答時才能用some。 (3)other，another的用法A. anothe 另一個”，泛指眾多者中的另一個。一般后面接單數名詞，前面不能加定冠詞。有時another可以用在復數名詞前表示“又”“再”，如： I want to have another two cakes我想再吃兩個蛋糕。Bthe other表示兩個中的另一個，常與one連用。常見形式是“onethe other”。 C. other+復數名詞others D. the other+復數名詞the others(4) a11、both的用法both表示“兩者都”，而a11表示“三個或三個以上的人或物都”。a11、both在句中放在be動詞，情態(tài)動詞及助動詞之后，放在實義動詞之前。(5) each和every的用法A. 從含義和語法功能上看，each是“單個”的意思，側重個體，在句中可作主語、同位語、定語和賓語。而every是“每一個”之意，側重全體、整體、共性。在句中只能作定語，也就是說它后面必須跟著名詞。而由every構成的合成詞后面絕不能跟名詞。(6)either，neither，both的用法either：指兩者中的任意一個。作主語時謂語用單數。neither：指兩者都不，全否定。作主語時謂語用單數。 both：指兩者都。作主語時謂語用復數。 (7)many和muchmany只能和復數可數名詞連用。much只能和不可數名詞連用。注意：a lot oflots of / plenty ofmuchmany a largegreat number ofmanya greatgood deal ofmuch(8)few，a few，little，a littlefew，little表示否定含義，“很少”“幾乎沒有”；a few，a little表示肯定含義，有一些”。few，a few用在可數名詞前，little，a little用在不可數名詞前。單項選擇1. _ the twins enjoyed _ at the party yesterday.A. Both; them B. Both; themselves C. Neither; them D. All; themselves2. Which do you prefer, a bottle of orange or a cup of tea?_, thanks. Id like just a cup of water.A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None3. Would you like _ milk in your tea?Yes, just _.A. any; little B. some; a little C. much; a few D. a little; some4. There is_ to do this evening.A. much nothing B. many nothing C. nothing much D. nothing many5. The two friends were so pleased to see each other that they forget _.A. anything else B. something else C. nothing else D. everything else6. Is this your shoe?Yes, it is. But where is_?A. the others B. Another C. other one D. the other one8. They have an English lesson _ day, Monday, Wednesday and Friday.A. each other B. every other C. some others D. another more9. We found_ very important to learn a foreign language well.A. this B. that C. it D. its10. _ is Lily like?Oh, shes tall and thin.A. How B. Who C. Which D. What11. Would you like milk or orange?_ I prefer water.A. Each B. Neither C. Either D. Both12 .Oh, there is someone in the room._ must be my mother.A. There B. She C. This D. It 13. Betty and John have come back, but _ students in the class arent here yet.A. the other B. others C. another D. the others14. _ of us has read the story.A. Some B. Both C. All D. None 15. Which of her parents is a doctor?_. A. Any B. Either C. Both D. All16. I have bought a new watch because my old _ doesnt work.A. it B. One C. that D. this 17. Is this dictionary _ or _?Its mine.A. your; hers B. your; her C. your; her D. yours; hers 18. There is _ water in my glass. Will you please give me _.A. little; some B. few; any C. few; some D. little; any 19. _pencil-box is this, Patrick?Its _A. Whose; mine B. Whos; mine C. Whose; my D. Whos; my 20. The pen is _. She wrote _ name with it _.A. hers; her; herself B. her; hers; herC. her; hers; herself D. her; herself; hers【冠詞】1.不定冠詞an用在元音讀音開頭(不是指元音字母)的詞前，其余用不定冠詞a.2定冠詞的基本用法A.用在上文提到的人或事物前面。B. 指談話雙方都知道的人或事物前面。 C用在單數可數名詞前面，表示某一類人或事物。3定冠詞的特殊用法A.用在世界上獨一無二的事物或方位名詞前。B. 用在序數詞、形容詞的最高級及only所修飾的名詞前。C用在江河、海洋、山脈、湖泊、群島的名稱前面。D.用在由普通名詞和另外一些詞所構成的專有名詞前面。E.用在姓氏的復數形式前面，表示全家人或這一姓的夫婦二人。F用在樂器名稱前。G. 和某些形容詞連用，表示某一類人或事物。4名詞前不用冠詞的情況，又稱為零冠詞。A. 在專有名詞 (包括人名、地名、節(jié)日、月份、季節(jié)) 、物質名詞和抽象名詞前般不用冠詞。但在以Festival組成的民間節(jié)日前要加the。B. 表示一類人或事物的復數名詞前。C. 名詞前有物主代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞或名詞所有格修飾時，不用冠詞。D. 三餐飯、球類、棋類、游戲名稱前一般不用冠詞。在有些詞組中，有無冠詞含義不同。(sit) at table就餐; sit at the table坐在桌邊go to school去上學；go to the school去那所學校；in hospital住院；in the hospital在那個醫(yī)院里用適當的冠詞填空，不需要冠詞的空白處填“”1. Tomorrow is _ Teachers Day and well make _ card for our English teacher.2. The bus is running about seventy miles_ hour.3. Mary is interested in _ science.4. Some people dont like to talk at _ table.5. Last night I went to_ bed very late.6. Dont worry. We still have _ little time left.7. What _ beautiful day! And what _ fine weather!8. In _ winter it is cold in _ Beijing and warm in _Shanghai.9. John is_ cleverest boy in his class.10. We cant live without _ water or _ air.11. Tomorrow Mr. Smith will leave Paris, _capital of_ France, for Washington by_ air.12. We were having_ lunch when they came in.13. This is _ book you gave me last week.14. What did you do _ last Saturday?15. March 8 is _ Womens Day.16. If _ weather is fine tomorrow, we will go to the park.17. I prefer playing _ piano to playing _ basketball.18. At _ age of five, he read a lot of books.19. Tom and Lucy are of _ same age.20. _ harder we study, _ more we learn.【數詞】1數字的表示三位數數詞要在百位和十位（若無十位則和個位）之間加and。1，000以上的數字，從后向前第三位數加一個“，”，第一個“，”前為thousand，第二個“，”前為million，第三個“，”前為billion。2序數詞除了first，second，third外，其余都在基數詞尾加-th構成。3分數分子在前，分母在后，分子用基數詞，分母用序數詞，當分子大于1時，分母序數詞要變成復數。4Hundreds of, thousands of，millions of用法。5年、月、日和時間的表達法 1）年份用基數詞表達，分兩位一讀，年份前用介詞in。 例如： 1999 nineteen ninety-nine 2000 two thousand 2001 two thousand and one 2）月份的第一個字母要大寫，有些月份名稱有縮寫形式。 例如： 一月January(Jan.), 二月February(Feb.), 三月March(Mar.), 四月（Apr.）,五月May, 六月June, 七月July, 八月August(Aug.)，九月September(Sep.), 十月October(Oct.), 十一月November(Nov.), 十二月December(Dec.)。 3）日期的表達要用序數詞，讀時前面要加定冠詞the,介詞要使用on。 例如： 在6月1日：on June 1 st 讀作：on June the first. 年、月、日同時表達時，一般應先寫月、日、后寫年。 例如：在2001年5月4日：on May 4 th, 2001。 4）年代用基數詞的復數表示。 例如： 20世紀90年代：nineteen nineties 21世紀20年代：twenty twenties 5時間表達法：時間可用順讀法或倒讀法兩種方式表達。 例如： 順讀法 倒讀法 5：00 five (oclock) 6：18 six eighteen eighteen past six 12：15 twelve fifteen fifteen (a quarter) past twelve 4：30 four thirty half past four 5：50 five fifty ten to six 6：45 six forty-five a quarter to seven注意： 1）表示整點時間，直接用基數詞表達，后邊可接oclock (也可不加)。表達“幾點幾分”時，絕不能用oclock。 2）表達“15分”或“45分”時，常用quarter（刻）。 3）在倒讀法中，如果鐘點不過半，須用“分鐘數+past+鐘點數”的形式；如果鐘點過半，則用“差多少分鐘數+to+全鐘點（下個鐘點數）”的形式。選擇填空l. September is the _ month of the year.A. eighth B. ninth C. tenth D. eleventh2. The Peoples Republic of China was founded _A. on October the first, 1949 B. in October the first ,1949C. on October one, 1949 D. on October first one, 19493. There are _ days in a year.A. three hundreds and sixty-five B. three hundreds and fifty-sixC. three hundreds of sixty-five D. three hundred and sixty-five4. There are _ days in February.A. thirty B. thirty-one C. twenty-eight D. twenty-six5. The film begins at 4:15. The right answer of “4:15” is _A. four fifth B. fifteen four C. four fifteen D. a quarter to four6. _is seventy seven.A. forty and four B. thirty-seven and fortyC. forty or thirty-seven D. seventy of seven7. What row are you in? I am in _.A. Row One B. Row First C. Row one D. One Row8. How many months are there in a year? There are _A. eleven B. twelve C. twenty D. twelfth9. At the age of _, he was a worker.A. twenty B. the twenty C. twentieth D. one10. The Changjiang River is _ longest river in China.A. the first B. the second C. the third D. the fourth13【形容詞，副詞】形容詞1.形容詞的位置(1)形容詞作定語一般要放在名詞前面，但當形容詞修飾不定代詞something，nothing，anything時要放在所修飾的不定代詞之后。如：something important，nothing serious。(2)當形容詞帶有表示度量的詞或詞組作定語或表語時，定語或表語要后置。如：We have dug a hole two meters deepThe hole is about two metres deep2形容詞的比較等級(1) 單音節(jié)詞和少數雙音節(jié)詞，在詞尾加(e)r，(e)st來構成比較級和最高級。其他雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞，在前面加more，most來構成比較級和最高級。如：popularmore popularmost popularimportantmore importantmost important(2) 不規(guī)則變化原級 比較級 最高級good better best bad worse worst old older oldestelder eldestmany more most little less least far farther farthestfurther furthest 3. 形容詞比較級的用法形容詞比較級通常可分為原級、比較級、最高級三種基本形式，具體而言，它們分別以下列形式出現在句中： (1)as+原級+as(2)比較級+than(3)the+最高級+of (in) 需注意的原級的用法： (1)否定結構有A。not as+形容詞原級+as B及Anot so +形容詞原級+as B兩種結構。(2)表示倍數有times as+形容詞原級+as的句型。如：This garden is ten times as large as that oneThis room is twice as large as that one(3)half as+形容詞原級+as表示“的一半”。如：This book is half as thick as that one需注意的比較級的用法：(1)than后面接代詞時，一般要用主格，但在口語中工也可換成me。(2)比較級前還可以用much，even，still，a little來修飾。(3)表示倍數時，試比較Our room is twice as large as theirs 我們的房間是他們的兩倍那樣大。 Our room is twice larger than theirs 我們的房間比他們的大兩倍。(4) I m two years older than you 我比你大兩歲。(5)“比較級+and+比較級”表示“越來越”。如: He becomes fatter and fatter(6)The+比較級，the+比較級”表示“越，越”。如：The busier he is，the happier he feels他越忙就越高興。 需注意的最高級的用法：(1)常見結構有：“of+復數意義的詞”表示“在之中的”，“在中”；“in+范圍、場所”表示“在之中”。如：China is the greatest in the world副詞1副詞比較級的構成(1) 單音節(jié)副詞和個別雙音節(jié)副詞通過加-er，-est來構成比較級和最高級。(2) 絕大多數副詞借助more，most來構成比較級和最高級。(3) 少數副詞的不規(guī)則變化：原級 比較級 最高級well better best badly worse worst much more mostlittle less least far farther farthest farthest furthestlate later latest(4) 副詞的最高級前面可以不加定冠詞the。(5) 常用句型有l(wèi)ike A better than B和like A（the）best of（in）其余變化和形容詞類似。2常見副詞用法(1) too, eitherToo 一般用于肯定句，常放在句末，否定句時用either。(2) ago，beforeago 以現在為起點，和動詞的過去時連用。before以過去某個時間為起點，常和過去完成時連用。當before前沒有“一段時間”而單獨使用時，泛指“以前”，常和完成時連用。如：I have heard the man before。我以前聽說過那個人。根據A句完成B句，使兩句句意一致。1. A: Their football team is much stronger than the other two.B: Their football team is _ _ of the _.2. A: I prefer science to any other subject.B: I like science _ _ any other subject.3. A: Jane went shopping yesterday, and I went shopping, too.B: Jane went shopping yesterday and _ _ I.4. A: This room is not big. It cant hold a lot of people.B: This room is not big_ _ hold so many people.5. A: That machine doesnt work.B: There is_ _ with that machine.6. A: The snow was very heavy last night.B: It _ _ last night.7. A: His uncle no longer works here.B: His uncle _work here _ longer.8. A: This is the most important thing at this moment.B: This thing is _ important than anything _ at this moment.9. A: He was so angry that he couldnt say a word.B: He was _ angry _ say a word.10. A: Zhang Tao speaks English better than any other student in his class.B: _ speaks English so _ as Zhang Tao.【介詞】一些容易混淆的介詞1表示時間的at、on、in的用法區(qū)別at主要表示： (1)在某具體時刻之前，如at seven o clock，at 7：30。 (2)在固定短語中，如：at noon，at night，at that time，at the age of at the weekend，at Christmas。 On用來表示“在天”，如：On Monday，On May lst，On Childrens Day。in用來表示： (1)在某年、某月、某季節(jié)。 (2)在段時間之后，如：in two hours，in a few days。 注意：在純粹地表示在上午下午晚上時，用in the morningafternoonevening，但在某一天的上午、下午、晚上前要用介詞on。如：on Monday morning，on the morning of Children s Day。2. 表示地點的at，in，on的用法區(qū)別(1) at通常指小地方，in一般指大地方。(2) at 所指范圍不太明確，in指“在里”。(3) in指在內部，on指“在之上”。3表示“一段時間”的for與since的用法區(qū)別 for后面接時間段，since之后接時間點。4表示時間的before與by的用法區(qū)別 before與by都可表示“在之前”，但by含有“不遲于”、“到為止”的意思。如果by后是將來的時間，則與將來時連用，若by后是過去的時間，則與過去完成時連用。 5over與above(under與below)over，above都表示“在的上面”，over表示“正上方”，而above只表示“在上方”但不一定在“正上方”。above還可表示溫度、水位等“高于”，over還可表示“越過”。over的反義詞是under，above的反義詞是below例如： There is a bridge over the riverOur plane flew above the clouds6表示“用”的with，by，in的用法with多指用工具，用身體的部位或器官；by表示使用的方法、手段；in指使用某種語言。如：We see with our eyes.We go there by bike.Please say it out in English.He cut it open with a knife.介詞的省略表示時間介詞at, on, in 的省略(1) 在 next, last, this, these, today, yesterday, tomorrow, one, every, each, all等詞前,一般不用 at, in, on.(2) 在某些名詞詞組前,可以省略(也可不省)如: (on) that day, (in)the year before last常見搭