《材料員》課件-3-2 建筑施工圖

第3章建筑工程識圖Chapter3ArchitecturalEngineeringDrawingRecognition3.2建筑施工圖

Architecturalconstructiondrawings總平面圖generallayout013.2建筑施工圖

Architecturalconstructiondrawings建筑平面圖Architecturalplans02建筑立面圖

Architecturalelevations03建筑剖面圖Architecturalsection04建筑詳圖

ArchitecturalDetails05建筑施工圖Architecturalconstructiondrawings建筑施工圖是表示建筑物的總體布局、外部造型、內部布置、細部構造、內外裝修以及施工要求的圖樣。

Architecturalconstructiondrawingsaredrawingsthatrepresenttheoveralllayout,externalshape,internallayout,detailedstructure,interiorandexteriordecoration,andconstructionrequirementsofabuilding.建筑施工圖Architecturalconstructiondrawings建筑施工圖主要用來作為施工放線、砌墻、安裝門窗、室內外裝修以及編制預算和施工組織計劃等的依據。Buildingconstructiondrawingsaremainlyusedasthebasisforconstructionlayout,walllaying,installationofdoorsandwindows,indoorandoutdoordecoration,aswellaspreparationofbudgetsandconstructionorganizationplans.建筑施工圖Architecturalconstructiondrawings一般包括總平面圖、建筑平面圖、建筑立面圖、建筑剖面圖和建筑詳圖。Itgenerallyincludesgenerallayout,Architecturalplans,Architecturalelevations,ArchitecturalsectionandArchitecturalDetails.1.總平面圖Generallayout將擬建工程四周一定范圍內的新建、擬建、原有和拆除的建筑物連同其周圍的地形地物狀況，用水平投影和相應的圖例所畫出的圖樣，稱總平面圖。Thegeneralplanreferstothedrawingofnew,proposed,existing,anddemolishedbuildingswithinacertainrangearoundtheproposedproject,alongwiththesurroundingterrainandfeatures,usinghorizontalprojectionandcorrespondinglegends.它能反映出新建房屋和原有房屋的位置、朝向、道路、綠化等的布置以及地形、地貌、標高等。Itcanreflectthelocation,orientation,layoutofroads,greenery,terrain,topography,andelevationofnewlybuiltandexistinghouses.1.總平面圖Generallayout總平面圖是新建房屋施工定位、土方施工以及其它專業(yè)（如水、暖、電、煤氣等）管線總平面圖設計的重要依據。Thegenerallayoutplanisanimportantbasisforthepositioningofnewbuildingconstruction,earthworkconstruction,andthedesignofpipelinegenerallayoutplansforotherspecialties(suchaswater,heating,electricity,gas,etc.).1.總平面圖Generallayout總平面圖常用圖例

表3-5CommonLegendforGeneralLayoutTable3-5

總平面圖一般采用1:500、1:1000、1:2000的比例，表3-5給出了總平面圖中的部分圖例。Thegenerallayoutplangenerallyadoptsascaleof1:500,1:1000,and1:2000.Tables3-5providesomelegendsintheoveralllayoutplan.1.總平面圖Generallayout在總平面圖中，除圖例以外，通常還要畫出帶有指北方向的風向頻率玫瑰圖（簡稱風玫瑰圖），用來表示該地區(qū)常年的風向頻率和房屋的朝向。Inthegenerallayout,inadditiontothelegend,thewinddirectionfrequencyrosechartwiththenorthdirection(Windroseforshort)isusuallydrawntoindicatetheperennialwinddirectionfrequencyoftheareaandtheorientationofthehouse.TheWindroseisdrawnaccordingtothenumberofwinddirectionsinthelocalaveragestatisticsformanyyearsinacertainproportion.總平面圖常用圖例

表3-5CommonLegendforGeneralLayoutTable3-5

1.總平面圖Generallayout總平面圖常用圖例

表3-5CommonLegendforGeneralLayoutTable3-5

風玫瑰圖是根據當地多年平均統(tǒng)計的風向次數，按一定比例繪制的，風的吹向是從外吹向中心。實線表示全年風向頻率，虛線表示夏季風向頻率。Thewinddirectionisfromoutsidetothecenter.Thesolidlinerepresentstheannualwinddirectionfrequency,whilethedashedlinerepresentsthesummerwinddirectionfrequency.在總平面圖中，常標出新建房屋的總長，總寬和定位尺寸，新建房屋室內底層地面和室外地面的絕對標高，尺寸和標高都以m為單位，注寫到小數點以后兩位數字。Inthegeneralplan,thetotallength,totalwidthandpositioningdimensionsofthenewbuildingareoftenmarked.Theabsoluteelevationoftheindoorgroundfloorandoutdoorgroundfloorofthenewbuildingisinm,andthesizeandelevationarewrittenintwodigitsaftertheDecimalseparator.2.建筑平面圖Architecturalplans建筑平面圖是房屋的水平剖面圖，是假想用一個水平剖切面，沿門窗洞的位置將房屋切開，移去剖切平面上方的房屋，將留下的部分向水平投影面作正投影所得到的圖樣。

Thearchitecturalplansisthehorizontalsectionofthehouse,whichisthedrawingobtainedbyassumingthatahorizontalsectionplaneisusedtocutthehousealongthepositionofthedoorandwindowopenings,removethehouseabovethesectionplane,andmakeaOrthographicmapprojectionoftheleftparttothehorizontalprojectionplane.2.建筑平面圖Architecturalplans它主要用來表示房屋的平面布置情況，在施工過程中，是進行放線、砌墻和安裝門窗等工作的依據。Itismainlyusedtorepresentthelayoutofahouseandservesasthebasisforsettingout,walllaying,andinstallationofdoorsandwindowsduringtheconstructionprocess.2.建筑平面圖Architecturalplans它主要用來表示一般地，建筑平面圖應包括以下內容：Ingeneral,theArchitecturalplanshallincludethefollowingcontents:1）圖名、比例、朝向、層次Title,Scale,Orientation,Hierarchy2）縱、橫定位軸線及其編號Verticalandhorizontalpositioningaxesandtheirnumbers3）墻、柱的斷面形狀和大小Sectionshapeandsizeofwallsandcolumns（1）圖示內容Graphiccontent4）各房間的分隔情況，門窗布置及型號Partitioningoftherooms,arrangementandtypeofdoorsandwindows5）樓梯梯段的走向和級數Thedirectionandnumberofstepsofstairs6）其他構配件如臺階、雨蓬、陽臺的位置，衛(wèi)生間、廚房、壁廚等固定設備及雨水管、明溝的布置Thelocationofothercomponentssuchassteps,awnings,balconies,fixedequipmentsuchasbathrooms,kitchens,andwallkitchens,aswellasthelayoutofrainwaterpipesandopenchannels7）軸線間距、各建筑構配件的定形尺寸、定位尺寸以及樓地面的標高Axisspacing,fixeddimensionsofvariousbuildingcomponents,positioningdimensions,andfloorelevation8）剖面圖的剖切符號Sectioningsymbolsforcutawaydrawings9）詳圖索引符號Indexsymbolsfordetaileddrawings10）施工說明等Constructioninstructions,etc.2.建筑平面圖Architecturalplans（2）相關規(guī)定和要求Relevantregulationsandrequirements1）定位軸線Positioningaxis

定位軸線用細點劃線繪制，其編號注在直徑為8～10mm的圓內，圓心在定位軸線的延長線或延長線的折線上。平面圖上定位軸線的編號，標注在圖樣的下方與左側，橫向編號用阿拉伯數字，從左至右順序編寫，豎向編號用大寫拉丁字母（I、O、Z除外）從下至上順序編寫。Thepositioningaxisisdrawnwithafinedottedline,anditsnumberisindicatedinacirclewithadiameterof8-10mm.Thecenterofthecircleisontheextensionlineofthepositioningaxisorthebrokenlineoftheextensionline.Thenumberofthepositioningaxisontheplanismarkedatthebottomandleftofthedrawing.ThehorizontalnumberiswritteninArabicnumeralsfromlefttoright,andtheverticalnumberiswrittenincapitalLatinscript(exceptI,O,Z)frombottomtotop.2.建筑平面圖Architecturalplans（2）相關規(guī)定和要求Relevantregulationsandrequirements1）定位軸線Positioningaxis在標注非承重的分隔墻或次要的承重構件時，可在兩根軸線之間附加軸線，附加軸線的編號應按圖3-3所規(guī)定的分數表示。Whenlabelingnonload-bearingpartitionwallsorsecondaryload-bearingcomponents,additionalaxescanbeaddedbetweenthetwoaxes,andthenumberingoftheadditionalaxesshouldberepresentedbythefractionspecifiedinFigure3-3.圖3-3附加軸線及其編號Figure3-3Additionalaxesandtheirnumbering（2）相關規(guī)定和要求Relevantregulationsandrequirements2）圖線Graphline建筑平面圖中被剖切到的主要輪廓線，如墻的斷面輪廓線用粗實線表示；ThemaincontourlinescutintheArchitecturalplans,suchasthesectioncontourlinesofthewall,arerepresentedbythicksolidlines;次要輪廓線，如樓梯、踏步、臺階等，用中實線表示；Secondarycontourlines,suchasstairs,steps,steps,etc.,arerepresentedbysolidlines;圖例線、引出線、標高符號等用細實線表示。Legendlines,outletlines,elevationsymbols,etc.arerepresentedbythinsolidlines.2.建筑平面圖Architecturalplans（2）相關規(guī)定和要求Relevantregulationsandrequirements3）符號和圖例Symbolsandlegends在底層平面圖上應畫出指北針，所指方向應與總平面圖中風玫瑰的指北方向一致。指北針用細實線繪制，圓的直徑為24mm，指北針尾部寬為3mm，指針尖端指向北，由指北針可以看出整幢住宅和各個房間的朝向。Onthegroundfloorplan,anortharrowshouldbedrawn,pointinginthesamedirectionasthenortharrowofthewindroseontheoverallplan.Thenortharrowisdrawnwithathinsolidline,withacirclediameterof24mmandatailwidthof3mm.Thetipofthepointerpointsnorth,indicatingtheorientationoftheentirehouseandvariousrooms.2.建筑平面圖Architecturalplans（2）相關規(guī)定和要求Relevantregulationsandrequirements3）符號和圖例Symbolsandlegends對需要另畫詳圖表達的局部構造或構件，應在圖中相應部位用索引符號索引；而索引出的詳圖，則應畫出詳圖符號。Forlocalstructuresorcomponentsthatneedtobeshowninanotherdetaildrawing,thecorrespondingpartsofthedrawingshallbeindexedwithindexsymbols;Andforthedetaileddrawingsledoutbythecable,thedetaileddrawingsymbolsshouldbedrawn.比例為1:100、1:200時，建筑平面圖中的墻、柱斷面不畫建筑材料圖例，而按《建筑制圖標準》的規(guī)定，采用簡化畫法，磚墻涂紅，鋼筋混凝土涂黑。Whenthescaleis1:100and1:200,thewallandcolumnsectionsintheFloorplandonotdrawbuildingmateriallegends,butaccordingtotheprovisionsof“theStandardforArchitecturalDrawing”,thesimplifieddrawingmethodisadopted,withbrickwallspaintedredandreinforcedconcretepaintedblack.2.建筑平面圖Architecturalplans（2）相關規(guī)定和要求Relevantregulationsandrequirements4）尺寸標注Dimensionmarking在建筑平面圖中，應標注房屋總長、總寬，各房間的開間、進深，門窗洞的寬度、位置、墻厚，以及其他一些主要構配件與固定設施的定形和定位尺寸。IntheArchitecturalplans,thetotallengthandwidthofthehouse,thebayanddepthofeachroom,thewidth,locationandwallthicknessofthedoorandwindowopenings,andthesettingandpositioningdimensionsofothermaincomponents,fittingsandfixedfacilitiesshallbemarked.其中外墻應注三道尺寸，最靠近圖形的一道，是表示外墻的細部尺寸；Threedimensionsshouldbenotedontheexteriorwall,andtheoneclosesttothefigurerepresentsthedetaileddimensionsoftheexteriorwall;（2）相關規(guī)定和要求Relevantregulationsandrequirements4）尺寸標注Dimensionmarking第二道主要標注軸線間的尺寸；Thesecondlinemainlyindicatesthedimensionsbetweentheaxes;最外一道，表示這幢住宅兩端外墻面之間的總尺寸。上述尺寸，均不包括粉刷層厚度。Theoutermostonerepresentsthetotalsizebetweentheouterwallsofbothendsofthisresidentialbuilding.Theabovedimensionsdonotincludethethicknessofthepaintlayer.2.建筑平面圖Architecturalplans在建筑平面圖中，宜標注室內外地面、樓地面、陽臺等處的完成面標高，即包括面層（粉刷層厚度）在內的建筑標高。在底層平面圖中，還應標注出地面的相對標高，在地面有起伏處，應畫出分界線。IntheArchitecturalplans,itisadvisabletomarkthefinishedsurfaceelevationoftheindoorandoutdoorground,floor,balcony,etc.,thatis,thebuildingelevationincludingthesurfacelayer(thicknessofpaintlayer).Inthegroundfloorplan,therelativeelevationofthegroundshouldalsobemarked,andatareaswithundulations,boundarylinesshouldbedrawn.（3）建筑平面圖識讀Architecturalplansreading底層平面圖是在底層窗臺之上，底層通向二層樓梯平臺之下水平剖切后，按俯視方向投射所得到的圖形，主要反映這幢住宅底層的平面布置和房間大小。Thegroundfloorplanisagraphicobtainedbyprojectingthehorizontalsectionofthegroundfloorabovethewindowsillandbelowthelandingofthesecondfloorstaircaseinatop-downdirection,mainlyreflectingthegroundfloorlayoutandroomsizeofthisresidentialbuilding.3.建筑立面圖Architecturalelevations建筑立面圖Architecturalelevations建筑立面圖是在與房屋立面相平行的投影面上所作的正投影。它主要用來表示建筑物的體型和外貌，并表明外墻面的裝修要求。TheArchitecturalelevationsisaOrthographicmapprojectionmadeontheprojectionplaneparalleltothebuildingelevation.Itismainlyusedtorepresenttheshapeandappearanceofabuilding,andtoindicatethedecorationrequirementsfortheexteriorwalls.3.建筑立面圖Architecturalelevations建筑立面圖Architecturalelevations房屋有多個立面，通常把房屋的主要入口的立面圖畫為正立面圖，從而確定背立面圖和側立面圖。Ahousehasmultiplefacades,andthemainentranceofthehouseisusuallydepictedasthefrontelevationtodeterminethebackandsideelevations.3.建筑立面圖Architecturalelevations建筑立面圖Architecturalelevations有定位軸線的建筑物，根據兩端定位軸線編號確定立面圖名稱；Forbuildingswithpositioningaxes,determinetheelevationnamebasedonthenumberingofthepositioningaxesatbothends;3.建筑立面圖Architecturalelevations建筑立面圖Architecturalelevations無定位軸線的建筑物，則可按房屋的朝向來定立面圖的名稱，例如南立面圖、東立面圖。Forbuildingswithoutapositioningaxis,thenameoftheelevationcanbedeterminedbasedontheorientationofthebuilding,suchasthesouthelevationandeastelevation.建筑立面圖Architecturalelevations有定位軸線的建筑物，根據兩端定位軸線編號確定立面圖名稱；Forbuildingswithpositioningaxes,determinetheelevationnamebasedonthenumberingofthepositioningaxesatbothends;無定位軸線的建筑物，則可按房屋的朝向來定立面圖的名稱，例如南立面圖、東立面圖。Forbuildingswithoutapositioningaxis,thenameoftheelevationcanbedeterminedbasedontheorientationofthebuilding,suchasthesouthelevationandeastelevation.（1）圖示內容Contentoftheillustrations1）圖名、比例Figurename,scale2）立面兩端的定位軸線及其編號Positioningaxesandtheirnumbersattheendsofthefa?ade3）門窗的位置和形狀Positionandshapeofwindowsanddoors4）屋頂的外形Theshapeoftheroof5）外墻面的裝飾及做法Externalwallfinishesandpractices（1）圖示內容Contentoftheillustrations6）臺階、雨篷、陽臺等的位置、形狀和做法Location,shapeandpracticeofsteps,canopies,balconies,etc.7）標高及必需標注的局部尺寸Elevationsandrequiredpartialdimensions8）詳圖索引符號Indexsymbolsfordetaileddrawings9）施工說明等Constructioninstructions,etc.3.建筑立面圖Architecturalelevations1）定位軸線Positioningaxis2）圖線Graphline3）尺寸標注Dimensionmarking（2）相關規(guī)定和要求Relevantregulationsandrequirements3）尺寸標注Dimensionmarking在立面圖中，一般不標注房屋的總長和總高，也不標注門、窗的寬度和高度尺寸，而應標注室內外地面、樓面、陽臺、平臺、檐口、門、窗等處的標高。Inelevationdrawings,thetotallengthandheightofthehouse,aswellasthewidthandheightdimensionsofdoorsandwindows,aregenerallynotindicated.Instead,theelevationsofindoorandoutdoorfloors,floors,balconies,platforms,eaves,doors,windows,etc.shouldbeindicated.（3）建筑立面圖識讀Readingofarchitecturalelevations4.建筑剖面圖Architecturalsection建筑剖面圖是房屋的垂直剖面圖，是假想用一個鉛垂剖切平面剖開房屋，將位于剖切平面與觀察者的部分移去，留下的部分向投影面作投影所得到的圖形。Aarchitecturalsectionisaverticalcross-sectionalviewofahouse,whichisafigureobtainedbyimaginingaverticalcuttingplanetocutopenthehouse,removingthepartlocatedbetweenthecuttingplaneandtheobserver,andprojectingtheremainingparttowardstheprojectionplane.4.建筑剖面圖Architecturalsection建筑剖面圖的剖切位置根據具體情況而定，一般選在內部結構較復雜，能反映房屋全貌和構造特征的地方，剖面圖的數量視房屋的復雜程度和施工中的實際需要而定。Thecuttingpositionofaarchitecturalsectiondependsonthespecificsituation,andisgenerallyselectedinaplacewithcomplexinternalstructuresthatcanreflecttheoverallviewandstructuralcharacteristicsofthehouse.Thenumberofprofilemapsdependsonthecomplexityofthehouseandtheactualneedsofconstruction.建筑剖面圖主要用來表示房屋的內部分層、結構形式、構造方法、材料、做法、各部位間的聯系及其標高等情況。TheArchitecturalsectionismainlyusedtorepresenttheinternallayering,structuralform,constructionmethod,materials,methods,connectionsbetweenvariousparts,andtheirelevationsofthehouse.在施工過程中，建筑剖面圖是進行分層、砌筑內墻、鋪設樓板、屋面板和樓梯、內部裝修等工作的依據。Duringtheconstructionprocess,thebuildingprofileisthebasisforlayering,buildinginternalwalls,layingfloors,roofpanelsandstairs,andinteriordecorationwork.（1）圖示內容Contentoftheillustrations1）圖名、比例Figurename,scale2）外墻的定位軸線及其編號Positioningaxesofthefacadeandtheirnumbering3）剖切到的室內外地面、樓板、屋頂、內外墻及門窗、各種梁、樓梯、陽臺、雨篷等的位置、形狀及圖例Thepositions,shapes,andlegendsofindoorandoutdoorfloors,floors,roofs,interiorandexteriorwalls,doorsandwindows,variousbeams,stairs,balconies,awnings,etc.thatarecutintosections4）未剖切到的可見部分輪廓線，如墻、門窗、梁、柱的位置和形狀Locationandshapeofvisiblepartsofcontoursnotcutinto,suchaswalls,windows,doors,beamsandcolumns5）垂直尺寸及標高Verticaldimensionsandelevations6）詳圖索引符號Indexsymbolsfordetaileddrawings7）施工說明等Constructioninstructions,etc.1）定位軸線Positioningaxis2）圖線Graphline3）尺寸標注Dimensionmarking（2）相關規(guī)定和要求Relevantregulationsandrequirements（3）建筑剖面圖識讀ReadingArchitecturalSections（3）建筑剖面圖識讀ReadingArchitecturalSections5.建筑詳圖ArchitecturalDetails建筑詳圖是建筑細部的施工圖。因為建筑平、立、剖面圖一般采用較小的比例，因而某些建筑構配件（如門、窗、樓梯、陽臺等）和節(jié)點（如檐口、窗頂、窗臺、明溝等）的詳細構造和尺寸都不能在這些圖中表達清楚。Aarchitect